L’objectif de la thèse est de réévaluer de façon globale la pertinence et la cohérence de la construction légale et jurisprudentielle actuelle organisant les recours dans les chaînes translatives de propriété. En dépit de contributions doctrinales nombreuses, les solutions se sont accumulées sans que leur articulation soit précisément examinée. L’enjeu de cet examen est d’autant plus important que le contexte général a changé (responsabilité du fait des produits, remise en cause des actions contractuelles, projets de réforme du droit de la responsabilité). L’étude est organisée autour de deux types de dommages : le dommage strictement contractuel et le dommage non strictement contractuel. La première partie évalue le droit positif et ses incertitudes (fondement de l’action directe, opposabilité des clauses de responsabilité au sous-acquéreur, recours en contribution etc.), au regard du manquement strictement contractuel (atteinte à l’utilité du contrat). La seconde partie permet de mettre en lumière les difficultés d’articulation des diverses actions désignées pour réparer le dommage non strictement contractuel, ces difficultés nous conduisant à nous interroger sur la nature de la responsabilité qui doit présider, dans les chaînes translatives de propriété, à la réparation des atteintes au contractant. L’ensemble de ces questions permet enfin d’identifier les grands critères et les logiques communes de répartition des responsabilités dans les chaînes translatives de propriété. / The purpose of this thesis is to reexamine on a global scale the adequacy and consistency of the current jurisprudential and legal framework related to the contract chains’ liability cases. Despite a large number of doctrinal contributions, the solutions have indeed been aggregated without any underlying logical implication being further investigated. This type of considerations is becoming all the more impactful that the legal environment has evolved. The goal of the first part is to assess the current state of the law and its uncertainties (the direct action ground, enforceability of limitation clause to consumer, contribution to the debt among co-debtors) when it comes to the pure contractual injury, that is when the usefulness of the contract is to be jeopardized. The second part is focuses on how it is hard to articulate the different actions in order to repair non-pure contractual injury. The assessment of those difficulties will bring us to wonder which nature of liability should prevail to repair injuries within property chains. Finally, answering those questions will lead us to identify the major criteria and the common rationales used to spread liability within property chains.

Procuramos desenvolver nesta investigação um estudo sobre as relações creche-cuidador familiar em uma instituição comunitária. Objetivamos, estudar as relações creche-cuidador familiar identificando quais as condições dificultadoras e facilitadoras dessas relações. Isso pressupõe: levantar as condições existentes e problematização no relacionamento creche-cuidador familiar, tendo como foco a criança, evidenciado pelos funcionários e familiares; desenvolver ações educativas com os funcionários e família sobre os problemas prioritários levantados, preparando-os para lidarem com estas questões no cotidiano da criança e avaliar o processo de ensino e aprendizagem das ações desenvolvidas, possibilitando novos momentos de intervenção. Na metodologia, trabalhamos a Pesquisa-Ação, de forma qualiquantitativa, desenvolvendo o referencial teórico fundamentado em Paulo Freire, no que diz respeito a pedagogia da problematização e metodologia participativa e dialogal. Para o levantamento dos dados utilizamos a observação participativa da realidade e a entrevista individual, utilizando um formulário com questões semi-estruturadas e norteadoras como instrumento. Pesquisamos 12 trabalhadoras da creche e 71 cuidadores familiares. Os resultados evidenciaram que a relação entre a creche e os cuidadores familiares caracterizava-se pela distância. Não existia uma interação propriamente dita de troca, de reconhecimento de uma pela outra. Havia uma implicância mútua entre funcionárias e mães. Sentimentos de hostilidade, desconfiança, de culpa, ciúme, de apreensão e de agradecimento permeavam as relações entre os cuidadores familiares e as funcionárias. Observamos através dos relatos verbais emitidos pelas funcionárias e cuidadores familiares uma congruência nos fatores dificultadores da relação creche-família. Os problemas apresentados por ambos foram relativos a: participação, comunicação, relacionamento, gestão autoritária e falta de credibilidade ou de confiança. Portanto concluímos, que a relação creche-cuidadores familiares era permeada por interações negativas e que as dificuldades de relacionamento era geradora de vários atritos entre ambos dificultando compartilhar o cuidado e educação da criança, suscitando ações e intervenções educativas voltadas às temáticas em foco favorecendo novas posturas e visando a transformação da realidade. Trabalhamos posteriormente, ações e intervenções educativas e de saúde conjuntas, visando a transformação das relações creche-cuidadores familiares, mostrando mudanças nessas relações depois de alterar as condições detectadas como dificultadoras, integrando-as às facilitadoras. / We have tried to develop in this investigation a study about the relation daycare-familiar caretaker. We have objectified, to study the relations daycare-familiar caretaker identifying which are the difficult conditions and the easy conditions of this relation. This has assumed: rising up the existent conditions and the problematization in the relation daycare-familiar caretaker, taking in focus the child, evidenced by the employees and relatives; developing educational actions with the employees and relatives about the main problems risen up, preparing them to deal with these questions in the quotidian of the child and to evaluate the teaching and learning process of the developed actions, enabling new moments of intervention. In the method, we have worked on the Research-action, quali-quantitative, developing the theoretical reference founded in Paulo Freire, who concerns the pedagogy problematization, participating and dialoguing methodology. To rise up the data we have used the participating observation of reality and the individual interview, using a form with semi-structured questions and guiding as an instrument. We have researched 12 workwomen of the daycare and 71 familiar caretaker. The results evidenced that the relation between the daycare and the caretaker familiar characterized themselves by the distance. There wasn’t an interaction properly said of change, of recognition to each other. There was a mutual implication between the employees and mothers. Feelings of hostility and distrust, of guilty and jealousy, of apprehension and gratefulness permeated the relation between the familiar caretaker and the employees. We observed through the verbal reports expelled by the employees and the familiar caretaker a congruent in the difficult factors in the relation daycare-familiar caretaker. The problems presented by both of them were relative to: the participation, communication, relation, authority administration and lack of credibility or confidence. However, we have concluded that the relation daycare-familiar caretaker was permeated by negative interactions and that the difficulties of relation was the source of several attrition between both, making it difficult to share the care and education of the child, rousing educative actions and interventions related to thematic focus, favoring new postures and aiming the transformation of the relation daycare-familiar caretaker, presenting changes in this relation after the alteration of the conditions detected as uneasy conditions, integrating them to the easy ones.

