Cycling, as one of the oldest forms of mobility, is currently experiencing a renaissance. It supports active mobility and can have a positive influence on public health, the environment, climate and the traffic situation. Pedelecs (bicycles with an electric motor supporting the user up to a speed of 25 kmph) represent a new form of active mobility and are currently enjoying great popularity as they have the same benefits compared to conventional bicycles and, in addition, make cycling accessible to new user groups. With the growing number of pedelecs, however, potential for conflict also increases. Unfortunately, the majority of accidents cannot yet be analysed accordingly, as pedelec-specifiic characteristics are missing from the accident data. This fact in itself has already been proven as a barrier. Most accident studies focusing on pedelecs are based on police data from standardised accident forms [e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4]. Their findings can be summarised in the following key statements: Accidents with pedelecs are less frequent but more severe than those with conventional bicycles. For both, accidents on urban roads dominate, but pedelec accidents occur significantly more often on rural roads than conventional bicycle accidents. And: injured pedelec users, especially those fatally injured, are on average significantly older than injured users of conventional bicycles. But, standardised accident forms were initially designed for accidents with double-track motor vehicles, in particular passenger cars. Accidents with bicycles (especially pedelecs), are difficult to categorise with this systematic as important information is missing. For example, 'falling on ground' is not an accident category as cars normally won't do so, but for pedelec accidents, this information is fundamental. This acts as a barrier as bicycle-specific causes of accidents cannot be analysed. However, accident statistics are the most important basis for evidence-based measures in road safety work. The aim of this paper is therefore to identify and categorise pedelec-specific accident characteristics and to evaluate pedelec accidents on the basis of these characteristics to identify frequent and severe accident constellations. [From: Introduction]

La thèse fait le constat d'une inégalité manifeste entre le régime des accidents du travail et celui du droit commun. Un salarié blessé dans le cadre de son activité professionnelle aura droit à une réparation forfaitaire. Cette indemnité tend à compenser la perte de salaire et l'incidence professionnelle. Les préjudices personnels en sont exclus sauf l'hypothèse de la faute inexcusable de l'employeur. Le fonctionnaire n'a pas le même traitement que le salarié et bénéficie d'une meilleure protection. Enfin, en matière d'accidents de la circulation, de la vie et même d'agressions, la victime a droit à l'indemnisation de la totalité des préjudices subis. Au vu de ces inégalités, il est important d'apporter des solutions tendant à supprimer ces disparités entre les régimes d'accidents du travail mais également entre le système des accidents du travail et de droit commun. Cette volonté d'anéantir ces inégalités s'inscrit dans la politique actuelle de notre droit. Il est impensable que les travailleurs se voient priver des préjudices personnels alors que l'accident a des effets dans leur vie courante. C'est pourquoi, cet ouvrage préconise des solutions afin de rétablir une égalité entre les justiciables / Thesis have to admit there are inequalities in own system of compensation for injury. Industrial accident's victims we are not considered likes accidents road victims and others. A worker injured will can request flate-rate compensation. This accident compensation will be established on the basis of income and professionally incidence. Personal damages are excluded except case of inforgivable fault employer's. State employee haven't same traitment than worker and he has got a best protection. At last, it is right to say road accident victim's, mugging victim's could ask indemnity on bodily injuri. They could request personal and economic damages. In view of inequality, we make changes to system in order to cancel these gap in compensation. This willingness to abolish inequality it's current political and human rights practices. From now on, it's imbelievable to think to deprive workers of personal damages while this accident are effects on the private life employee. That is why, hand work recommend solutions to restore equality between citizen

