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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Exposição, avaliação e manejo da dor aguda do recém-nascido em unidades neonatais de um hospital estadual / Exposition, evaluation and management of acute pain in neonates in neonates\' unities in a state hospital

Capellini, Verusca Kelly 17 December 2012 (has links)
Os recém-nascidos internados em unidades neonatais são expostos a inúmeros procedimentos potencialmente dolorosos durante sua hospitalização, e há desconhecimento de tal exposição e das práticas para o manejo da dor, na maioria dos serviços brasileiros de referência neonatal. Este estudo descritivo exploratório foi realizado em três etapas, com os objetivos de avaliar o conhecimento e as práticas dos profissionais de saúde que atuam em unidades neonatais de um hospital estadual do interior paulista quanto à avaliação e ao manejo da dor no recém-nascido (etapa 1), identificar os registros de avaliação da dor e de intervenções farmacológicas e não farmacológicas para o alívio da dor, feitos pelos profissionais em prontuários neonatais nesse hospital (etapa 2) e dimensionar a exposição dos neonatos a procedimentos de dor aguda, durante os primeiros sete dias de internação nessas unidades neonatais (etapa 3). Os 15 médicos, 8 enfermeiras e 34 auxiliares de enfermagem preencheram um questionário contendo dados relacionados ao conhecimento e às práticas de avaliação e manejo da dor neonatal. Na etapa 2, foi feito um estudo retrospectivo em fonte secundária, utilizando dados dos prontuários de 115 recém-nascidos internados nas unidades de cuidados intensivos e intermediários neonatais do hospital, no período de 12 meses. Na etapa 3, foi realizado registro à beira do leito de todos os eventos potencialmente dolorosos a que os recém-nascidos foram submetidos, durante a primeira semana de internação nessas unidades, no período de setembro a dezembro de 2011. Constatou-se que apenas uma auxiliar de enfermagem acredita que o neonato não sente dor. Todas as enfermeiras e a grande maioria dos médicos e auxiliares de enfermagem afirmaram que avaliam a dor no recém-nascido, tendo como parâmetros de avaliação mais frequentes o choro e a mímica facial; os parâmetros fisiológicos, especialmente o aumento da frequência cardíaca, foram os mais mencionados pelos médicos. Nenhum dos profissionais de saúde conhecia escalas para a avaliação de dor no recém-nascido. Entre as medidas não farmacológicas para o alívio da dor neonatal, citadas pelos profissionais de saúde, predominou o uso da glicose com ou sem a sucção não nutritiva, enquanto as medicações mais referidas como adequadas para o alívio da dor neonatal foram o fentanil e o paracetamol. Os registros sobre a avaliação e as intervenções para o alívio da dor neonatal constavam apenas nas prescrições médicas e nos diagnósticos, prescrições e anotações de enfermagem. Os recém-nascidos participantes da etapa 3 foram submetidos a 1.316 procedimentos potencialmente dolorosos, durante a primeira semana de internação; a média foi de 5,9 ± 4,7 procedimentos por dia, variando de 9,4 ± 6,2 no primeiro dia a 3,8 ± 3,2 procedimentos no sétimo dia de internação. Os procedimentos dolorosos mais frequentes foram as punções de calcâneo e venosa. Concluiu-se que há desconhecimento dos profissionais de saúde e sub-registro sobre a avaliação e o manejo adequados da dor aguda no recém- nascido e que os neonatos são submetidos a inúmeros procedimentos potencialmente dolorosos, durante sua hospitalização. Recomenda-se a capacitação profissional e a elaboração de protocolos de cuidado para a avaliação adequada e o tratamento efetivo da dor, nessas unidades neonatais. / The neonates hospitalized in neonates\' unities are exposed to a countless potentially painful procedures during hospitalization and there is no knowledge of this exposure and the practices to handling this pain in most cases of Brazilian neonates referring. This descriptive exploratory study was made in three stages, in purpose to evaluate the knowledge and the practices of the health professionals who work in neonates\' unities of a state hospital in the São Paulo interior that concerns to evaluation and handling of pain in neonates (stage 1), identify the evaluation records of pain and pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions for pain relief done by the professionals in neonates\' records in this hospital (stage 2) and dimensioning the exposure of the neonates to acute pain procedures during the first seven days of hospitalization in these unities (stage 3). The 15 physicians, 8 nurses and 34 nursing assistants filled a questionnaire related to knowledge and practices of evaluation and handling of neonate pain. On stage 2 was made a retrospective study in secondary sources using data from records of 115 hospitalized neonates in intermediary and intensive and care unities in 12 months. On stage 3 was made a record on the bedside of all the potentially painful events that the neonates underwent during the first week of hospitalization from September to December of 2011. When It comes to believing that the neonates don\'t feel any pain, just one nursing assistant believed that. All the nurses and the most part of physicians asserted that they evaluate the pain taking into consideration the weeping and facial expressions; the physiologic parameters, like heart rate increasing, were mentioned specially by the physicians. None of the professionals knew the scale of evaluation of a pain in neonates. Among the mentioned non- pharmacologic procedures, the glucose use with or without non- nutritive suction, while the most mentioned adequate medicine were fentanyl and paracetamol. In the records about evaluation and intervention for pain relief were present only medical prescriptions and in diagnosis, prescriptions and nursing notes. The participating neonates from stage 3 were submitted to 1,316 potentially painful procedures during the first week of hospitalization; the mean was 5.9 ± 4.7 procedures per day, varying from 9.4 ± 6.2 in the first day to 3.8 ± 3.2 procedures in the seventh day of hospitalization. The more frequent painful procedures were calcaneus and venous puncture. We concluded that there is ignorance by the health professionals and under-register about the evaluation and handling of acute pain in neonates and that the neonates are submitted to a countless potentially painful procedures during their hospitalization. We recommend the professional capacitation and elaboration of care protocols for the evaluation and effective treatment of pain in these neonates\' unities.
52

