No / The purpose was to determine if an age based, local diagnostic reference level for paediatric skeletal surveys could be established using retrospective data. Methods: All children below two years of age referred for a primary skeletal survey as a result of suspected physical abuse during 2017 or 2018 (n ¼ 45) were retrospectively included from a large Danish university hospital. The skeletal survey protocol included a total of 33 images. Dose Area Product (DAP) and acquisition parameters for all images were recorded from the Picture Archival and Communication System (PACS) and effective dose was estimated. The 75th percentile for DAP was considered as the diagnostic reference level (DRL). Results: The 75th percentile for DAP was 314 mGy*cm2 , 520 mGy*cm2 and 779 mGy*cm2 for children <1 month, 1e11 months and 12 < 24 months of age respectively. However, only the age group 1e11 months had a sufficient number of children (n ¼ 27) to establish a local DRL. Thus, for the other groups the DAP result must be interpreted with caution. Effective dose was 0.19, 0.26 and 0.18 mSv for children <1, 1e11 months and 12 < 24 months of age respectively. Conclusion: For children between 1 and 11 months of age, a local diagnostic reference level of 520 mGy*cm2 was determined. This may be used as an initial benchmark for primary skeletal surveys as a result of suspected physical abuse for comparison and future discussion. Implications for practice: While the data presented reflects the results of a single department, the suggested diagnostic reference level may be used as a benchmark for other departments when auditing skeletal survey radiation dose.

En este trabajo se analizará el control de la respuesta sísmica de una edificación asimétrica de 5 pisos mediante la incorporación de Amortiguadores de Masa Sintonizada (AMS) evaluando distintas distribuciones de porcentaje de masa del dispositivo para obtener una óptima ubicación en la última planta con el objeto de reducir los efectos torsionales producto de las irregularidades de planta. Para el desarrollo se designaron diversas variables para caracterizar el comportamiento de cada modelo. Estudios anteriores optaban por considerar independientemente cada variable y globalizaban la respuesta de estas a el resto de las variables. A raíz de esto, se decide analizar paralelamente y comparar en cada modelo estructural hasta obtener una óptima distribución. / A viable option to reduce seismic vibrations in structures is the use of passive control devices, within which are the Tuned Mass Dampers (AMS). In an asymmetric construction a greater flexional and torsional vibration is produced, this phenomenon leads to an increase in the forces present in the sections and an eventual collapse of the structure. In this way, the implementation of the Tuned Mass Damper in an asymmetric building, allows to dissipate the energy product of horizontal movements such as the earthquake, besides attenuating the torsional effects due to the asymmetry. In this research thesis the control of the seismic response of an asymmetric 5-story building, structured on the basis of porticos and reinforced concrete walls, will be analyzed, by incorporating Tuned Mass Dampers evaluating different distributions to obtain the optimal location and distribution in the last floor in order to control the torsional effects product of plant irregularities. / Tesis

Le traumatisme crânio-cérébral (TCC) précoce (c.-à-d. subi pendant la petite enfance) constitue l’une des blessures les plus énigmatiques, car il touche à un organe complexe et survient lors d’une période sensible du développement. Or, malgré des données épidémiologiques indiquant une incidence particulièrement élevée du TCC en bas âge, et en dépit des préoccupations grandissantes concernant son impact potentiel sur le fonctionnement et le bien-être, le TCC précoce demeure un problème de santé publique peu connu en comparaison à celui subi chez les enfants d’âge scolaire et dans les contextes sportifs. Aussi, plus souvent qu’autrement, les objectifs, hypothèses, construits et théories étudiés chez le jeune enfant sont extrapolés de ceux utilisés chez les individus plus âgés. Ainsi, ils ne sont pas toujours choisis en prenant en considération les enjeux développementaux particuliers de la petite enfance limitant notre compréhension globale et affinée des conséquences suivant un TCC précoce. Alors, qu’en est-il des tout-petits? L’objectif général de la thèse était de recenser la littérature empirique qui documente les conséquences d’un TCC en bas âge et d’étudier les effets d’une telle blessure sur un domaine de fonctionnement clé de la petite enfance, notamment le tempérament. Le premier article de la thèse est une revue systématique de la littérature dont l’objectif était de recenser et synthétiser les trouvailles concernant les conséquences cognitives et comportementales suivant un TCC subi durant la petite enfance. Quatre bases de données ont été examinées de 1990 à 2019 en utilisant des termes clés relatifs au TCC et à la petite enfance. Sur 12 153 articles identifiés lors de la recherche initiale, 43 ont été inclus. Cette revue met en lumière qu’un éventail de difficultés peut survenir à la suite d’un TCC précoce lesquelles sont généralement plus importantes et néfastes lorsque la blessure a été subie à un jeune âge, que sa sévérité est plus grave et que les causes de cette blessure sont non-accidentelles. Le deuxième article est une étude empirique qui visait à explorer l’effet d’un TCC précoce sur le tempérament, lequel représente la tendance comportementale du jeune enfant, c.