Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Computing and Information Sciences / David A. Gustafson / Software testing is an essential component of software development life cycle, and certain software testing methodologies require enormous amounts of time and expense in order to detect and correct errors in a software system. The two primary goals of any testing methodology are error detection and increased reliability. Each methodology utilizes a unique technique to achieve these goals and detect faults in the software. In this paper, an evaluation approach is presented that can enhance evaluation techniques for software testing methodologies. Firstly, a new framework, Mutation Operator Production Rule System (MOPRS), is introduced that allows specifications of mutation operators that can be effective, precise, and focused on object-oriented faults. A new concept of effective mutation operator has been added to this system. An effective mutation operator is a precise set of rules that when applied to a program creates a set of mutants, which when killed by a test suite, will mean that further seeded or accidental faults characterized by the same fault type are highly likely to be killed by the same test suite. These effective mutation operators focus on fault types specific to object-oriented programming concepts. As a result, object-oriented faults are detected instead of finding traditional faults common to non-object-oriented and object-oriented programming. These mutation operators cover the gaps in the existing set of mutation operators. An evaluation method is described that can enhance the evaluation techniques, Accidental Fault Methodology (AFM), for software testing methodologies. When effective mutation operators are used along with this evaluation technique, it will demonstrate if the software testing methodology successfully detected induced faults and also any accidental faults specific to the object-oriented fault type.

Objetivo: Caracterizar a dor crônica em idosos da comunidade e avaliar sua associação entre a utilização de serviços de saúde e o autorrelato de quedas. Método: estudo transversal com amostra populacional obtida por meio de inquérito domiciliar, envolvendo idosos com dor crônica sem déficit cognitivo. Neste estudo consideram-se dor crônica aquela com duração igual ou superior a seis meses e idoso aquele com 60 anos ou mais. O critério para utilização do serviço de saúde foi ter feito mais de quatro consultas ou uma internação no último ano. A ocorrência de quedas foi o relato de, no mínimo, uma queda nos 12 meses anteriores à pesquisa. Por meio da estatística descritiva os idosos foram caracterizados quanto às características da dor crônica, dos aspectos sociodemográficos, morbidade autorreferida, dependência nas atividades básicas e instrumentais de vida diária e mobilidade. Para os idosos com dor há pelo menos um ano, testou-se a existência de associação entre uso do serviço de saúde e ocorrência de queda com variáveis independentes (características da dor, sociodemográficas e morbidades autorreferidas), por meio de análises univariadas (teste de associação de RaoScott) e multivariadas (Regressão Múltipla de Cox com variância robusta). Para as análises estatísticas utilizou-se o programa Stata 11.0 e adotou-se como valor de significância p<0,05. Resultados: A prevalência de dor crônica foi de 29,7% (IC95% 25,4 - 33,9); os locais mais frequentes de dor foram a região lombar (25,4%) e membros inferiores (21,9%); a dor foi moderada em 45,8% das vezes e intensa em 46% dos indivíduos. A dor foi mais frequente em mulheres (p<0,007) e esteve associada à maior dependência para as atividades da vida diária e à pior mobilidade (p<0,001). Intensidade da dor e renda familiar associaram-se (p=0,005): renda familiar igual ou superior a três salários mínimos foi relatada por 37% dos idosos com dor fraca/moderada e por 17% daqueles com dor intensa. A prevalência de utilização do serviço de saúde nos idosos com dor foi de 44% (IC95% 35,1 52,8), e não diferiu dos idosos sem dor (50,5% [IC95% 45,1-55,9]) A análise multivariada mostrou que a chance de utilização do serviço de saúde foi 33% menor nos idosos com dor há mais de dois anos do que naqueles com dor entre um e dois anos (p=0,002). Foi 55% maior nos idosos com dor intensa (p=0,003) e 45% maior entre os que relataram interferência moderada da dor (p=0,015). A prevalência de queda, no último ano, entre os idosos com dor foi de 31,6% (IC95%: 26,4 37,5] e não diferiu dos idosos sem dor (26,4% [IC95%: 23,1 30,0]) e p=0,145. A maioria (58,9%) dos idosos com dor crônica caiu uma vez no último ano, e 27,6% deles caíram três vezes ou mais. O risco de quedas foi 50% maior (p=0,019) em idosos com dor e osteoporose, enquanto foi 48% maior naqueles com dor e incontinência urinária (p = 0,010). Conclusão: estudo populacional com idosos da cidade de São Paulo, constatou-se que a dor crônica foi frequente e esteve associada a maiores prejuízos na independência e mobilidade. A dor crônica mais intensa, a mais recente e a com impacto no trabalho resultaram em maior uso dos serviços de saúde. Aqueles com dor há um ano ou mais e osteoporose, dor e incontinência urinária tiveram maiores chance de quedas. / Objective: To characterize chronic pain in community-dwelling elderly and evaluate its association with the use of health services and self-reported falls. Method: Crosssectional study whose population sample was obtained by home surveys of elderly with chronic pain and without cognitive deficit. The study considered pain lasting for six or more months as chronic and those at least 60 years old as elderly. The criterion for health service use was more than four doctor appointments or having been admitted to a hospital during the past year. The occurrence of falls included at least one reported fall in the 12 months prior to the study. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the elderly according to chronic pain and socio-demographic characteristics, self-reported morbidity, mobility and dependence regarding activities of daily living. For those in chronic pain for at least one year, the existence of an association between the use of health services and the occurrence of falls and independent variables (pain and sociodemographical characteristics and self-reported morbidities) was tested using univariate (RaoScott test of association) and multivariate analysis (Cox Multiple Regression with robust variance). Stata 11.0 was used for the statistical analysis, and the significance level adopted was p<0.05. Results: The prevalence of chronic pain was 29.7% (CI95% 25.4 33.9); pain was most frequently in the lumbar area (25.4%) and lower limbs (21.9%); the pain was moderate 45.8% and intense in 46% of the individuals. Pain was more frequent among women (p<0.007) and was associated with greater dependence in activities of daily living and lower mobility (p<0.001). Intensity of pain and family income were associated (p=0.005): 37% of the elderly with weak/moderate pain and 17% of those with intense pain reported family income at least three times the minimum wage. The prevalence of health service use among the elderly with pain was 44% (CI95% 35.1 52.8) and did not differ for elderly individuals without chronic pain (50.5% [CI95% 45.1- 55.9]) The multivariate analysis showed that the chance of using health services was 33% lower for elderly individuals with pain for more than two years than those with pain between one and two years (p=0.002). The chance was 55% higher for those with intense pain (p=0.003) and 45% higher for with moderate pain (p=0.015). The prevalence of falls in the last year for elderly individuals with pain was 31.6% (CI95% 26.4 37.5] and did not differ from elderly individuals without pain (26.4% [CI95%: 23.1 30.0): p=0.145. Most (58.9%) of those with chronic pain had fallen once during the past year and 27.6% had fallen three or more times. The risk of falls was 50% higher (p=0.019) for those with pain and osteoporosis and 48% higher for those with pain and urinary incontinence (p= 0.010). Conclusions: The findings of this study, a population study of elderly from the city of São Paulo, included that chronic pain was frequent and associated with greater independence and mobility deficits. More intense and recent chronic pain that affected work resulted in greater use of health services. Those in pain for one year or longer and suffering from osteoporosis, pain and urinary incontinency had a higher chance of falling.

Decision making is an inherent part of human life. Every day we decide on little things, but also some more complex problems may appear. In such cases, we need to choose a more complex process leading to the final decision. To do so, many multiple-criteria decision-making methods can be used. These methods will be explored in this thesis. They will be used to select accident insurance according to the preferences and requirements of several respondents. Accident insurance protects the insured person against the impairment of their life caused by the consequences of their injury. Accident insurance is a commitment for many years, so its choice needs close attention. The choice of the insurance can be assessed based on of several criteria. Designing a model of multi-criteria decision-making strategy was the main goal of this diploma thesis. The thesis is divided into two parts - the theoretical and practical part. Theoretical part defines the concepts of decision making, multi-criteria decision making and its methods using specialized literature. It also defines the concept of insurance and its specifics relating to accident insurance. The practical part focuses on the specific solution of the given problem. The first step was a survey of offers of insurance companies operating on the Czech market that have separate accident insurance in their product portfolio. Based on these offers, decision variants have been created. The second step was to determine the five criteria on whose basis the variants were evaluated. After the general procedure has been established, the model has been applied. The proposed procedure was tried on a group of respondents to select the best offer for them. The target group, for which the procedure was designed, was set for people between the ages of 40 and 50 who do not have a risky job and do not engage in any hazardous leisure activities. Their preferences were determined by a questionnaire, based on which the decision matrices and weightings of the individual criteria were compiled. The optimal option was recommended to respondents.