Resultatet av sjuksköterskans användande av smärtskattningsinstrument vid akut smärta : En litteraturstudie / The results of nurse's use of pain assessment tools in acute pain : A literature review

Brobeck, Daniel, Ingheden, Pernilla January 2012 (has links)
Bakgrund: Smärta är en av de vanligaste orsakerna till att människor söker akut vård. Adekvat smärtbedömning är förutsättningen för god smärtbehandling. Syfte: Att belysa resultatet av sjuksköterskans användande av smärtskattningsinstrument för bedömning av akut smärta hos vuxna patienter på akutmottagning. Metod: Litteraturstudie med ett systematiskt arbetssätt. Resultat: Val av smärtskattningsinstrument: VAS och NRS är tillförlitliga instrument för att bedöma akut smärta. Professionell smärtbehandling: Användandet av smärtskattningsinstrument förkortade tiden till smärtbehandling samtidigt som fler blev smärtbehandlade. Upplevd kontra tolkad smärta: Sjuksköterskor underskattade ofta patienters akuta smärtintensitet. Kontinuerligt dokumenterade smärtanalyser: För att tillgodose att patienter får en så bra smärtbehandling som möjligt krävs att smärtanalyser utförs och dokumenteras vid inskrivning och kontinuerligt till utskrivning. Med regelbunden smärtskattning och dokumentation kan patienters smärtutveckling och eventuella behandlingsresultat följas. Slutsats: Förutsättningen för en adekvat smärtbehandling är att en smärtanalys utförts med ett smärtskattningsinstrument. Användandet av smärtskattningsinstrument leder till att patienter får adekvat smärtbehandling fortare. Smärtskattningsskalor är goda redskap för att bedöma smärta. En metod för att förbättra smärtbehandlingen kan vara att ha tydliga riktlinjer och rutiner som förespråkar användandet av smärtskattningsinstrument. / Background: Pain is one of the most common reasons for seeking emergency care. Adequate pain assessment is a prerequisite for good pain management. Aim: To illustrate the results of the nurse's use of pain assessment tools for the assessment of acute pain in adult patients in the emergency department. Method: Literature study with a systematic approach. Results: Choice of pain assessment tool: VAS and NRS are reliable tools for the measurement of acute pain. Professional pain management: The use of pain assessment tools shortened the time to pain relief, while more patients received analgesics. Experienced versus interpreted pain: Nurses often underestimated the patients' pain intensity. Continuously documented pain assessments: To assure that patients get the best pain management possible, documented pain assessments at enrollment and continuously to discharge are required. With regular pain assessment and documentation patients' pain development and possible treatment outcomes can be followed. Conclusion: The prerequisite for adequate pain management is a pain analysis performed with a pain assessment tool. The use of pain assessment tools leads to more patients getting adequate pain relief more rapidly. Pain rating scales are excellent tools to assess pain. A method to improve pain treatment may be to have policies and guidelines that advocate the use of pain rating scales.
53

The comparison of cost-effectiveness between Laryngeal Mask and Endotracheal.