Using a structural topic model text analysis approach in a mixed methods framework, these studies seek to better understand the language, rhetoric, and rationales amici curiae employ to defend or deride affirmative action in cases before the Supreme Court. Through a better understanding of the content and framing of these briefs, the next time an affirmative action case is before the court a larger, more articulate, and more united network of advocates from the higher education sector and beyond will be better position to have their voices heard.

À travers l'analyse de la politique climatique à l'échelle intercommunale, la question est aujourd'hui de savoir si le cadre règlementaire apparaît à la fois juridiquement efficace et effectif dans la réalisation des objectifs intercommunaux d'atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre et d'adaptation au changement climatique. Cette analyse prend pour objet d'étude la constitution du plan climat de la Métropole Aix-Marseille-Provence, institution concernée par un ensemble des réformes territoriales, et ce notamment dans la construction de sa politique climatique métropolitaine / Through the analysis of the legal components of the climate action at an intercommunal scale, the question is whether the legal framework built in order to reach the objectives of GHG emissions mitigation and climate change adaptation appears suitable in terms of efficacy and implementation. We explore the establishment of the climate planning document of Aix-Marseille-Provence Metropolis, an institution affected by numerous structural changes in link with territorial reforms

This paper presents findings of an exploratory study to evaluate the impact of humanitarian photography on the generation of sympathy and donation behavior. Considering the large amount of money spent each year by charity organizations on marketing strategies, it seems crucial to shed light on the persuasive impact of images in this context. The overarching purpose of this study was to discern what impact, if any, a number of features in a photograph have on sympathetic reactions. Specifically the author examined facial expressions (sad vs. happy), eye contact vs. no eye contact and total number of subjects portrayed. Findings supported the hypothesis that sad expressions in photos would have greater sympathetic responses than happy expressions. The author hypothesized that direct eye contact would be more persuasive than indirect eye contact, but the data supported the inverse result: indirect eye contact elicited more sympathy than direct gaze. The third hypothesis, that single subject images would be more persuasive than multiple subjects, was not supported. The author concluded that results draw attention to sympathy-generating attributes of charity appeals that have been overlooked.

This thesis proposes that feminist social and political theory adopt the epistemology inherent in Jurgen Habermas's communicative ethics in order to more coherently work toward the goal of freeing individuals from social oppression. This thesis first examines the fundamental differences that exist between the particular claims for knowledge made by the three major schools of feminist theory; the empirical feminists, the standpoint feminists, and those allied with postmodernism. After illuminating the specifics of these feminist claims, the conception of knowledge central to Habermas's thought is explored and shown to be split into three distinct realms; the objective, the social, and the subjective. It is shown that the three realms of Habermas's knowledge account for the underlying claims of the differing groups of feminist theory, and provide a basis for reconciling the differences between them. Habermas's objective realm of knowledge corresponds to the concerns of empirically oriented feminists. A need for an accurate description of the events and conditions of the actual world is shared by both, as is a trust in the human potential for grasping these objects and events accurately. Standpoint feminism's concern for interpersonal relations, accounting for the context of an individual's or group's existence, is reflected in the type of knowledge that Habermas considers social in nature. Habermas's conception of our capacity for social knowledge, which guides our actions with other human beings, is shown to be dependent upon both social existence and communication. Finally, Habermas acknowledges the human potential for critical knowledge to explain the individual's ability to differentiate herself from the group, a task which a postmodern feminism demands to avoid essentializing any aspect of women. If feminist theory is able to move beyond the entrenched differences that it now finds itself locked within, perhaps then it will be able to continue with the project shared with Habermas, that of providing a meaningful emancipation for human beings.