Quedas entre pessoas idosas constituem importante problema de saúde pública devido à sua incidência, às complicações para a saúde e aos altos custos assistenciais. Estudos realizados no Brasil e em outros países referem que as quedas são mais freqüentes em idosos institucionalizados e apresentam causa multifatorial. Com o objetivo de verificar a ocorrência de quedas em idosos institucionalizados e identificar os seus fatores determinantes, foi realizado um levantamento de dados de 105 indivíduos com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos, residentes em 4 instituições asilares do município de Catanduva, São Paulo. O método utilizado para a coleta dos dados foi entrevista. Foram utilizados os instrumentos: GDS (Escala de Depressão Geriátrica), MEEM (mini Exame do Estado Mental) e a escala de Equilíbrio e Marcha de Tinetti, instrumentos estes destinados à avaliação dos estados de humor, cognitivo e equilíbrio e marcha respectivamente. Os achados mostraram que 40% dos idosos relataram quedas nos últimos 6 meses, e os fatores de risco considerados significativos foram: sexo feminino (p=0,035), uso de medicamentos (p=0,047), visão deficiente (p=0,029), ausência de atividade física (p=0,035), presença de osteoartrose (p=0,000), Depressão (p=0,034), déficit de força de preensão palmar (p=0,0165) e distúrbios no equilíbrio e marcha (p=0,038). Os resultados apontam para a necessidade da implementação de programas de prevenções de quedas em instituições asilares, através de intervenção multidisciplinar buscando, portanto, uma melhoria na qualidade de vida dessa população. / Falls among the elderly constitute an important public health problem due to their incidence, to health complications, and to the high assistance cost. Research conducted in Brazil and other countries refer that falls are the more frequent in institutionalized elderly people and present multifactorial causes. Aiming at verifying the occurrence of falls among institutionalized elderly people and at identifying their determining factors, data collection of 105 individuals – age 60 or over – was carried out. The subjects are all residents of 4 home institutions in the city of Catanduva – São Paulo. The method used in data collection was a interview. The following instruments were used: GDS (Geriatric Depression Scale), NEEN (Mental Status Mini Exam), and the Tinetti´s Balance and March Scale. These instruments are destined to the evaluation of mood, cognitive status, balance and march, respectively. The finds show that 40% of the elderly reported falls over the last 6 months, and the risk factors considered to be significant were: female sex (p=0.035), medicine use (p=0.047), visual disability (p=0.029), lack of physical activity (p=0.035), presence of osteoarthritis (p=0.000), Depression (p=0.034), palm prehension strength deficit (p=0.0165), and balance and march disorder (p=0.038). The results point at the necessity of implementing fall prevention programs in home institutions, through multidisciplinary intervention, therefore aiming at improving this population’s quality of life.

Quedas entre pessoas idosas constituem importante problema de saúde pública devido à sua incidência, às complicações para a saúde e aos altos custos assistenciais. Estudos realizados no Brasil e em outros países referem que as quedas são mais freqüentes em idosos institucionalizados e apresentam causa multifatorial. Com o objetivo de verificar a ocorrência de quedas em idosos institucionalizados e identificar os seus fatores determinantes, foi realizado um levantamento de dados de 105 indivíduos com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos, residentes em 4 instituições asilares do município de Catanduva, São Paulo. O método utilizado para a coleta dos dados foi entrevista. Foram utilizados os instrumentos: GDS (Escala de Depressão Geriátrica), MEEM (mini Exame do Estado Mental) e a escala de Equilíbrio e Marcha de Tinetti, instrumentos estes destinados à avaliação dos estados de humor, cognitivo e equilíbrio e marcha respectivamente. Os achados mostraram que 40% dos idosos relataram quedas nos últimos 6 meses, e os fatores de risco considerados significativos foram: sexo feminino (p=0,035), uso de medicamentos (p=0,047), visão deficiente (p=0,029), ausência de atividade física (p=0,035), presença de osteoartrose (p=0,000), Depressão (p=0,034), déficit de força de preensão palmar (p=0,0165) e distúrbios no equilíbrio e marcha (p=0,038). Os resultados apontam para a necessidade da implementação de programas de prevenções de quedas em instituições asilares, através de intervenção multidisciplinar buscando, portanto, uma melhoria na qualidade de vida dessa população. / Falls among the elderly constitute an important public health problem due to their incidence, to health complications, and to the high assistance cost. Research conducted in Brazil and other countries refer that falls are the more frequent in institutionalized elderly people and present multifactorial causes. Aiming at verifying the occurrence of falls among institutionalized elderly people and at identifying their determining factors, data collection of 105 individuals – age 60 or over – was carried out. The subjects are all residents of 4 home institutions in the city of Catanduva – São Paulo. The method used in data collection was a interview. The following instruments were used: GDS (Geriatric Depression Scale), NEEN (Mental Status Mini Exam), and the Tinetti´s Balance and March Scale. These instruments are destined to the evaluation of mood, cognitive status, balance and march, respectively. The finds show that 40% of the elderly reported falls over the last 6 months, and the risk factors considered to be significant were: female sex (p=0.035), medicine use (p=0.047), visual disability (p=0.029), lack of physical activity (p=0.035), presence of osteoarthritis (p=0.000), Depression (p=0.034), palm prehension strength deficit (p=0.0165), and balance and march disorder (p=0.038). The results point at the necessity of implementing fall prevention programs in home institutions, through multidisciplinary intervention, therefore aiming at improving this population’s quality of life.