Tsai, Yih-shang 20 August 2009 (has links)
The purpose of this study was to compare the cost-effectiveness between the 2 types of general anesthesia, namely, laryngeal mask (LMA) and endotracheal intubation (ETT). The study included 353 patients who received general anesthesia during operation in a medical center in Kaohsiung City. Of these, 183 patients were assigned to the LMA group, while the remaining 170 were assigned to the ETT group. The norm of cost adopted by this study was calculated as the average expense per hour incurred by using the anesthetic and hygienic materials for medicinal use. The indices of effectiveness were physical reactions that were tracked at 2 h and 8¡V10 h postoperatively; these indices were acute pain, dizzyness, sore throat, nausea, and vomiting. These 5 indices were rated on a scale of 0¡V10. A low score was considered to represent lesser side-effects and greater effectiveness of the anesthetic. Besides, the shorter the recovery time of the patient was, the higher the effectiveness would be. The conclusion showed that the cost of the average expense per hour produced by the anesthesia and hygienic materials of medicinal use in the LMA group was 531 dollars while in the ETT group was 1,017 dollars. In the LMA group, at 2 h postoperatively, the mean tracking score for acute pain was 2.9 ¡Ó 2.6; for dizzyness, 1.4 ¡Ó 1.9; for sore throat, 0.4 ¡Ó 1.1; for nausea, 0.5 ¡Ó 1.4; and for vomiting, 0.2 ¡Ó 0.9. In the LMA group, at 8¡V10 h postoperatively, the mean tracking score for acute pain was 0.9 ¡Ó 1.5; for dizzyness, 0.6¡Ó1.3; for sore throat, 0.2 ¡Ó 0.7; for nausea, 0.1 ¡Ó 0.6; and for vomiting, 0.07 ¡Ó 0.4. In the ETT group, at 2 h postoperatively, the mean tracking score for acute pain was 4.9 ¡Ó 3.2; for dizzyness, 2.6 ¡Ó 2.5; for sore throat, 2.0 ¡Ó 2.1; for nausea, 1.3 ¡Ó 2.4; and for vomiting, 0.7 ¡Ó 1.9. In the ETT group, at 8¡V10 h postoperatively, the mean tracking score for acute pain was 2.82¡Ó 2.5; for dizzyness, 1.9 ¡Ó 1.9; for sore throat, 1.3 ¡Ó 1.9; for nausea, 1.1 ¡Ó 2.1; and for vomiting, 0.7 ¡Ó 1.9. The mean postoperative recovery time of the patients in the LMA group was 11.5¡Ó13.2 min and that for the patients in the ETT group was 25.9¡Ó16.0 min. T-test was performed to examine the hypothesis that LMA is more cost-effective than ETT when the same variables as those mentioned above are used; the results of all variables support the hypothesis that the p-value of every index was .000. Results of stepwise regression showed that LMA plays a significant positive role in every cost-effectiveness index.
54

Úloha sestry v péči o pacienty s akutní bolestí na pracovištích intenzivní péče. / The role of nurses in the care of patients with acute pain in intensive care departments.

LINHARTOVÁ, Lucie January 2011 (has links)
Diploma thesis entitled focuses on acute pain in general, as well as on post-operation pain, which is one of the types of acute pain. The first part of the thesis deals with acute pain as such and its characteristics. The second part deals with intensive care units (ICU). The third part contains description of post-surgery pain, treatment thereof, and the nurse?s role in taking care of clients suffering post-surgery pain. Three goals have been outlined. Goal 1: Identification of the techniques that nurses use at ICUs to sooth clients? pain. Goal 2: Map the monitoring the pain of clients hospitalized at ICUs. Goal 3: Find out whether the techniques for reducing pain of clients hospitalized at ICUs are effective. A quality-oriented research was applied for evaluation of the results, using a method of non-standardized interview with nurses and clients.The results can be used as a comparative overview of the most common pain-reducing techniques and proof of their effectiveness for clients.
55

Reatividade à dor na vacinação de lactentes entre dois e cinco meses de idade que receberam sacarose / Pain reativity in the vaccination of infants between two and five months of age, who received sucrose