-à-d. sa façon de réagir et de s’adapter à son environnement. Ce construit constitue un facteur prédictif important du devenir de l’enfant dans plusieurs domaines de fonctionnement et pourrait ainsi être particulièrement approprié afin d’approfondir et de préciser les connaissances quant aux conséquences d’un TCC durant la petite enfance. Les parents de 173 jeunes enfants (âge: 36 ± 12 mois) ayant subi un TCC léger simple (n = 83), un TCC plus sévère (léger complexe, modéré ou sévère, n = 21) ou une blessure orthopédique (n = 69) ont rempli un questionnaire reflétant les profils de tempérament de leur enfant avant la blessure (rétrospectivement) et à 6 et 18 mois suivant la blessure. Les résultats révèlent que les enfants qui ont subi un TCC plus sévère présentent une évolution plus lente de la trajectoire développementale de la dimension Dynamisme du tempérament. En d’autres mots, ces enfants manifestent un niveau d’activité réduit se traduisant par un niveau d’énergie plus faible, une recherche de plaisir à haute intensité diminuée, ainsi qu’une timidité plus importante face à la nouveauté. De façon générale, cette thèse met en évidence que la survenue d’un TCC au cours de la petite enfance, une période sensible pour l'émergence d’habiletés cognitives et sociales de base, peut occasionner un large éventail de conséquences, et ce, même au plan de la trajectoire du tempérament. Étant donné l’importante prévalence du TCC durant la petite enfance, ainsi que le potentiel de conséquences défavorables, il est essentiel que la recherche, la gestion clinique, l’intervention et les efforts de prévention soient davantage développés de manière à tenir compte des caractéristiques uniques de la petite enfance. / Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) constitutes one of the most enigmatic insults, as it affects a complex organ and occurs at a sensitive period in the developmental course. Despite epidemiological data indicating a particularly high incidence of TBI during early childhood and growing concerns regarding its potential impact on child functioning and well-being, early TBI remains a poorly studied public health problem, especially compared to TBI sustained by schooledaged children and in sports settings. Also, all too often, the objectives, hypotheses, constructs and theories studied in young children with TBI are extrapolated from those used in older individuals and therefore rarely chosen in consideration of the developmental concerns specific to early childhood. These issues limit a comprehensive and refined understanding of the consequences of early TBI. So, what about the little ones? The general objective of the thesis was to review the current state of the empirical literature pertaining to children who have sustained TBI during early childhood, and to study the impact of early TBI on a key domain of this developmental period, namely temperament. The first article presented in the thesis is a systematic review of the literature aiming to identify and synthetize the findings concerning cognitive and behavioral consequences following early TBI. Four databases were searched from 1990 to 2019 using key terms related to TBI and early childhood. Of 12,153 articles identified during the initial search, 43 were included. This review of the literature highlights that children who sustain early TBI display a range of difficulties which are generally more pronounced and detrimental when injury is more severe, sustained at a young age, and the cause is non-accidental. The second article constitutes an empirical study aiming to explore temperament after early TBI. Temperament refers to young children’s behavioral tendencies, that is, their way of reacting and adapting to their environment. Besides constituting an important predictor of outcome in several areas of functioning, this construct also takes into account the developmental reality of the young child and could thus be particularly suited to investigate and clarify the consequences of early childhood TBI. Parents of 173 young children (age: 36 ± 12 months) with simple mTBI (n = 83), more severe TBI (mild complicated, moderate or severe, n = 21) or orthopedic injury (n = 69) completed a questionnaire reflecting their child's temperament profile before the injury as well as at 6 and 18 months following the injury. The results reveal that children who sustain more severe TBI experience a slower evolution of the developmental trajectory of the Surgency dimension of temperament. In other words, these children exhibit a reduced activity level which is reflected by less energy, a reduced desire for high-intensity pleasure-seeking, as well as greater shyness in the face of novelty. In general, the thesis highlights that the occurrence of TBI during early childhood, a sensitive period for the emergence of basic cognitive and social skills and a time when environmental influences are particularly salient, can cause a large range of consequences, even affecting the trajectory of temperament. Given the high prevalence of TBI in early childhood and the potential for adverse outcomes, it is essential that research, clinical management, intervention and prevention efforts be further developed based on the empirical literature, and in a manner that takes into account the unique characteristics of early childhood.