Estudo transversal retrospectivo realizado um hospital universitário de grande porte do sul do Brasil para analisar o Diagnóstico de Enfermagem (DE) Risco de quedas e os cuidados de enfermagem prescritos para pacientes adultos hospitalizados em unidades clínicas e cirúrgicas no ano de 2011. Especificamente, buscou-se identificar a prevalência do DE, o perfil clínico dos pacientes, os fatores de risco estabelecidos e os cuidados prescritos para esses pacientes, agrupando os últimos de acordo com as intervenções descritas na Nursing Interventions Classifications (NIC). A amostra constituiu-se de 174 pacientes, e os dados foram coletados em sistema de prescrição informatizado e prontuário online. A análise foi realizada pela estatística descritiva e o agrupamento dos cuidados de enfermagem nas intervenções NIC baseou-se no método de mapeamento cruzado. O estudo foi aprovado em Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa (nº 110631). Houve prevalência do DE Risco de quedas em 4% das internações estudadas, o perfil dos pacientes com este DE apontou para idosos, sexo masculino (57%), internados nas unidades clínicas (63,2%), com tempo mediano de internação de 20(10-24) dias, portadores de doenças neurológicas (26%), cardiovasculares (74,1%) e várias comorbidades (3±1,8). Os fatores de risco mais prevalentes foram alteração neurológica (43,1%), mobilidade prejudicada (35,6%) e extremos de idade (10,3%). Entre os 48 diferentes cuidados de enfermagem prescritos, os mais frequentes foram manter grades no leito (83,2%), orientar paciente/família quanto aos riscos e prevenção de quedas (49,4%) e manter campainha ao alcance do paciente (40,8%). O agrupamento dos cuidados nas intervenções NIC apontou Controle do Ambiente: segurança (29,2%), Prevenção de Quedas (20,6%) e Monitoração Neurológica (15%) como as mais prevalentes. A intervenção Prevenção de Quedas compreendeu o maior número de cuidados diferentes. Concluiu-se que a prevalência deste DE ainda é pequena no cenário de estudo, o que talvez possa ser modificado após o início da utilização de instrumento preditor de risco. O perfil dos pacientes com este DE mostra que são em maioria idosos, com doenças neurológicas e cardiovasculares e diversas comorbidades, o que requer cuidados preventivos à multiplicidade desses fatores. A intervenção Prevenção de Quedas mostrou-se realmente prioritária ao DE Risco de quedas, pois suas atividades se direcionam à multifatorialidade do evento. O uso de linguagens padronizadas na prática clínica pode contribuir para a qualificação do cuidado, norteando protocolos de prevenção e de segurança aos pacientes. / Retrospective cross-sectional study performed in a large university hospital in southern Brazil to analyze the ND Risk for fall and nursing cares prescribed for adult patients hospitalized in clinical and surgical units in 2011. The specific objectives were: identify the prevalence of the ND Risk for fall; the clinical profile of patients; the risk factors established and nursing cares prescribed for these patients, grouping them according to the interventions described in the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC). The sample consisted of 174 patients and the data were collected in medical records and computerized system. The data analysis was done by the descriptive and analytic statistics and the grouping of nursing cares in the NIC interventions was based on the cross-mapping method. The study was approved by Ethics and Research Committee (number 110631). The results showed a prevalence of the ND Risk for fall in 4% of the hospitalizations studied. The profile of the patients with this ND pointed to elderly, male (57%), hospitalized in clinical units (63.2%), with median time of hospitalizations of 20 (10-24) days, with neurological disorders (26%), cardiovascular (74,1%) and many comorbidities (3±1,8). The risk factors most prevalent were: Neurological alteration (43.1%), Impaired mobility (35.6%) and Age extremes (10.3%). Were identified 48 different nursing cares prescribed, being the most frequent Keep the bars in the bed (83.2%), Guide patient/family about the risks and prevention of falls (49.4%) and Keep the bell within reach of the patient (40.8%). The care grouping in the NIC interventions pointed to Environment control: security (29.2%), Prevention of falls (20.6%) and Neurological monitoring (15%) as the most prevalent. The intervention Prevention of falls comprehended the largest number of different cares. It was concluded that the prevalence of this ND is still low in the studied scenario, which may be modified after the beginning of the use of the risk predictor instrument. The profile of patients with this ND shows that they are most elderly, with neurological and cardiovascular diseases and many comorbidities, which requires preventive cares to the multiplicity of these factors. The intervention Prevention of falls proved to be really priority to the ND Risk for fall, because its activities are directed to the multifactorial of the event. The use of standardized language in clinical practice can contribute to qualify the care, guiding prevention and patient’s safety protocols. / Estudio transversal retrospectivo realizado en un hospital universitario de grande porte del sur de Brasil para analizar el Diagnostico de Enfermería (DE) Riesgo de Caídas y los cuidados de la enfermería prescriptos para pacientes adultos hospitalizados en unidades clínicas y cirúrgicas durante el año de 2011. Los objetivos específicos fueron: identificar la permanencia del DE Riesgo de caídas; el perfil clínico de los pacientes; los factores de riesgo establecidos y los cuidados prescriptos para esos pacientes, además de agrupar de acuerdo con las intervenciones descriptas en la Nursing Interventions Classifications (NIC). La muestra se constituyó de 174 pacientes y los datos colectados en sistema informatizado y prontuarios. El análisis fue realizada por la estadística descriptiva y agrupamiento de los cuidados de enfermería en las intervenciones NIC se ha basado en el método de mapeamiento cruzado. El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética e Investigación (nº 110631). El permanencia del DE Riesgo de caída fue de 4% en las internaciones estudiadas. El perfil de los pacientes puntó para ancianos, sexo masculino (57%), internados en las unidades clínicas (63,2%), con tiempo medio de internación de 20 (10-24) días, portadores de enfermedades neurológicas (26%), cardiovasculares (74,1%) y diversas morbilidades (3±1,8). Los factores de riesgo más permanentes fueron: Alteración neurológica (43,1%), Movilidad perjudicada (35,6%) y de los Extremos de edad (10,3%). Se identificaron 48 cuidados de enfermería prescriptos siendo los más frecuentes: mantener baranda en las camas (83,2%), orientar paciente/familia en cuanto a los riesgos y prevención de caídas (49,4%) y mantener el timbre al alcance del paciente (40,8%). El agrupamiento de los cuidados en las intervenciones NIC apuntaron Control de Ambiente: seguridad (29,2%). Prevención de Caídas (20,6%) y Monitoreo Neurológico (15%) como las más permanentes. La intervención Prevención de Caídas comprendió el mayor número de diferentes cuidados. Se concluyó que la permanencia de este DE todavía es pequeña en el escenario del estudio, lo que tal vez pueda ser modificado después del inicio de la utilización de instrumento predictor de riesgo. Los pacientes con este DE muestra que son en mayoría ancianos, con enfermedades neurológicas y cardiovasculares y diversas morbilidades, y que requieren cuidados preventivos a la multiplicidad de estos factores. La intervención Prevención de Caídas se mostró realmente prioritaria al DE Riesgo de Caídas, pues sus actividades se direccionan a los diferentes factores del evento. El uso de lenguajes padronizados en la práctica clínica puede contribuir para la cualificación del cuidado norteando protocolos de prevención y de seguridad a los pacientes.