Mariana Firmino Daré 23 June 2017 (has links)
A vacinação constitui-se em uma estratégia eficaz na prevenção de doenças e redução da morbi-mortalidade. No entanto, isso expõe principalmente as crianças a procedimentos dolorosos, que podem acarretar em consequências, imediatas e a longo prazo, relacionadas à resposta de dor. Para minimizar essas consequências, diversas intervenções têm sido investigadas para alívio da dor decorrente da vacinação, entre essas destaca-se a sacarose. Apesar da efetividade comprovada da sacarose para alívio da dor em procedimentos únicos e na vacinação, sabe-se que diversos fatores podem interferir na reatividade à dor, e pouco se sabe sobre o uso repetido da sacarose nas vacinas igualmente repetidas nos primeiros meses de vida. Assim, com os objetivos de examinar os fatores que interferem na reatividade à dor na vacinação dos lactentes entre dois e cinco meses de idade que receberam sacarose, e avaliar e comparar a reatividade à dor na vacinação dos lactentes nessa idade, desenvolvemos um estudo transversal observacional que incluiu 272 lactentes que compareceram à sala de vacina do estudo para receber as vacinas propostas no calendário de vacinação para o estado de São Paulo, no período de outubro de 2014 a maio de 2015, e cujos pais ou responsáveis aceitaram participar da pesquisa, mediante assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Foram excluídos: bebês que não residiam no município de Ribeirão Preto; os com suspeita ou intolerância a frutose; com doença congênita do sistema nervoso; com malformação ou prejuízos neurológicos severos; os que não seguiram o calendário regular de vacinação ou necessitavam de vacinas especiais. Foram coletados os dados de proporção da mímica facial, frequência cardíaca (FC) e choro nas fases basal (90s), pré-injeção (120s), injeção e pós-injeção (180s) e os fatores de exposição relacionados ao nascimento, a mãe e que antecedem o momento da própria vacina. Os dados comportamentais foram obtidos através da observação sistemática, com análise sequencial segundo a segundo. O banco de dados foi estruturado em planilha do Excel e exportado para o software SPSS. Para as análises, considerou-se como desfecho principal a proporção de mímica facial na fase injeção. No modelo de regressão linear não ajustada identificamos que houve influência para as variáveis de exposição: peso atual, número de gestações anteriores, mímica facial na fase basal, e FC na fase basal considerando um p<0,20. Para o modelo de regressão múltipla identificou apenas a influência da mímica facial na fase basal (p=0,001). Como fatores de risco, os testes t student para as variáveis numéricas de distribuição normal e Mann-Whitney para variáveis categóricas ou variáveis numéricas de distribuição não normal, identificamos risco para as variáveis mímica facial foi estatisticamente significante, apenas para as variáveis tipo de aleitamento materno (p=0,048) e FC (p=0,030), mímica facial (p=0,000) e choro (p=0,029). Para a análise de medidas repetidas (ANOVA-RM) identificamos que a proporção de mímica facial foi significativamente maior na administração das três vacinas consecutivas (pneumo + VIP + penta), em comparação com a vacina única (meningocócica), somente na fase pós-injeção (p<0,001). Para as participações repetidas duas ou três vezes do mesmo lactente (n=460), identificamos que a proporção de mímica facial diferiu estatisticamente entre as fases nos quatro grupos de diferentes idades (p>0,05), apresentando maiores valores na fase injeção. Concluímos que, apesar da efetividade da sacarose para alívio da dor, permanecem fatores de risco que interferem na reatividade à dor, principalmente diferenças na mímica facial no pós-injeção quando comparadas vacinas múltiplas e consecutivas (pneumocócica 10 valente, poliomielite injetável, pentavalente) versus vacina única (meningocócica C) / Vaccination is an effective strategy to prevent disease and reduce morbidity and mortality. However, this exposes patients, specially, children to painful procedures, which can lead to immediate and long-term consequences related to the pain response. To minimize these consequences, several interventions have been investigated to relieve pain resulting from vaccination, among which sucrose. Despite the proven effectiveness of sucrose for pain relief in single procedures and vaccination, it is known that several factors may interfere with reactivity to pain, and little is known about the repeated use of sucrose in the equally repeated vaccines in the first months of life. Thus, with the aim of examining the factors that interfere with reactivity to pain in the vaccination of infants between two and five months of age who received sucrose, and to evaluate and compare reactivity to pain in the vaccination of infants at this age, we developed an observational cross-sectional study which included 272 infants who attended the study\'s vaccine room to receive the vaccines proposed in the vaccination schedule for the State of São Paulo, from October 2014 to May 2015, and whose parents or guardians agreed to participate in the study through signed Free and Informed Consent Form. The following were excluded: infants who did not live in the city of Ribeirão Preto; those with suspected or intolerance to fructose; with congenital nervous system disease; with malformation or severe neurological impairment; those who did not follow the regular schedule of vaccination or needed special vaccines. Data were collected on the proportion of facial mimetic, heart rate and crying in the basal (90s), preinjection (120s), injection and post-injection (180s) and exposure factors related to birth and mother. Behavioral data were obtained through systematic observation, with sequential analysis according to each second. The database was structured in Excel spreadsheet and exported to SPSS software. For the analyzes, the main outcome was the proportion of facial mimetics in the injection phase. In the unadjusted linear regression model, we identified that there was influence on the variables of exposure: current weight, number of previous pregnancies, facial mimetic in the basal phase, and heart rate (HR) in baseline, considering a p<0.20. For the multiple regression model, only the influence of facial mimicry on the basal phase (p=0.001) was identified. As risk factors, student t tests for the numerical variables of normal distribution and Mann-Whitney for categorical variables or numerical variables of non-normal distribution, we identified risk for the variables; (p=0.048) and HR (p=0.030), facial mimetic (p=0.000) and crying (p=0.029). For the analysis of repeated measures (ANOVA-RM) we identified that the proportion of facial mimetics was significantly higher in the administration of the three consecutive vaccines (pneumo + VIP + penta), compared to the single (meningococcal vaccine), only in the post-injection phase (p<0.001). For repeated participation two or three times of the same infant (n=460), we identified that the proportion of facial mimicry differed statistically between the phases in the four groups of different ages (p>0.05), presenting higher values in the injection phase. We conclude that despite the effectiveness of sucrose for pain relief, risk factors that interfere with pain reactivity, mainly differences in facial mimicry post-injection when multiple and consecutive vaccines (10-valent pneumococcal, injectable polio, pentavalent) versus single vaccine (meningococcal C)
56