Bakgrund: Trots kriminalisering av barnaga är barnmisshandel förekommande, vilket påträffas i alla samhällsklasser och miljöer. Mörkertalet för misshandel av barn är stort vilket kräver rätta kunskaper och förmågor för att efterfölja den lagstadgade anmälningsplikten för vård, skola och omsorg. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att få en djupare förståelse om röntgensjuksköterskans kunskaper för att upptäcka fysisk misshandel av barn under tre år inom Bild- och funktionsmedicinska avdelningar. Metod: En kvalitativ studie baserad på semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra legitimerade röntgensjuksköterskor, verksamma på två större universitetssjukhus i mellersta Sverige. Erhållet datamaterial analyserades med den induktiva kategoriseringsansatsen. Resultat: I resultatet framkom olikheter i röntgensjuksköterskans förmåga att upptäcka barnmisshandel. Att röntgensjuksköterskan är medveten om anmälningsplikten framkom tydligt, men det individuella ansvaret att upptäcka och agera på en röntgenavdelning varierade. Informanterna kunde notera kliniska kännetecken vilket grundar sig på tidigare erfarenheter utifrån utredningar av fysisk misshandel samt dess yrkesroll att kunna bedöma bildtagningens kvalité baserat på verksamhetens riktlinjer. I det personliga bemötandet mellan barn, föräldrar och vårdnadshavare uppkom brister vilket speglar sig i dess tidigare teoretiska kunskaper från grundutbildning till interna utbildningar. Ingen av deltagarna anmälde själva till socialstyrelsen vid subtila fall utan lämnade över ansvaret till överordnad. Slutsats: Röntgensjuksköterskorna är väl medvetna om plikten att anmäla barnmisshandel men upplever svårigheter att upptäcka barn som far illa, såsom att uppskatta sin individuella betydelse i vårdkedjan. Studien är användbar och kan replikeras för vidare forskningsmöjligheter. / Background: Although, all forms of child abuse are regarded as a crime it still happening today, independently of social class and environmental area. Since the unrecorded number of child abuse is high, it requires qualified and specific abilities in order to uphold the statutory obligation to report. Aim: The aim of this research is within radiology departments to acquire a deeper understanding of the radiographer’s role and knowledge in discovering physical abuse of children under three years old. Method: A qualitative study based on semi structured interviews, done with four qualified radiographers, operating in two large university hospitals in central Sweden. The conventional content analysis approach is used to analyze the documented material. Results: The result is showing differences in the radiographer’s ability in identifying child abuse. The radiographers are aware of their role in reporting any abuse of a child. However, the individual responsibility to understand the signs and then act upon them vary. The participants were able to notice clinical signs, based on their earlier experience. Although, lack of knowledge was shown in terms of interaction between parents, children and care giver, which is reflecting the radiographers earlier theoretical and internal education. Conclusion: The radiographers are aware of their role of reporting child abuse, although seeing difficulties in identifying physical abuse. Challenges were even shown in understanding their role of expertise and importance in the whole health care chain. The study can be replicated and used for further research possibilities.

66 Summary The topic of my work is workplace injury. The goal of this work is comparison of two main approaches to this topic that have been discussed over the past years, namely - the employer`s responsibility versus accidental insurance of employees. The first one mentioned is effective in Czech republic and the second was meant to be effective from 1st January 2008 but it was postponed three times (last time to 1st January 2015) and it is now considered to be canceled. The goal is to understand why and to determine which of the systems better suits the purposes of a workplace injury regulation in Czech Republic. At the beginning I start with a brief historical background (from the year 1989) of the regulation for better understanding of the need for new legislation. Next I am going to achieve the goal of this work by describing the first system by detailed analysis of the effective regulation - explaining terms such as liability, workplace injury, exemptions from liability, types of compensation and also present few a court decisions on the matter. Then I am going to describe the second system by explaining the differences that the accidental insurance of employees act (266/2006 Coll.) would bring if it ever becomes effective. For a more detailed description I would also present the regulation of a...

