Die Prävalenz des Typ 2 Diabetes ist in den letzten Jahren deutlich angestiegen. Neben einer gesunden Ernährungsweise ist die Erhöhung der körperlichen Aktivität ein wichtiger Bestandteil in der Basistherapie des Typ 2 Diabetes. Körperliches Training führt zu einer Reihe metabolischer Veränderungen wie zur Reduktion der Fettmasse, zur Verbesserung der Glukosehomöostase, des Lipidprofils und zur Normalisierung zirkulierender Adipokine aus dem Fettgewebe. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Auswirkungen eines zwölfmonatigen, kontrollierten, praxisnahen, kombinierten Kraft-Ausdauer-Trainingsprogramms auf das Körpergewicht, Parameter des Lipidstoffwechsels (Gesamt-, LDL-, HDL-Cholesterin- und Triglyzerid-Serumkonzentrationen) sowie die Serumkonzentrationen der Adipokine Leptin, Adiponectin und Progranulin bei Patienten mit Typ 2 Diabetes zu untersuchen. Für die prospektive offene Interventionsstudie wurden initial 710 Patienten mit Typ 2 Diabetes untersucht, von denen 156 die Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien für die Studie erfüllten. Es wurden die Daten von 120 Patienten (77 Frauen, 43 Männer) analysiert, von denen nach Abschluss des zwölfmonatigen Trainingsprogramms vollständige Datensätze vorlagen. Die Patienten trainierten zweimal pro Woche für jeweils 60 + 15 Minuten bei 50-70% ihrer individuellen maximalen Leistungsfähigkeit, die zu Beginn der Studie mittels Spiroergometrie ermittelt wurde. Das Training umfasste jeweils 20 Minuten Aufwärm- und Abkühlphase, 20 Minuten Fahrradergometer-Training, 20 Minuten Training am Rudergerät und 20 Minuten Krafttraining an Krafttrainingsgeräten. Die Messung der Zielparameter erfolgte vor Beginn der Intervention sowie nach drei, sechs und zwölf Monaten körperlichen Trainings. Das zwölfmonatige Trainingsprogramm führte zu einer signifikanten Reduktion der Gesamt- und LDL-Cholesterin-, Triglyzerid- sowie der Progranulin-Serumkonzentrationen, während sich die zirkulierenden Leptinspiegel nicht veränderten. Die HDL-Cholesterin und Adiponectin-Serumkonzentrationen waren in Folge des Trainingsprogramms signifikant erhöht. Diese Veränderungen waren weitgehend unabhängig von der Entwicklung des Körpergewichts, das sich im Verlauf der Studie nicht signifikant veränderte. Zusammengefasst zeigt die Untersuchung, dass ein zwölfmonatiges, moderates und praxistaugliches Trainingsprogramm signifikant und unabhängig von Verbesserungen des Körpergewichts die Serumkonzentrationen der Adipokine Adiponectin und Progranulin sowie von Parametern des Lipidstoffwechsels verbessert.

White adipose plays a major role in the regulation of whole body metabolism through the storage and hydrolysis of triglycerides and by secretion of adipokines. The function of endocrine cells is highly dependent on the unfolded protein response (UPR), a homeostatic signaling mechanism that balances the protein folding capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with the cell's secretory protein load. Here we demonstrate that the adipocyte UPR pathway is necessary for its secretory functions, and can thus play a crucial role in the control of whole body energy homeostasis. ER protein folding capacity is dependent both on the number of available chaperones as well as on their activity, which requires a sufficient ATP supply. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, mitochondrial biogenesis occurred in parallel with induction of the UPR; therefore, we tested whether it was necessary for efficient ER function. Inhibition of mitochondrial ATP synthesis through depletion of Tfam, a mitochondrial transcription factor, or treatment with inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation, demonstrate that ER function is sensitive to acute changes in adenine nucleotide levels. In addition, adenylate kinase 2 (AK2), which regulates mitochondrial adenine nucleotide interconversion, is markedly induced during adipocyte and B cell differentiation. AK2 depletion impairs induction of the UPR and secretion in both cell types. Interestingly, cytosolic adenylate kinase 1 (AK1) does not have the same effect upon UPR induction. We show that adenine nucleotides promote proper ER function and alterations in specific aspects of ATP synthesis can impair UPR signaling. Understanding the complex energetic regulation of the UPR may provide insight into the relationship between UPR and disease.