Operant (instrumental) conditioning is a laboratory method for investigating voluntary behavior and involves training a particular response, such as pressing a lever, to earn a reinforcer. Operant behavior is generally divided into two categories: actions and habits. Actions are goal-directed and controlled by response-outcome (R-O) associations. Habits are stimulus-driven and controlled by stimulus-response associations (S-R). Behavior is determined to be goal-directed or habitual by whether or not it is sensitive (action) or insensitive (habit) to reinforcer/outcome devaluation. Many brain regions have been linked to the learning and/or expression of actions and/or habits. This dissertation investigates a few different brain regions in goal-directed and habitual behavior, and determines more specific roles for the prelimbic cortex, infralimbic cortex, prelimbic cortex to dorsomedial striatum pathway, and Crus I/II of the cerebellum. Chapter two investigates the prelimbic and infralimbic cortices in goal-directed behavior. We trained rats on a two-response paradigm, where one response was extensively-trained, and a second response was minimally-trained in a separate context. This maintained both responses as goal-directed. In experiment 1, inactivation of the prelimbic cortex at time of test resulted in an attenuation of responding, but only for the minimally-trained response. This implicates the prelimbic cortex in the expression of goal-directed behavior, but only when that goal-directed behavior is minimally-trained. In experiment 2, we repeated the procedure with infralimbic cortex inactivation and found an attenuation of the extensively-trained response. This implicates the infralimbic cortex in the expression of extensively-trained behavior that is goal-directed. The third chapter examines the role of the prelimbic cortex-to-dorsomedial striatal pathway in minimally-trained operant behavior. Both regions have been implicated in operant behaviors and have strong anatomical connections, but few studies have directly linked them together in the mediation of operant behaviors. After minimal instrumental conditioning, we silenced projections from the prelimbic cortex to the dorsomedial striatum and found that instrumental behavior was reduced, implicating this PL-DMS pathway in the expression of minimally-trained operant responding. The final chapter examines the role of Crus I/II of the cerebellar cortex in the expression of goal-directed and habitual behavior. The cerebellum is well-characterized as a mediator of motor coordination via its connections with the motor cortex. There is also evidence of connections between Crus I/II and non-motor regions of the prefrontal cortex. Additionally, recent studies have pointed towards a role for Crus I/II in non-motor function. In experiment 1, rats learned one minimally-trained and one extensively-trained response, and both responses were goal-directed. Inactivation of Crus I/II attenuated responding only in rats that had undergone reinforcer devaluation. Residual responding in rats that have undergone reinforcer devaluation is attributed to habit, suggesting that Crus I/II may be involved in habit expression. In a follow-up experiment, we extensively-trained a single response and verified that it was expressed as a habit. This time, Crus I/II inactivation at time of test had no effect. Overall, this complex pattern of results suggests the possibility that Crus I/II of the cerebellar cortex is only engaged in habit expression when two responses are trained, but further experiments will be necessary to verify this.

This cross-sectional study examined whether the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) apply to psychologists’ openness to using telepsychology, and to identify significant personal or environmental predictors of telepsychology adoption. A total of 1,791 licensed psychologists currently practicing psychotherapy in the United States were recruited to complete a previously developed 21-item pool. Personal and environmental characteristics were also collected. Path models representing the TRA, TAM, and a hybrid of both were tested. Also, a logistic regression was used to identify personal and environmental predictors of current use of telepsychology. Results indicated the TRA and TAM were a poor fit for modeling psychologists’ openness to using telepsychology. Adequate fit was found with a third model in which the perceived attitudes of others concerning telepsychology were associated with the perceived ease of use and usefulness of telepsychology. Perceived ease of use and usefulness of telepsychology were both uniquely associated with current use of telepsychology. Receiving telepsychology training, organizational policies concerning the use of telepsychology, treatment emphases, treatment setting, and practicing within a rural area were significant predictors of current use; however, individual characteristics such as age, race/ethnicity, and years of practice were not. Organizations interested in encouraging psychologists to adopt telepsychology should create policies supporting the use of telepsychology and provide adequate training. Government and regulatory entities seeking to ensure treatment for individuals currently restricted from mental health services by time or geography should create clear and consistent laws permitting and governing the use of telepsychology.

No description available.

This is an exploratory study of the Situational Theory of Problem Solving applied to the context of climate change communication. Selective exposure to politically slanted media is explored as a referent criterion and framing effects are also tested. Relationships between consumption of media characterized as conservative or liberal with referent criterion, Situational Motivation in Problem Solving, problem recognition, involvement recognition, and constraint recognition are tested.