A complexidade da assistência proveniente o envelhecimento populacional e adesão às ações preventivas dos idosos da comunidade são um desafio para a Atenção Primária. As quedas para este segmento populacional representam um problema de saúde pública e uma ameaça à capacidade funcional, qualidade de vida, preservação da autonomia e independência dos idosos. O interesse surgiu quando, em experiência pessoal no trabalho no setor de urgência, observou-se o elevado número de idosos que sofreram queda. Assim, o estudo estabeleceu como objetivo elaborar um instrumento para auxiliar os trabalhadores de saúde no incremento na adesão de idosos às recomendações de prevenção de quedas. Fundamenta-se esta pesquisa com o referencial do Envelhecimento Saudável para direcionar a atenção à saúde do idoso. Estudo metodológico que se constituiu de revisão de literatura para amparar o referencial sobre o tema, da análise documental a fim de identificar o tema de quedas nas políticas públicas brasileiras e do grupo focal para avaliar o manejo para a prevenção de quedas nos idosos da comunidade abordadas pelos Agentes Comunitários de Saúde na Atenção Primária. Identificou-se a relevância do tema quedas por meio da revisão de literatura, a descrição dos fatores de risco associados e um esquadrinhamento sobre adesão em idosos. Ao avaliar e caracterizar as publicações oficiais sobre as quedas averiguaram-se lacunas quanto ao tema. O grupo focal indicou a realidade do envelhecimento no cotidiano do serviço, abordou as consequências do evento das quedas e apontou as dificuldades para adesão dos idosos. Os dados subsidiaram a elaboração de um instrumento com o propósito de auxiliar a equipe da Atenção Primária a incentivar a adoção de ações preventivas de quedas pelos idosos. A Atenção Primária precisa se embasar para promover a saúde dos idosos e prover um Envelhecimento Saudável. Há necessidade de intervenções para que as políticas se efetivem em ações junto aos idosos no âmbito da saúde e outros setores da sociedade, para prevenção e tratamento dos agravos provocados por quedas, assim como para promover autonomia e inserção social em defesa da cidadania / The complexity of care provided for the aging population and adherence to the preventive actions of the elderly in the community is a challenge for Primary Health Care. The falls in this population segment represents a public health problem and a threat to the functional capacity, quality of life, the preservation of autonomy and independence of the older people. The interest came when, in personal experience at work in the emergency sector, the high number of elderly people who suffered a fall was observed. Thus, the study aimed to develop an instrument to assist health workers in the adherence of the elderly to recommendations for falls prevention. This research is based Healthy Aging to direct attention to the health of the elderly. A methodological study that consisted of a Literature Review to support the reference on the subject, from the Documentary Analysis in order to identify the topic of falls in Brazilian public policies and the Focus Group to evaluate the management for the prevention of falls in elderly community members addressed by health workers in Primary Care. It was identified the relevance of the falls theme through a literature review, the description of the associated risk factors and scanning about adherence in the aged. In evaluating and characterizing the official publications on the falls, there were gaps in the subject. The focus group indicated the reality of aging in the daily life of the service of health, addressed the consequences of the fall event and pointed out the difficulties for elderly people to join. The instrument generated has the purpose of helping the Primary Health Care team to encourage the adoption of preventive actions by the older people. Primary Care needs to be grounded to promote the health of elderly and provide Healthy Aging. There is a need for interventions to ensure that policies are implemented in the elderly, in health and other sectors of society, to prevent and treat injuries caused by falls, as well as to promote autonomy and social inclusion in defense of citizenship.

No decorrer do processo de envelhecimento há uma diminuição das habilidades físicas, psicológicas e sociais na pessoa o que aumenta o risco de sofrer de múltiplas síndromes, uma delas é a queda. O presente estudo é analítico, observacional de coorte retrospectivo com o objetivo de determinar a prevalência de queda em um seguimento de cinco anos em duas avaliações (2007/2008 - 2013) de idosos que vivem no domicílio e a sua relação com as variáveis sociodemográficas, doenças autorreferidas, número de medicamentos, estado cognitivo, síndrome da fragilidade e capacidade funcional. A pesquisa foi realizada na cidade de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, com população de idosos com 65 anos ou mais de idade. A amostra foi por conglomerado em duplo estágio sendo a amostra final de 515 idosos, sendo que a primeira etapa ocorreu de agosto de 2007 a março de 2008 e a segunda realizada de julho a dezembro de 2013. O instrumento utilizado para a coleta de dados foi composto por questões sociodemográficas; doenças