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla Trevisan Ranieri Mazarin.pdf: 930946 bytes, checksum: f4975212ff62ba3b4f4c00152f70e624 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-15 / The purpose of this paper aims to analyze if the Accident Prevention Factor (APF) institution has reached its effectiveness, which is the reduction of the labor accidents rates. However, to have this discussion is necessary to analyze the evolution of the legislation that protect the employee, who is a victim of a labor accident, and we will see the foundation of this protection, as well as the configuration of the risks that require such protection, and the concept of a labor accident and the reformulation that this concept has gone through, considering the changes caused by society. Then, we will look up the concepts of system, effectiveness, as well as principles and rules that will provide for us the necessary support for the inclusion of the labor accident protection in the list of the fundamental rights, and their relation to the social rights. We will analyze the protection of the working environment and the impact that the lack of security measures can lead to the Social Security System. From then on, we will introduce the concept of the Accident Prevention Factor and the respective calculation methodology, and the questionings that the implementation of this tool caused. Finally, we will check why the Accident Prevention Factor is framed as a social prevention tool, and the reason why its measurement was set by economic sector, and the results of its implementation through the labor accident statistics provided by the Social Security Ministry / A presente dissertação tem o objetivo de analisar se a instituição do Fator Acidentário de Prevenção FAP atingiu a sua função eficacial, qual seja, a redução dos índices de acidentalidade laboral. Contudo, para se chegar a essa discussão, faz-se necessária a análise da evolução legislativa da proteção acidentária, oportunidade em que será visto o fundamento dessa proteção, a configuração dos riscos que demandam essa tutela, bem como o conceito de acidente de trabalho e a reformulação pela qual esse conceito passou por meio das mudanças ocasionadas pela sociedade. Em seguida, serão analisados os conceitos de sistema, eficácia, além de princípios e regras, por meio dos quais serão fornecidos os subsídios necessários para a inserção da proteção acidentária no rol dos direitos fundamentais e a sua relação com os direitos sociais. Serão analisados a proteção do meio ambiente laboral e os impactos que a ausência de medidas de segurança pode ocasionar para o Sistema de Seguridade Social. A partir de então, serão introduzidos o conceito do Fator Acidentário de Prevenção e toda a sua metodologia de cálculo, assim como as irregularidades apontadas no momento da implementação dessa ferramenta. Ao final, serão verificados como o FAP é enquadrado como uma ferramenta de prevenção social, os motivos pelos quais a sua aferição se configura por setor econômico e os resultados de sua implementação por meio dos dados estatísticos acidentários disponibilizados pela Previdência Social

<p>Severe accidents in a Light Water Reactor (LWR) have been a subject of the research for the last three decades. The research in this area aims to further understanding of the inherent physical phenomena and reduce the uncertainties surrounding their quantification, with the ultimate goal of developing models that can be applied to safety analysis of nuclear reactors. The research is also focusing on evaluation of the proposed accident management schemes for mitigating the consequences of such accidents.</p><p>During a hypothetical severe accident, whatever the scenario, there is likelihood that the core material will be relocated and accumulated in the lower plenum in the form of a debris bed or a melt pool. Physical phenomena involved in a severe accident progression are complex. The interactions of core debris or melt with the reactor structures depend very much on the debris bed or melt pool thermal hydraulics. That is why predictions of heat transfer during melt pool formation in the reactor lower head are important for the safety assessment.</p><p>The main purpose of the present study is to advance a method for describing turbulent natural convection heat transfer of a melt pool, and to develop a computational platform for cost-effective, sufficiently-accurate numerical simulations and analyses of Core Melt-Structure-Water Interactions in the LWR lower head during a postulated severe core-melting accident.</p><p>Given the insights gained from Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, a physics-based model and computationally-efficient tools are developed for multi-dimensional simulations of transient thermal-hydraulic phenomena in the lower plenum of a Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) during the late phase of an in-vessel core melt progression. A model is developed for the core debris bed heat up and formation of a melt pool in the lower head of the reactor vessel, and implemented in a commercial CFD code. To describe the natural convection heat transfer inside the volumetrically decay-heated melt pool, we advanced the Effective Convectivity Conductivity Model (ECCM), which was previously developed and implemented in the MVITA code. In the present study, natural convection heat transfer is accounted for by only the Effective Convectivity Model (ECM). The heat transport and interactions are represented through an energy-conservation formulation. The ECM then enables simulations of heat transfer of a high Rayleigh melt pool in 3D large dimension geometry.</p><p>In order to describe the phase-change heat transfer associated with core debris, a temperature-based enthalpy formulation is employed in the ECM (the phase-change ECM or so called the PECM). The PECM is capable to represent possible convection heat transfer in a mushy zone. The simple approach of the PECM method allows implementing different models of the fluid velocity in a mushy zone for a non-eutectic mixture. The developed models are validated by a dual approach, i.e., against the existing experimental data and the CFD simulation results.</p><p>The ECM and PECM methods are applied to predict thermal loads to the vessel wall and Control Rod Guide Tubes (CRGTs) during core debris heat up and melting in the BWR lower plenum. Applying the ECM and PECM to simulations of reactor-scale melt pool heat transfer, the results of the ECM and PECM calculations show an apparent effectiveness of the developed methods that enables simulations of long term accident transients. It is also found that during severe accident progression, the cooling by water flowing inside the CRGTs plays a very important role in reducing the thermal load on the reactor vessel wall. The results of the CFD, ECM and PECM simulations suggest a potential of the CRGT cooling as an effective mitigative measure during a severe accident progression.</p>