Cuidado à criança com dor pós-operatória: experiências de enfermeiras pediatras / Care of children with post-operative pain: Pediatric nurses experiences

Mauren Teresa Grubisich Mendes Tacla 31 October 2006 (has links)
Toda cirurgia implica em lesão de tecidos, manipulação de estruturas e órgãos, sendo a dor uma conseqüência desse processo, que pode, porém, ser minimizada. O presente estudo tem como objetivos caracterizar o processo de manejo da dor aguda na criança no período pós-operatório a partir dos registros contidos nos seus prontuários, identificar como as enfermeiras cuidam das crianças com dor no período pós-operatório e quais fatores influenciam sua prática. Para tanto, foram analisados, retrospectivamente, os registros sobre dor pós-operatória de 300 prontuários de 280 crianças de 0 a 14 anos submetidas à cirurgia no ano de 2004 em três hospitais de uma cidade do interior do Paraná. Também foram ouvidas, por meio de entrevista, as 15 enfermeiras que trabalhavam nas unidades pediátricas dos três hospitais. A caracterização do manejo da dor a partir dos registros dos prontuários indicou a existência de poucos registros sobre dor pós-operatória realizados por enfermeiras, sendo que a grande maioria deles foi realizada por auxiliares ou técnicos de enfermagem, com alguma variação entre os hospitais pesquisados. Procedeu-se a análise qualitativa dos dados, os quais foram agrupados ao redor de três temas: as experiências de dor e suas repercussões; a atuação da enfermeira no manejo da dor pós-operatória; formação, aquisição e disseminação de conhecimentos sobre dor pediátrica. O estudo mostrou que as enfermeiras avaliam a dor pós-operatória de forma assistemática e, em geral, limitam-se ao controle farmacológico da dor. Realizam o manejo da dor na dependência da conduta e prescrição médicas, utilizando forma limitada as estratégias não-farmacológicas de alívio. Demonstraram interesse em ampliar seus conhecimentos na área e na formação de grupos de dor nas instituições em que trabalham. Consideramos que os resultados do estudo podem provocar a discussão do tema nos hospitais pesquisados e, numa visão otimista, podem contribuir para deflagrar e estimular a implementação da avaliação sistematizada da dor em crianças e adolescentes nesses locais. / ABSTRACT TACLA, T. G. M. Care of children with post-operative pain: Pediatric nurses experiences. 2006. 251p. PhD Dissertation ¾ Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto. Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. All surgical procedures involve tissue lesions, manipulation of structures and organs, causing pain which can be minimized during the process. The objectives of this study are to characterize the process of managing post-operative acute pain in children based on their medical records, to identify how nurses care for children in pain during the post-operative period, and which factors affect their practices. The study evaluated 300 medical records on post-operative pain of 280 children, 0-4 y. o., who underwent surgery in 2004, in 3 hospitals located in a city in the interior of the state of Paraná. An interview with 15 nurses who worked in the Pediatric Ward of these hospitals was also carried out. Characterization of pain management from the medical records revealed that only a few nurses make notes of post-operative pain, and that the majority of the records were made by nursing aides and technicians, with some variations among the researched hospitals. Data were analyzed qualitatively and grouped into three topics: the experiences of pain and its consequences, nurses? performance during post-operative pain management, and pediatric pain knowledge development, acquisition and dissemination. Results from the study showed that nurses evaluate post-operative pain a-systematically, which, in general, is limited to pharmacological pain control. Their management depends on the doctor?s prescription, thus using limited non-pharmacological pain-relief strategies. They show interest in broadening their knowledge in the area and in developing pain groups in their institutions. We believe that the results from this study may generate a discussion on the topic in these hospitals, and, consequently, contribute to the implementation of a systematic evaluation of pain in children and adolescents in these places.
57