autorreferidas e número de medicamentos; Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM); avaliação da queda; Edmonton Frail Scale (EFS); Medida de Independência Funcional (MIF) e Escala de Lawton e Brody (AIVD). Foram pareadas as informações dos 262 idosos, sendo que houve predomínio do sexo feminino (66,4%), média da idade de 73,3 (dp=6,3) anos sendo que 56,9% foram categorizados como idoso mais jovem (70 - 79 anos), média de escolaridade de 5,0 (dp=4,9) anos e 49,2% eram casados. Verificou-se que em ambas as avaliações, o estado cognitivo diminuiu de 24,87 para 22,90 pontos com aumento do déficit cognitivo de 44,7 para 58,4%. Nas AIVD a média também diminuiu de 19,41 para 17,39 pontos, aumentando a dependência funcional de 44,7% para 66,1%. Quanto a MIF, a média diminui de 120,33 para 112,49 pontos com aumento da dependência de 4,2% para 15%. Verificou-se que a média da fragilidade aumentou de 4,16 para 6,53 pontos sendo que a categoria fragilidade aumentou de 17,5% para 50,4%. Por outro lado, a média das doenças autorreferidas diminuiu de 5,63 para 5,16 dos quais tanto na primeira como na segunda avaliação 5,7% não sofrem de doenças mas na primeira avaliação 46,2% sofrem mais de cinco doenças e na segunda 41,2%. Porém quanto ao consumo de medicamentos a média aumentou de 3,59 para 4,03, sendo que 22,5% na primeira avaliação consomem mais de cinco medicamentos e na segunda 28,6%. Em relação com o idoso que sofreu queda, na primeira avaliação 57 caíram e na segunda 99, a prevalência aumentou de 21,8% para 37,8%, sendo que em ambas as avaliações 82,5% e 73,7%, respectivamente, caíram da própria altura, trazendo consequências como fraturas, feridas e escoriações, além do medo de novas reincidências. Os idosos que sofreram queda apresentaram diminuição do estado cognitivo, maior fragilidade e incapacidade funcional com um aumento das doenças autorreferidas e número de medicamentos. Na associação da queda com as diferentes variáveis, verificou-se que no período do estudo, o número de doenças autorreferidas, o maior consumo de medicamentos e o aumento da fragilidade o idoso apresenta maior risco de queda. Conclui-se que a queda é uma síndrome que está relacionada com múltiplas causas (variáveis sociodemográficas e de saúde) o que leva a maior necessidade de implementar programas com planejamento para a prevenção de queda e suas consequências por meio da educação à população idosa e seus cuidadores / During the aging process there is a decrease in physical, psychological and social skills in the person which increases the risk of suffering from multiple syndromes, one of these are accidental fall. This study is analytical, observational retrospective cohort with the aim to determine the prevalence of accidental falls in a follow-up of five years in both assessments (2007/2008 - 2013) of elderly people living at home and their relationship to sociodemographic variables, self-reported diseases, number of medications, cognitive status, frailty syndrome and functional capacity. The research was conducted in the Ribeirão Preto city, São Paulo, in elderly people aged 65 or older. The sample by conglomerate in double stage with the final sample of 515 elderly people, on the first stage was from August 2007 to March 2008 and the second stage was from July to December 2013. The instrument used for data collection consists of sociodemographic questions; self-reported diseases and medications numbers; Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE); evaluation of the accidental fall; Edmonton Frail Scale (EFS); Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and Lawton and Brody Scale (IADL). They were matched information from 262 elderly, and there was a predominance of females (66.4%), mean of age 73.3 (sd = 6.3) years of which 56.9% were categorized as younger elderly (70-79 years), average schooling of 5.0 (sd = 4.9) years and 49.2% were married. It was found that in both assessments, the cognitive status declined from 24.87 to 22.90 points with increased cognitive deficit from 44.7 to 58.4%. IADL average also decreased from 19.41 to 17.39 points, increasing the functional dependence from 44.7% to 66.1%. The MIF average decreases from 120.33 to 112.49 points with increasing dependence from 4.2% to 15%. It was found that the frailty average increased from 4.16 to 6.53 points of which the category frailty increased from 17.5% to 50.4%. On the other hand, the average self-reported disease decreased from 5.63 to 5.16 which both the first and the second evaluation 5.7% did not suffer from diseases but in first evaluation suffered 46.2% over five diseases and second 41.2%. But with the consumption of drugs the average increased from 3.59 to 4.03, and 22.5% in the first evaluation consumed more than five drugs and the second 28.6%. In relation to the elderly who suffered fall, the first assessment fell 57 and the second 99, the prevalence increased from 21.8% to 37.8%, and in both evaluations 82.5% and 73.7%, respectively, fell from height, bringing consequences such as fractures, wounds and abrasions, and the fear of new falls. Elderly people who suffered falls had decreased cognitive status, increased frailty and functional impairment with an increase in self-reported diseases and number of medications. In the fall of association with different variables, it was found that during the study period, the number of self-reported diseases, the highest consumption of drugs and the increased frailty the elderly had a higher risk of falls. We conclude that the fall is a syndrome that is associated with multiple causes (socio-demographic and health variables) which leads to greater need to implement planning with programs for the prevention of fall and its consequences through education to the elderly and their caregivers