Severe accidents in a Light Water Reactor (LWR) have been a subject of intense research for the last three decades. The research in this area aims to reach understanding of the inherent physical phenomena and reduce the uncertainties in their quantification, with the ultimate goal of developing models that can be applied to safety analysis of nuclear reactors, and to evaluation of the proposed accident management schemes for mitigating the consequences of severe accidents.  In a hypothetical severe accident there is likelihood that the core materials will be relocated to the lower plenum and form a decay-heated debris bed (debris cake) or a melt pool. Interactions of core debris or melt with the reactor structures depend to a large extent on the debris bed or melt pool thermal hydraulics. In case of inadequate cooling, the excessive heat would drive the structures' overheating and ablation, and hence govern the vessel failure mode and timing. In turn, threats to containment integrity associated with potential ex-vessel steam explosions and ex-vessel debris uncoolability depend on the composition, superheat, and amount of molten corium available for discharge upon the vessel failure. That is why predictions of transient melt pool heat transfer in the reactor lower head, subsequent vessel failure modes and melt characteristics upon the discharge are of paramount importance for plant safety assessment.  The main purpose of the present study is to develop a method for reliable prediction of melt pool thermal hydraulics, namely to establish a computational platform for cost-effective, sufficiently-accurate numerical simulations and analyses of core Melt-Structure-Water Interactions in the LWR lower head during a postulated severe core-melting accident. To achieve the goal, an approach to efficient use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been proposed to guide and support the development of models suitable for accident analysis.   The CFD method, on the one hand, is indispensable for scrutinizing flow physics, on the other hand, the validated CFD method can be used to generate necessary data for validation of the accident analysis models. Given the insights gained from the CFD study, physics-based models and computationally-efficient tools are developed for multi-dimensional simulations of transient thermal-hydraulic phenomena in the lower plenum of a LWR during the late phase of an in-vessel core melt progression. To describe natural convection heat transfer in an internally heated volume, and molten metal layer heated from below and cooled from the top (and side) walls, the Effective Convectivity Models (ECM) are developed and implemented in a commercial CFD code. The ECM uses directional heat transfer characteristic velocities to transport the heat to cooled boundaries. The heat transport and interactions are represented through an energy-conservation formulation. The ECM then enables 3D heat transfer simulations of a homogeneous (and stratified) melt pool formed in the LWR lower head. In order to describe phase-change heat transfer associated with core debris or binary mixture (e.g. in a molten metal layer), a temperature-based enthalpy formulation is employed in the Phase-change ECM (so called the PECM). The PECM is capable to represent natural convection heat transfer in a mushy zone. Simple formulation of the PECM method allows implementing different models of mushy zone heat transfer for non-eutectic mixtures. For a non-eutectic binary mixture, compositional convection associated with concentration gradients can be taken into account. The developed models are validated against both existing experimental data and the CFD-generated data. ECM and PECM simulations show a superior computational efficiency compared to the CFD simulation method. The ECM and PECM methods are applied to predict thermal loads imposed on the vessel wall and Control Rod Guide Tubes (CRGTs) during core debris heatup and melting in a Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) lower plenum. It is found that during the accident progression, the CRGT cooling plays a very important role in reducing the thermal loads on the reactor vessel wall. Results of the ECM and PECM simulations suggest a high potential of the CRGT cooling to be an effective measure for severe accident management in BWRs. / <p>QC 20100812</p>

No description available.