Exposição, avaliação e manejo da dor aguda do recém-nascido em unidades neonatais de um hospital estadual / Exposition, evaluation and management of acute pain in neonates in neonates\' unities in a state hospital

Verusca Kelly Capellini 17 December 2012 (has links)
Os recém-nascidos internados em unidades neonatais são expostos a inúmeros procedimentos potencialmente dolorosos durante sua hospitalização, e há desconhecimento de tal exposição e das práticas para o manejo da dor, na maioria dos serviços brasileiros de referência neonatal. Este estudo descritivo exploratório foi realizado em três etapas, com os objetivos de avaliar o conhecimento e as práticas dos profissionais de saúde que atuam em unidades neonatais de um hospital estadual do interior paulista quanto à avaliação e ao manejo da dor no recém-nascido (etapa 1), identificar os registros de avaliação da dor e de intervenções farmacológicas e não farmacológicas para o alívio da dor, feitos pelos profissionais em prontuários neonatais nesse hospital (etapa 2) e dimensionar a exposição dos neonatos a procedimentos de dor aguda, durante os primeiros sete dias de internação nessas unidades neonatais (etapa 3). Os 15 médicos, 8 enfermeiras e 34 auxiliares de enfermagem preencheram um questionário contendo dados relacionados ao conhecimento e às práticas de avaliação e manejo da dor neonatal. Na etapa 2, foi feito um estudo retrospectivo em fonte secundária, utilizando dados dos prontuários de 115 recém-nascidos internados nas unidades de cuidados intensivos e intermediários neonatais do hospital, no período de 12 meses. Na etapa 3, foi realizado registro à beira do leito de todos os eventos potencialmente dolorosos a que os recém-nascidos foram submetidos, durante a primeira semana de internação nessas unidades, no período de setembro a dezembro de 2011. Constatou-se que apenas uma auxiliar de enfermagem acredita que o neonato não sente dor. Todas as enfermeiras e a grande maioria dos médicos e auxiliares de enfermagem afirmaram que avaliam a dor no recém-nascido, tendo como parâmetros de avaliação mais frequentes o choro e a mímica facial; os parâmetros fisiológicos, especialmente o aumento da frequência cardíaca, foram os mais mencionados pelos médicos. Nenhum dos profissionais de saúde conhecia escalas para a avaliação de dor no recém-nascido. Entre as medidas não farmacológicas para o alívio da dor neonatal, citadas pelos profissionais de saúde, predominou o uso da glicose com ou sem a sucção não nutritiva, enquanto as medicações mais referidas como adequadas para o alívio da dor neonatal foram o fentanil e o paracetamol. Os registros sobre a avaliação e as intervenções para o alívio da dor neonatal constavam apenas nas prescrições médicas e nos diagnósticos, prescrições e anotações de enfermagem. Os recém-nascidos participantes da etapa 3 foram submetidos a 1.316 procedimentos potencialmente dolorosos, durante a primeira semana de internação; a média foi de 5,9 ± 4,7 procedimentos por dia, variando de 9,4 ± 6,2 no primeiro dia a 3,8 ± 3,2 procedimentos no sétimo dia de internação. Os procedimentos dolorosos mais frequentes foram as punções de calcâneo e venosa. Concluiu-se que há desconhecimento dos profissionais de saúde e sub-registro sobre a avaliação e o manejo adequados da dor aguda no recém- nascido e que os neonatos são submetidos a inúmeros procedimentos potencialmente dolorosos, durante sua hospitalização. Recomenda-se a capacitação profissional e a elaboração de protocolos de cuidado para a avaliação adequada e o tratamento efetivo da dor, nessas unidades neonatais. / The neonates hospitalized in neonates\' unities are exposed to a countless potentially painful procedures during hospitalization and there is no knowledge of this exposure and the practices to handling this pain in most cases of Brazilian neonates referring. This descriptive exploratory study was made in three stages, in purpose to evaluate the knowledge and the practices of the health professionals who work in neonates\' unities of a state hospital in the São Paulo interior that concerns to evaluation and handling of pain in neonates (stage 1), identify the evaluation records of pain and pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions for pain relief done by the professionals in neonates\' records in this hospital (stage 2) and dimensioning the exposure of the neonates to acute pain procedures during the first seven days of hospitalization in these unities (stage 3). The 15 physicians, 8 nurses and 34 nursing assistants filled a questionnaire related to knowledge and practices of evaluation and handling of neonate pain. On stage 2 was made a retrospective study in secondary sources using data from records of 115 hospitalized neonates in intermediary and intensive and care unities in 12 months. On stage 3 was made a record on the bedside of all the potentially painful events that the neonates underwent during the first week of hospitalization from September to December of 2011. When It comes to believing that the neonates don\'t feel any pain, just one nursing assistant believed that. All the nurses and the most part of physicians asserted that they evaluate the pain taking into consideration the weeping and facial expressions; the physiologic parameters, like heart rate increasing, were mentioned specially by the physicians. None of the professionals knew the scale of evaluation of a pain in neonates. Among the mentioned non- pharmacologic procedures, the glucose use with or without non- nutritive suction, while the most mentioned adequate medicine were fentanyl and paracetamol. In the records about evaluation and intervention for pain relief were present only medical prescriptions and in diagnosis, prescriptions and nursing notes. The participating neonates from stage 3 were submitted to 1,316 potentially painful procedures during the first week of hospitalization; the mean was 5.9 ± 4.7 procedures per day, varying from 9.4 ± 6.2 in the first day to 3.8 ± 3.2 procedures in the seventh day of hospitalization. The more frequent painful procedures were calcaneus and venous puncture. We concluded that there is ignorance by the health professionals and under-register about the evaluation and handling of acute pain in neonates and that the neonates are submitted to a countless potentially painful procedures during their hospitalization. We recommend the professional capacitation and elaboration of care protocols for the evaluation and effective treatment of pain in these neonates\' unities.
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Sjuksköterskan och smärtskattningsskalor : En litteraturstudie / The nurse and pain assessment scales : A litersture study