As quedas atualmente constituem um importante problema de saúde pública, por gerar intercorrências á saúde do indivíduo e até levar a internações hospitalares e ao óbito. Quedas apresentam fatores causadores múltiplos, incluindo elementos ambientais extrínsecos e fatores intrínsecos como aspectos fisiológicos, musculoesqueléticos e psicossociais. O estudo sobre quedas tem privilegiado os idosos e pessoas portadoras de dor musculoesquelética, sendo que muitos idosos também têm queixa de dor. A fibromialgia é uma síndrome dolorosa de etiopatogenia desconhecida que acomete preferencialmente mulheres, sendo caracterizada por dores musculoesqueléticas difusas, locais dolorosos específicos à palpação associados freqüentemente a distúrbio do sono, fadiga, cefaléia crônica e distúrbios psíquicos, como depressão. Assim sendo as pessoas portadoras dessa síndrome apresentam fatores intrínsecos (dor, depressão, fadiga) que podem estar associados às quedas e o objetivo desse estudo foi verificar o risco de quedas nesta população sua relação com intensidade da dor, flexibilidade e qualidade de vida. Participaram do estudo 48 mulheres entre 40-59 anos, sendo 22 com fibromialgia (GF) encaminhadas do Serviço de Reumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas e 26 assintomáticas que constituíram o grupo controle (GC). Para avaliar o equilíbrio foi utilizada a Berg Balance Scale (escala Berg), Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale (escala ABC) e teste de tempo de reação. A avaliação da flexibilidade foi utilizando o teste de 3o dedo ao solo. Para caracterizar os sujeitos fibromiálgicos foram realizados: Questionário do Impacto da Fibromialgia (QIF) e Escala Visual Analógica (EVA). Para a análise dos dados foi utilizada Análise Descritiva e Análise Inferencial (teste t student, teste de Mann-Whitney U e correlação simples e de Spearman com nível de significância a = 0,05). Os resultados dos testes de equilíbrio (escala Berg e ABC) mostraram diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos. A média de dor no GF foi 5,4cm(2,6) e o grupo controle não apresentava dor no dia da avaliação. Houve correlação negativa entre dor e escala de Berg e ABC e não houve correlação entre dor, flexibilidade e qualidade de vida. Correlação entre as escalas: Berg X ABC nos grupos só foi observada no GF. Concluímos que mulheres com fibromialgia apresentam alteração do equilíbrio e que isto pode estar correlacionado com a dor que essas mulheres apresentam constantemente. E o desempenho nos testes está correlacionado, ou seja, quanto mais confiança o indivíduo expressava mais alto foi seu escore na escala de Berg (sem risco de queda). / Abstract: Background Fibromyalgia is a rheumatic syndrome with unknown etiopathogeneis more prevalent in woman. This disorder is characterized by chronic widespread pain, painful tender points that frequently associated to fatigue, sleep problems, chronic headache and physic disturbs, such as depression and anxious. Some of these symptoms, such as depression, pain and fatigue, recognized, as intrinsic factors can be associated to fall experimented by the person. So studies about falls are focusing on elderly people and people with muscle pain. The objective of this study is doing the assessment of the balance in person with fibromyalgia and its relationship with the intensity of the pain, flexibility and life quality. The study interviewed 48 women, from 40th to 59th years old, which 22 women have fibromyalgia (GF) and 26 women asymptomatic that represent the control group (GC). To evaluate the balance, the flexibility and fibromyalgia subjects, the tools used were, respectively: the Berg scale, Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale (scale ABC); Analogical Visual Scale; and The Fibromyalgia Impact Survey (QIF). The data were analysed using Descriptive and Inferential Analysis (Student t test, Mann-Whitney U and Spearman correlation simple, with significance level a = 0.05). Results: balance test and fear of fall are shown significant difference between the groups (p<0,05). The intensity pain average in the GF group was 5,4 (2,6) and zero in the GC group; and the flexibility decreased in the GF group (p=0,01). There was a negative correlation between pain and Berg scale (rs = -0,48 e p=0,02) and ABC scale (rs = -0,56 and p=0,006) and there was no correlation between pain, flexibility and quality of life. The correlation between the scales: Berg X ABC in both groups was only observed in the GF (rs= 0,55 e p=0,007). This study showed that women with fibromyalgia have pain intensively, higher risk of falls, lower confidence for doing daily activities, lower quality of life and less flexibility.