Offshore petroleum exploration and production (E&amp;P) activities are faced with both technical and environmental challenges. In spite of these challenges, offshore petroleum E&amp;P are on the increase globally. These operations have not been accident free even with improved technology. Recent incidents like Montara blowout and Deepwater Horizon fire have more than ever before raised serious concerns about the safety of offshore oil and gas E&amp;P. Key issues are the prevention of major hazards, emergency response and civil liability, and payment of compensation. These issues have greater implication when the impact is transboundary. There is a general consensus on the need to ensure safety of these operations globally. However, the international legal framework needed to achieve the objective is unresolved. Looking at the extant international instruments relating to marine pollution from offshore oil and gas activities, there is a clear absence of global treaty on safety of offshore operations, civil liability and compensation. While there is general consensus on the need for safety of offshore oil and gas operations globally, opinions are divided on the necessity for global treaties. This thesis looks at the extant international legal framework at both global and regional levels with a view to identifying gaps in provisions on safety, civil liability and compensation. The thesis finds that even in the post-Macondo era, there are no global treaties in relation to safety of offshore petroleum E&amp;P to prevent accidental pollution, and to deal with issues of civil liability and compensation. Furthermore, most regional regimes have no specific provisions on accidental pollution from offshore operations and liability issues arising therefrom. The absence of provisions for civil liability, especially in cases of transboundary harm from offshore accidental pollution has created difficulty for affected nations and nationals. This thesis proffers suggestion for international regulation of offshore petroleum operations to prevent accidental pollution, improve emergency response and guarantee prompt settlement of liabilities and payment of compensation. Accordingly, an international legal framework involving three levels of legal regimes is recommended as an effective way of preventing accidental pollution from offshore petroleum operations to protect marine environment and also ensuring that liabilities that may arise in the event of a major hazard are adequately addressed.

O Brasil cada vez mais torna-se um país de cabelos brancos, e, este processo traz reflexos para a sociedade brasileira e para a assistência à saúde desta população. Destaca-se as causas externas como um problema de saúde pública que oferecem grande impacto na saúde dos idosos. Estes têm capacidade reduzida de recuperação e permanecem hospitalizados por maior tempo. Portanto, nesta investigação buscou-se identificar a relação entre o idoso vítima de trauma e os fatores de risco envolvidos no acidente. Objetivo Geral: Desenvolver indicadores de predição de risco para o trauma em idosos. Objetivos Específicos: Caracterizar o perfil dos idosos vitimas de trauma atendidos no pronto-socorro; Verificar quais os mecanismos de trauma sofrido pelos idosos; Conhecer os fatores que contribuíram para a ocorrência do trauma; Analisar os fatores de risco para a ocorrência do trauma em idosos. Estudo quantitativo, transversal realizado no prontosocorro (PS) de dois hospitais da cidade de Curitiba, sendo aprovada por suas Comissões de Ética em Pesquisa. Os critérios de inclusão foram os seguintes: pacientes com 60 anos ou mais, de ambos os gêneros, vítimas de trauma, que estavam sendo atendidos no PS e que aceitaram participar da pesquisa de maneira voluntária ou por autorização de cuidadores ou familiares, em caso de déficit cognitivo e/ou auditivo. A coleta de dados foi realizada à beira do leito por meio de uma entrevista estruturada; os dados obtidos foram organizados em planilha Excel e analisados por meio do programa computacional Statistical Package for the Social Sciences - SPSS versão 15.0. Os resultados foram descritos por frequências e percentuais. Para avaliação da associação entre duas variáveis qualitativas, foi considerado o teste de Qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher. Para avaliação conjunta da associação de fatores com o mecanismo do trauma (queda ou outros eventos), foi ajustado um modelo de Regressão Logística (stepwise backward). A partir do ajuste, foram estimados os valores de odds ratio com respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. Os sujeitos foram 261 idosos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão, sendo 148 mulheres (56,7%) e 43,3% homens. A faixa de idade variou de 60 a 103 anos, e a média foi de 72,6 ± 9,3 anos. Grande parte da amostra tinha idade abaixo de 70 anos (44,8%). Com relação ao estado civil, 43,3% dos pacientes eram casados; 35,2%, viúvos; 13%, separados, amasiados; e 8,4%, solteiros. Os mecanismos de trauma mais frequentes foram: queda (75,9%), atropelamento (9,6%), trauma direto (5,4%) e acidente automobilístico (3,8%). O medicamento mais utilizado foi o anti-hipertensivo (45,2%). A análise multivariada permitiu afirmar que, independentemente das outras variáveis incluídas