Eklund Brattefjäll, Johan, Svensson, Anton January 2020 (has links)
Bakgrund: Smärta är en personligt upplevd förnimmelse som finns för att signalera att något i kroppen är fel. I de fall då smärtan inte pågått i mer än 3–6 månader klassas den som akut. Sjuksköterskor har till uppgift att identifiera smärta hos patienten och för att underlätta detta har det utvecklats smärtskattningsskalor. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenhet av faktorer som kan påverka användning av smärtskattningsskalor vid akut smärta hos patienter på sjukhus. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie utifrån Polit och Becks niostegsprincip med nio kvalitativa och tre kvantitativa artiklar. Resultat: Sjuksköterskor anser att det råder kunskapsluckor gällande smärtskattningsskalor. De menar också att tidsbristen och andra organisatoriska aspekter hindrar dem från att smärtskatta utifrån skalor. Likaså är bristande kommunikation mellan patienter och sjuksköterskor en anledning som försvårar identifieringen av smärtan med hjälp av smärtskattningsskalor. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av smärtskattning utifrån smärtskattningsskalor utgår från utbildningsnivå, arbetsplatsens smärtskattningsrutiner och sjuksköterskors arbetsbörda. Förslag på fortsatt forskning: Det behövs utvärderas fler strategier och rutiner på hur smärtskattningsskalor kan användas, samt fler skalor anpassade till olika patientgrupper.
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Patienters tillfredsställelse av smärtlindring vid akut smärta inom akutsjukvård : En litteraturstudie

Ödman, Jesper, Jonasson, Rasmus January 2021 (has links)
Bakgrund: Akut smärta är en av det vanligaste orsakerna till besök på akutmottagningar nationellt och internationellt. Det är viktigt att patienter erhåller en adekvat smärtlindring då de annars kan riskera akuta och kroniska besvär, behöva utstå onödigt lidande både på kort och lång sikt samt även utveckla en misstro till vården. Syfte: Att utifrån litteraturen undersöka patienters tillfredsställelse av smärtlindring vid akut smärta inom akutsjukvården.Metod: Litteraturöversikt med induktiv ansats. 14 studier inkluderades i arbetet samtliga hämtades från Pubmed eller CINAHL. Resultatet skapades genom en tematisk analys av de inkluderade studiernas resultat. Resultat: Tre teman identifierades efter analys av inkluderade studier. Dessa var faktorer som påverkar tillfredställelsen, faktorer som effektiviserar behandling och påverkar tillfredställelsen samt upplevelser av behandling som påverkar tillfredställelsen. Vårdpersonalens bemötande, att patienter får smärtlindring i tid samt att patienter faktiskt erbjuds smärtlindring var faktorer som påverkar tillfredsställelsen av smärtlindringen. Smärtprotokoll samt rädslor/oro som patienter hade kunde också vara faktorer som påverkade tillfredsställelsen av handläggningen av deras akuta smärta inom akutsjukvården. Slutsats: För att patienter ska känna tillfredställelse av smärtlindring vid akut smärta inom akutsjukvården bör patienter erhålla smärtlindring, erhålla den i tid samt att en vårdrelation baserad på tillit etableras mellan vårdgivare och patient. / Background: One of the most common reasons for patients visiting emergency care units are due to acute pain of some sort both nationally and internationally. It’s therefore of great importance that these patients are offered an adequate treatment for their pain, if not this could lead to acute and chronic discomfort, unnecessary suffering both in a short and a long time perspective and ultimately even to distrust in the emergency healthcare system. Aim: To investigate the literature on patients’ satisfaction with pain management provided by emergency care.Method: A literature review with an inductive approach. A total of 14 articles from the PubMed and CINAHL databases are included and are presented through a thematic analysis. Results: Three themes were identified after the analysis of the included articles. These consist of factors that affect satisfaction, factors that increase the effectiveness of management and affect satisfaction and experiences towards treatment that affect satisfaction. The compassion from caregivers, the fact that patients received analgesics and in good time are all factors that contributed to increased satisfaction among patients. Different pain protocols and fears/worries that patients may have were also factors that contributed to how satisfied the patients felt about the management of their acute pain in the emergency care setting. Conclusion: Key factors when it comes to satisfactory treatment of patients in acute pain are: receiving analgesia, receiving analgesia on time and the establishment of a relationship based on trust between patient and caregiver.
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Patienters upplevelse av smärtlindring vid akut smärta : en litteraturöversikt / Patients' experience of pain relief for acute pain : a literature review