INTRODUÇÃO: a Doença de Alzheimer (DA) cursa com declínio cognitivo e funcional, e alterações comportamentais, porém poucos estudos relatam a correlação existente entre o declínio motor, considerando o equilíbrio especificamente, e a implicação na capacidade funcional e na ocorrência de quedas nesta população. OBJETIVOS: como objetivo principal, verificar a correlação entre o equilíbrio e a capacidade funcional, e secundariamente, verificar a correlação destas variáveis com a ocorrência de quedas. MÉTODOS: trata-se de um estudo transversal em que 40 idosos sem comprometimento cognitivo e 48 idosos com DA (25 em fase leve e 23 em fase moderada), com idade superior a 65 anos, de ambos os sexos, foram avaliados pela escala Berg Balance Scale (BBS) quanto ao equilíbrio, pela escala Disability Assessment for Dementia (DAD) quanto à capacidade funcional, e questionados quanto à ocorrência de quedas no último ano. Outros fatores que pudessem interferir no equilíbrio e na capacidade de realizar atividades funcionais foram controlados, como presença de déficit visual, de depressão e utilização de medicamentos associados a quedas. RESULTADOS: foi observada diferença no desempenho do equilíbrio dos idosos com DA mais acentuada na fase moderada da doença (p = 0,001), assim como um declínio da capacidade funcional, progressivo e proporcional à fase da doença. Quanto às quedas, os idosos com DA tenderam a cair mais que os controles, não havendo, porém, diferença estatisticamente significante entre eles (controles: 45%, DA: 50%). Não foi observada diferença no desempenho do equilíbrio e da capacidade funcional comparando-se os indivíduos que caíram (\"caidores\") e não caíram (\"não-caidores\") em função do estágio da doença. Considerando a amostra dos controles, foi encontrada correlação moderada (-0,640, p < 0,001) entre número de quedas e pontuação na DAD, e fraca (-0,383, p = 0,015) entre o número de quedas e equilíbrio. No grupo CDR 1 a correlação obtida ocorreu apenas entre o DAD realização efetiva e o equilíbrio (-0,474, p = 0,017), e no grupo CDR 2 foi encontrada uma correlação moderada entre a ocorrência de quedas e o equilíbrio (-0,613, p = 0,045). CONCLUSÃO: Os dados deste estudo sugerem que há um declínio do equilíbrio associado à Doença de Alzheimer, que é proporcional à evolução clínica da doença, sendo um dos fatores, mas não o mais importante, associados à ocorrência de quedas nesta população. O declínio da capacidade funcional está associado à evolução da doença, porém não associado a maior ocorrência de quedas. Por fim, o déficit de equilíbrio isoladamente não foi suficiente para determinar o declínio funcional nos idosos com DA. / INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer\'s Disease (AD) causes cognitive and functional decline and behavioral alterations. Few studies however, show the correlation between motor function loss, more specifically balance, and its effects in the functional ability and the occurrence of falls in this population. OBJECTIVES: to identify the correlation between balance and functional ability and to verify the correlation between these two variables with the occurrence of falls. METHODS: a transversal study of 40 subjects without cognitive impairment (control group) and 48 AD patients (25 in the mild stage and 23 in the moderate stage) with more than 65 years, of both sexes. Subjects were evaluated with the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and the Disability Assessment for Dementia (DAD) scale for functional ability. Subjects also answered a questionnaire about fall occurrence in the last one-year period. Other factors that may have influenced balance and functional ability and may be associated with falls such as visual impairment, depression and the use of medication were taken into account. RESULTS: Subjects with moderate AD showed a significant difference in balance (p = 0.001) as well as low functional ability, which is progressive and proportional to the stage of the disease. In relation to falls, AD subjects had a greater tendency to fall than the control group, however this difference was not statistically significant (control group 45%, AD group 50%). There was no difference in the balance and functional ability when comparing \'fallers\' with \'non-fallers\'. Considering the control group, there was a moderate correlation (-0.640, p < 0,001) between number of falls and the DAD score, and mild correlation between falls and balance (-0.383, p = 0.015). In the CDR 1 group, it was found correlation only between DAD (effective performance item) and balance (-0.474, p = 0.017) and in the CDR 2 group, it was observed a moderate correlation between falls and balance (-0.613, p = 0.045). CONCLUSION: our findings suggest that there is a decline of balance related to AD that is proportional to the clinical progression of the disease and it is a factor, albeit not the most relevant factor associated to the occurrence of falls in the AD population. The loss of functional ability is associated with the disease\'s progress but not to a higher occurrence of falls. Finally the deficit of balance, itself, was not enough to determine a functional decline in subjects with AD.