no modelo, o gênero feminino, a presença de cuidador, medicação de uso contínuo e a presença de problemas auditivos aumentam significativamente a probabilidade de trauma por queda. Problemas de visão sem uso de óculos e idosos com renda de até 3 salários mínimos tendem a 7 ter maior probabilidade de trauma por queda. Esses resultados permitem estabelecer que os fatores que mais interferem no trauma em idosos podem, se avaliados durante a consulta de enfermagem, possibilitar ações de saúde para a sua prevenção. / Brazil is becoming more and more a country of white hair and this process brings consequences for Brazilian society and the health care of its population. The highlights are the external causes as a matter of public health that offers great impact on the health of the elderly. The aged have their ability of recovery reduced and remain hospitalized for longer periods of time. Therefore, this research aimed to identify the relation between the aged victim of trauma and the risk factors involved in the accident. General objective: develop indicators of risk prediction for trauma in the aged. Specific objectives: describe the profile of aged victims of trauma seen in the emergency room; Check which mechanisms of trauma are suffered by the aged; Learn the factors that contributed to the occurrence of the trauma; Analyze the risk factors for the occurrence of the trauma in the aged. Quantitative cross study, held in the emergency department of two hospitals in Curitiba, which was approved by their Research Ethics Committees. The inclusion criteria were as follows: patients of 60 years old or more, both gender, victims of trauma that were being seen at the emergency room and accepted to participate in the research voluntarily or under authorization of caregiver or family in case of cognitive or/and hearing deficit. The data collection was made through a semi-structured interview by the bed; the data obtained were organized in an excel spreadsheet and analyzed by computer program Statistical Package for the Social Sciences - SPSS version 15.0. The results were described by frequencies and percentages. To evaluate the association between two qualitative variables, it was considered the Chisquare test or the Fishers exact test. To jontly evaluate the factors associated with the mechanism of trauma (fall and other events), it was adjusted a logistic regression model (stepwise backward). As from the ajustment, it were estimated the odds ratio values with respective confidence intervals of 95%. The subjects were 261 elderly people that met the inclusion criteria, 148 women (56,7%) and 43,3% men. The age ranged from 60 to 103 years old, and the average was 72,6 ± 9,3 years old. The great majority of the sample was under 70 years old (44,8%). Regarding to marital status, 43,3% of patients were married; 35,2%, widowed; 13%, separated, in cohabitation and 8,4%, single. The mechanisms of trauma more frequent were: fall (75,9%), running over (9,6%), direct trauma (5,4%) and car accident (3,8%). The medicament most used was the anti-hypertensive (45,2%). The multivariate analysis allowed to say that, independently of other variables included in the model such as the female gender, the presence of the caregiver, the continued use of medication and the presence of hearing problems increased significantly the probability of trauma by fall. Sight problems without wearing glasses and aged with incomes up to 3 minimal wages tend to have higher probability of trauma by fall. These results allowed establishing that the factors that most interfere in trauma in the aged may, if evaluated during the nursing consultation, enable health actions for its prevention.

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Introduction The consequences of falling can be fatal to elderly. The mortality, morbidity and the risk ofanxiety and depression increases following a fall. Drug prescription is a preventable fall risk,making the association between antihypertensive medications and risk of falling an importantarea of investigation. Aim Compile the results from studies which have examined the effect of initiating or changing theantihypertensive medication on fall risk in people aged 60 years or older. Methods Data sources: MEDLINE and Cochrane databases. Study selection: Original articles ofcohort-, case control-, case crossover-, cross-sectional- and randomized controlled trial type,published between January 2000 and May 2019 and written in English were included. Dataassessment: 6 studies met the criteria and were included. Study quality was assessed for eachstudy. Results Three studies found significant short-term increase in fall risk, regardless of drug type. Onestudy discovered an 18% increase in fall risk for every 5-day gap in treatment. Two studiesevaluated antihypertensive drug types separately and found contradictive results of thiazidediuretics on short-term fall risk. Calcium channel blockers showed a protective effect andbeta blockers an increased risk during the first 3 weeks after initiating treatment. Conclusions No consistent consensus was seen regarding the short-term fall risk in separateantihypertensive drug types, though most studies agree in a short-term risk increase aftergeneral antihypertensive treatment initiation or change.