Yakoub, Reem, Carlsson, Elin January 2023 (has links)
Att omhänderta patienter med akuta smärtor kan vara en utmaning för sjuksköterskor då detta ställer krav på god kunskap och förståelse över det individuella behovet av smärtlindring. För att säkerställa en god smärtlindring behöver sjuksköterskor ta hänsyn till patientens subjektiva upplevelse av smärta jämsides med vitalparametrar och allmänt hälsotillstånd. Syftet var att beskriva patienters upplevelse av smärtlindring vid akuta smärtor inom prehospital akutsjukvård. Metoden som användes följer en litteraturöversikt med systematisk ansats. Litteraturöversikten innehåller både kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar från databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Totalt har 9 vetenskapliga artiklar inkluderats och analyserats utifrån en integrerad innehållsanalys. I resultatet framkom två huvudkategorier utifrån fyra underkategorier. De två huvudkategorierna benämndes; att bli sedd som patient och att få smärtlindring. Underkategorierna var; vikten av kommunikation, känsla av delaktighet, rädsla för läkemedelsbiverkan och svårigheter att förstå smärtbedömning. Patienterna uttryckte att delaktighet i form av att bli sedd och bekräftad samt involverad i sin vård och behandling främjade upplevelsen av smärtlindring. När sjuksköterskan såg till hela patienten, inte enbart behandlade de fysiska symtomen utan även tog hänsyn till den känslomässiga delen upplevde patienterna trygghet och tillit. Icke farmakologiska åtgärder såsom trygghet, positionering och såromläggningar kunde användas som alternativ till smärtlindring. Slutsatsen var att patienterna uttryckte att en lyckad smärtlindring bland annat innefattade delaktighet och ömsesidig kommunikation mellan patient och sjuksköterska. Genom att ta hänsyn till patienters upplevelse av akuta smärtor samt de känslomässiga aspekterna vid akuta smärtor kunde hälsa och välbefinnande främjas. / Caring for patients with acute pain can be a challenge for nurses as this requires good knowledge and understanding of the individual need for pain relief. To perform good pain relief, nurses need to take into consideration the patients' subjective experience of pain alongside vital parameters and general health. The aim was to describe patients' experience of pain relief for acute pain in prehospital emergency care. The method used follows a literature review with systematic approaches. The literature review contains both qualitative and quantitative articles from the databases PubMed and CINAHL. A total of 9 scientific articles have been included and analyzed based on an integrated content analysis. The results revealed two main categories of which four subcategories. The two main categories were: to be seen as a patient and to receive pain relief. The subcategories were: the importance of communication, sense of participation, fear of medication side effects and difficulty understanding pain assessment. The patients expressed that participation in the form of being seen and confirmed and involved in their own care and treatment promoted the experience of pain relief. When the nurse looked at the whole patient, not only treating the physical symptoms but also took into consideration the emotional part, the patients experienced safety and trust. Non-pharmacological measures such as safety, positioning and wound dressings could be used as alternatives to pain relief. The conclusion was that the patients expressed that successful pain relief includes, among other things, participation and mutual communication between patient and nurse. By taking into consideration the patients' experience of acute pain and the emotional aspects of acute pain, health and well-being could be promoted.

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