A desordem temporomandibular (DTM) de origem multifatorial pode estar associada a fatores oclusais e também a alterações posturais. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar os efeitos do uso da placa sobre o equilíbrio postural em indivíduos dentados, não reprogramados, com sinais e sintomas de desordem temporomandibular (DTM). Colaboraram com a pesquisa 70 pacientes (59 placa e 21 controle), entre 18e 84 anos, de ambos os gêneros, diagnosticados com DTM por meio do questionário do RDC/TMD além de ressonância magnética da articulação temporomandibular. O estudo foi de ensaio clínico, randomizado, controlado, prospectivo e de intervenção. Foram respondidos os questionários de risco de quedas - FES-I e de qualidade de vida - SF-36 antes que fosse realizada a avaliação do equilíbrio postural por meio da plataforma de força. Cumprida estas etapas eram feita a randomização: o grupo da amostra recebia placa oclusal com critérios de estabilidade oclusal além de orientação para que fizesse exercícios terapêuticos, enquanto o grupo controle era orientado para fazer apenas exercícios terapêuticos. Após 12 semanas, os dois grupos eram reavaliados. A análise estatística foi feita por frequências, avaliação da associação entre grupos por teste de Fisher; medidas quantitativas considerando por média, mediana, desvio padrão, percentis 25 e 75 além de valores máximo e mínimo; as comparações entre os tempos fez uso de teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon enquanto a entre grupos usou o teste de Mann-Whitney, com nível de significância de 5%. O total de pacientes, que completou o estudo de risco de queda e qualidade de vida, era composto por 77% de mulheres, com média de idade de 42,5 anos. Os itens significantes do risco de queda contribuíram para reduzir a preocupação em cair da mesma forma que os de qualidade de vida auxiliaram o aumento dos domínios saúde mental, dor e vitalidade. Dos setenta pacientes, 64 completaram o RDC/TMD (47 placa e 17 controle), com diferenças significativas no que diz respeito ao diagnóstico de dor miofascial, deslocamento do disco, artralgia direita e esquerda, grau de dor crônica, depressão esomatização relacionada a placa. Dentre os mesmos 70 pacientes, 49 completaram o estudo sobre o equilíbrio postural (36 placa e 13 controle), que apresentou aumento significante na velocidade anteroposterior do CP nas condições olhos abertos e fechados (VAPoa e VAPof), durante a postura em pé no grupo placa. Concluiu-seque o uso da placa foi eficaz no tratamento da DTM sendo que seu efeito pode ser observado no equilíbrio postural a ponto de diminuir a preocupação em cair além de melhorar os domínios de saúde mental e dor, com consequente repercussão sobre a qualidade de vida. / Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) of multifactorial origin may be associated with occlusal factors but also with changes in posture. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the use of the occlusal splint on the postural equilibrium of non-reprogrammed, dentate individual with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder. The research group consisted of 70 patients (59 with occlusal splints, 21 in the control group) between 18 and 84 years of age, of both genders, diagnosed with TMD by way of the RDC/TMD questionnaire and magnetic-resonance imaging of the temporomandibular joint. The research was performed via a randomized, controlled, prospective clinical study and intervention. The questionnaires regarding risk of falls - FES-I and quality of life - SF-36 were filled out before evaluating postural equilibrium by way of a force platform. In the randomization, the sample group received occlusal splint, occlusal-stability criteria, and advice about therapeutic exercises; the control group only received advice about therapeutic exercises. After 12 weeks, the groups were re-evaluated qualitatively by frequency, evaluation of the association between the group via Fisher testing; quantitatively via average, median, standard deviation, 25 and 75 percentiles, and minimum and maximum values; comparison between the times via non-parametric Wilcoxon testing and between the groups via Mann-Whitney testing with a threshold of significance of 5 %. Of the universe of the patients who completed the risk-of-fall and quality-of-life study, 77 % were women with an average of of 42.2 years. The items that were significant to the risk of falling contributed to reducing fear of falling, and those significant to quality of life to increasing the domains of mental health, pain, and vitality. Out of the 70 participants, 64 completed the RDC/TMD (47 occlusal splint and 17 controls) with differences that were significant to the diagnosis of miofascial pain, slipped disc, left and right arthralgia, degree of chronic pain, depression, and somatization related to the oclusal splint. Of the 70, 49 completed the postural-equilibrium study (36 occlusal splint and 13 controls), a significant increase in anteroposterior speed of the COP with eyes open and eyes closed (AVPeo and AVPec) occurring in the oclusal splint group while standing. It is therefore concluded that use of the oclusal splint was efficacious in the treatment of TJM and that there was an effect on the postural equilibrium, with improvement occurring in regards to fear of falls and in the domains of mental health, pain, and the quality of life.