The thesis refers to the issue of road accidents and their prevention in the Czech Republic, seen as a negative phenomenon in modern society. It is divided into two relatively independent parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical part focuses on a general description of traffic accident and states their main causes. Moreover, it deals with a road accident as a traumatic event having negative effects on life of involved people, especially on the human psyche. At the end of this part you can find basic principles of emergency intervention on casualties of road accidents and organizations which offer free help to road accident casualties. In the practical part of this work there is a study of road accidents that happened in the region of the Czech Republic from the point of view of their causes and the age of the driver.

Severe accidents in a Light Water Reactor (LWR) have been a subject of the research for the last three decades. The research in this area aims to further understanding of the inherent physical phenomena and reduce the uncertainties surrounding their quantification, with the ultimate goal of developing models that can be applied to safety analysis of nuclear reactors. The research is also focusing on evaluation of the proposed accident management schemes for mitigating the consequences of such accidents. During a hypothetical severe accident, whatever the scenario, there is likelihood that the core material will be relocated and accumulated in the lower plenum in the form of a debris bed or a melt pool. Physical phenomena involved in a severe accident progression are complex. The interactions of core debris or melt with the reactor structures depend very much on the debris bed or melt pool thermal hydraulics. That is why predictions of heat transfer during melt pool formation in the reactor lower head are important for the safety assessment. The main purpose of the present study is to advance a method for describing turbulent natural convection heat transfer of a melt pool, and to develop a computational platform for cost-effective, sufficiently-accurate numerical simulations and analyses of Core Melt-Structure-Water Interactions in the LWR lower head during a postulated severe core-melting accident. Given the insights gained from Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, a physics-based model and computationally-efficient tools are developed for multi-dimensional simulations of transient thermal-hydraulic phenomena in the lower plenum of a Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) during the late phase of an in-vessel core melt progression. A model is developed for the core debris bed heat up and formation of a melt pool in the lower head of the reactor vessel, and implemented in a commercial CFD code. To describe the natural convection heat transfer inside the volumetrically decay-heated melt pool, we advanced the Effective Convectivity Conductivity Model (ECCM), which was previously developed and implemented in the MVITA code. In the present study, natural convection heat transfer is accounted for by only the Effective Convectivity Model (ECM). The heat transport and interactions are represented through an energy-conservation formulation. The ECM then enables simulations of heat transfer of a high Rayleigh melt pool in 3D large dimension geometry. In order to describe the phase-change heat transfer associated with core debris, a temperature-based enthalpy formulation is employed in the ECM (the phase-change ECM or so called the PECM). The PECM is capable to represent possible convection heat transfer in a mushy zone. The simple approach of the PECM method allows implementing different models of the fluid velocity in a mushy zone for a non-eutectic mixture. The developed models are validated by a dual approach, i.e., against the existing experimental data and the CFD simulation results. The ECM and PECM methods are applied to predict thermal loads to the vessel wall and Control Rod Guide Tubes (CRGTs) during core debris heat up and melting in the BWR lower plenum. Applying the ECM and PECM to simulations of reactor-scale melt pool heat transfer, the results of the ECM and PECM calculations show an apparent effectiveness of the developed methods that enables simulations of long term accident transients. It is also found that during severe accident progression, the cooling by water flowing inside the CRGTs plays a very important role in reducing the thermal load on the reactor vessel wall. The results of the CFD, ECM and PECM simulations suggest a potential of the CRGT cooling as an effective mitigative measure during a severe accident progression. / QC 20101119

Le risque professionnel apparaît à la fin du XIXème siècle. Il est conçu comme le palliatif des insuffisances des principes de responsabilité civile appliquées aux victimes du travail. Le corps blessé au profit de l’industrie doit obtenir réparation. L’accident du travail est né ; sa reconnaissance est strictement encadrée. L’évolution des organisations de travail révèle d’autres insuffisances et induisent l’extension de la notion. D’un principe de responsabilité appliqué à la survenance d’un risque qualifié au préalable, le risque professionnel devient l’expression d’un droit à la sécurité. Les acteurs de l’entreprise y acquièrent un pouvoir de qualification. Au croisement du droit de la sécurité sociale, du droit du travail et du droit de la santé publique, les objectifs assignés évoluent à la lumière des enjeux humains et financiers qui s'y attachent. De nouvelles notions innervent les relations de travail. Le droit du salarié à la sécurité ne peut plus être dissocié d’un droit élémentaire à la santé. Au-delà, le bien-être au travail fait son apparition. Reste à mettre fin aux incertitudes qui affectent la notion de risque professionnel. Notion au périmètre fluctuant, la définir est essentiel. Les enjeux sont d’importance. / The notion of occupational risk appears at the end of the 19th century. It is intended as a remedy for the inadequacy of the principles of civil liability as applied to workplace victims. A person injured while working for the benefit of industry must obtain reparation. The concept of the workplace accident is born, although its applicability is strictly limited. The evolution of labor organizations reveals other shortcomings and leads to the expansion of the principle. Starting from a notion of liability applied to the occurrence of a pre-determined hazard, occupational risk becomes the expression of a right to workplace safety. Labor acquires a decision-making power in this regard. At the intersection of french social security law, labor law and public health law, the designated objectives evolve in the light of related human and financial issues. New concepts stimulate labor relations. The right to employee safety can no longer be dissociated from a basic right to health. Beyond that, the principle of workplace well-being makes its appearance. It is still necessary to resolve the uncertainties that influence the concept of occupational risk. As a notion with fluctuating boundaries, it is essential to define it. The stakes are high.

Dans le cadre des recherches menées dans le domaine de la sûreté des réacteurs nucléaires, la problématique de la formation des oxydes d'iode dans l'enceinte de confinement par la destruction d'iodures organiques lors d'un accident grave a été étudiée avec les moyens du domaine de la chimie atmosphérique.La cinétique de destruction d'iodures organiques (tels que CH3I, CH2I2, CHI3, C2H5I, n-C3H7I et i-C3H7I) par les radicaux OH et O a d'abord été étudiée avec un système de Photolyse Flash – Résonance Fluorescente, dans des conditions représentatives de l'enceinte d'un accident de réacteur nucléaire accidenté. Des constantes cinétiques et leurs énergies d'activation ont été déterminées, dont certaines pour la première fois dans la littérature. Les mécanismes d'oxydation par OH et O des iodures organiques sont soit par abstraction d'un atome d'hydrogène, soit par la formation d'un complexe, menant à l'arrachement de l'atome d'iode. Ensuite, une analyse avec le code IODAIR a permis de réactualiser certaines cinétiques et de compléter ce code avec l'ajout de nouvelles réactions publiées récemment. Une comparaison de la cinétique globale de destruction de CH3I par OH et O dans le code IODAIR et de la constante cinétique globale inclue dans le code ASTEC/IODE a mis en évidence une différence d'un facteur environ 2, ce qui montre l'influence de ces deux radicaux (et principalement de O) sur la destruction des iodures organiques. L'autre voie de destruction majoritaire serait par rayonnement électronique. Les autres radicaux comme H ou N ne contribueraient que très peu à leur disparition. / Within the framework of the research in the nuclear reactor safety field, the iodine oxides formation by organic iodides destruction in the containment has been studied with the means of the atmospheric chemistry field. The destruction kinetics and their activation energy of organic iodides by OH and O radical has been quantified by a Flash Photolysis system able to monitor the oxidant radicals by resonance fluorescence. Those results have been published and some of them for the first time in the literature. The mechanisms leading to the organic iodides destruction are either by a hydrogen atom abstraction, either by the formation of a complex, depending on the organic iodide involved. Then, certain kinetics reactions have been updated in the IODAIR code. Other reactions have been added based on the recent literature available. A comparison of the kinetics destruction of CH3I by OH and O with IODAIR and the global kinetics of destruction in ASTEC/IODE showed a difference of about 2 which shows the importance of these two radicals (and mainly O) in those destruction processes. The other main path of destruction would be by electron radiation. Other radicals like H and N would not contribute significantly to organic iodides destruction. A sensitivity analysis highlighted that organic iodides would mostly be destroyed into iodine oxides with a almost complete conversion within a few hours. Finally, an atmospheric chamber has been used to quantify iodine oxides growth, density and composition. Under the conditions studied, their formation is fast. Particles sizes of about 200- 400 nm are formed within a few hours.