Adipositas und Typ-2-Diabetes sind häufige Erkrankungen des Stoffwechsels. Zur Basistherapie der Adipositas und des Typ-2-Diabetes gehören eine gesunde Ernährungs- weise und die Erhöhung der körperlichen Aktivität unter anderem mit dem Ziel der Gewichtsreduktion. Vermehrte Bewegung führt neben der Verbesserung der körperlichen Leistungsfähigkeit zur Fettmassenreduktion, Verbesserungen der Hyperglykämie, Lipo- proteinstoffwechsels und des Adipokinprofils. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) werden im Fettgewebe produziert und spielen eine wichtige Rolle in der Adipogenese und Transdifferenzierung von Adipozyten. Während ein Zusammenhang zwischen der BMP-7-Serumkonzentration und Adipositas vor kurzem belegt wurde, ist bisher nicht bekannt, ob weitere BMPs wie BMP-2 und -4 mit Adipositas und Typ-2-Diabetes assoziiert sind. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es deshalb zu untersuchen, ob die BMP-2 und -4 Serumkonzentrationen im Zusammenhang mit Körpergewicht, Fett- verteilung und Parametern des Glukosestoffwechsels bei Patienten mit Adipositas und Typ-2-Diabetes (n=213) stehen. Im Rahmen von drei Interventionsstudien wurde der Einfluss einer hypokalorischen Ernährungsweise über sechs Monate (n=19), eines 45,3 ± 7,4 kg Gewichtsverlustes ein Jahr nach bariatrischer Chirurgie (n=32) sowie eines zwölf- wöchigen Trainingsprogramms (n=60) auf die BMP-2- und -4-Serumkonzentrationen untersucht. Zusätzlich wurde die BMP-2-und -4-mRNA-Expression in humanen omentalen und subkutanen Fettgewebsproben von 161 Patienten charakterisiert. Die BMP-2- und -4-Serumkonzentrationen und die BMP-2- und -4-mRNA-Expression im viszeralen Fettgewebe korrelieren signifikant mit dem BMI und dem Körperfettgehalt. Zirkulierende BMP-4-Spiegel sind geschlechtsabhängig und bei Patienten mit T2D signifikant niedriger als bei gesunden Kontrollpatienten. Sowohl eine moderate Gewichts- reduktion durch kalorienreduzierte Ernährung als auch ein Gewichtsverlust von 45,3 ± 7,4 kg nach bariatrischer Chirurgie führen zu einer signifikanten Reduktion der zirkulierenden BMP-2- und -4-Spiegel. Das zwölfwöchige Trainingsprogramm führte lediglich zu einer signifikanten Reduktion der BMP-2-Serumkonzentration und zu signifikanten Ver- besserung der Leistungsfähigkeit, von Parametern des Glukosestoffwechsels und der Serumkonzentrationen von Adiponektin und Interleukin-6. Zusammengefasst zeigen die Daten, dass erhöhte Serumkonzentrationen von BMP-2 und 4 mit Adipositas assoziiert sind und durch Gewichtsreduktion und Erhöhung der körperlichen Aktivität verringert werden können. Die BMP-2- und -4-mRNA-Expression im viszeralen Fettgewebe kann zu erhöhten Serumkonzentrationen dieser Adipokine bei viszeraler Fettverteilung beitragen.

Objetivo. Analisar a frequência de síndrome metabólica em pacientes adultas jovens com dermatomiosite (DM) e a possível associação de síndrome metabólica com as características clínicas e laboratoriais da DM. Posteriormente, analisar os níveis séricos das adipocitocinas em pacientes com DM. Métodos. O presente estudo unicentro e transversal incluiu 35 pacientes com DM, de acordo com os critérios de Bohan e Peter, pareadas por idade e índice de massa corpórea com 48 controles saudáveis. A atividade da doença foi baseada nos parâmetros estabelecidos pelo International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Groups (IMACS). A síndrome metabólica foi definida de acordo com critérios preconizados por Joint Interim Statement de 2009. Resultados. A média de idade foi comparável entre DM e o grupo controle (respectivamente, 33,2 ± 6,5 e 33,3 ± 7,6 anos), com duração média da doença de um ano. Quando comparadas aos indivíduos do grupo controle, as pacientes com DM tinham alta prevalência de síndrome metabólica (34,3 vs. 6,3%; P = 0,001), assim como altos níveis séricos de adiponectina e resistina, em contraste com baixos níveis de leptina. Estas adipocitocinas se correlacionavam com vários parâmetros da dislipidemia em pacientes com DM. Além disto, os casos de DM com síndrome metabólica (N = 12) apresentaram maior faixa etária (36,7 ± 5,6 vs. 31,5 ± 8,0 anos; P = 0,035) e maior atividade da doença do que os casos sem síndrome metabólica (N = 23). Entretanto, a distribuição de adipocitocinas foi similar entre os grupos. Conclusão. Quando comparadas ao grupo controle, as pacientes adultas jovens com DM apresentam maior prevalência de síndrome metabólica e maiores níveis séricos de adiponectina e resistina, em contraste com menores níveis séricos de leptina. Entre as pacientes, a síndrome metabólica correlacionou-se positivamente com a maior faixa etária e com a atividade da doença / Objective. To analyze the frequency of metabolic syndrome in young adult female dermatomyositis (DM) patients and to evaluate the possible association of metabolic syndrome with DM-related clinical and laboratory features. Secondarily, to analyze the serum adipocytokine levels in DM patients. Methods. The present cross-sectional single-center study included 35 DM patients according to the criteria of Bohan and Peter, who were age-, body mass index-matched to 48 healthy controls. The disease activity was based on parameter established by the International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Groups (IMACS). Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the criteria established 2009 Join Interim Statement. Results. The median age was comparable in both the DM and control groups (33.2 ± 6.5 and 33.3 ± 7.6 years, respectively), with median disease duration of 1 year. When compared to healthy control group, the DM patients had a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (34.3 vs. 6.3%; P = 0.001), as well high serum adiponectin and resistin levels, in contrast to low serum leptin levels. These adipocytokines correlated with various dyslipidemia parameters in DM patients. Additionally, DM cases with metabolic syndrome (N = 12) were older (36.7 ± 5.6 vs. 31.5 ± 8.0 years; P = 0.035) and have more disease activity index than cases without metabolic syndrome (N = 23). Nevertheless, adipocytokines distribution was similar in both groups. Conclusion. Compared to control group, Adult young female patients with DM show higher metabolic syndrome prevalence and a higher serum adiponectin and resistin levels, in contrast to lower serum leptin levels. Among the patients, the metabolic syndrome correlates positively with older age and with disease activity

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A obesidade está associada com a inflamação crônica atribuída à liberação de citocinas e adipocinas, à homeostase desregulda da glicemia e à dislipidemia. Intervenções nutricionais são frequentemente acompanhadas por episódios repetidos de perda e recuperação do peso, fenômeno conhecido como efeito sanfona ou ciclagem da massa corporal. Foram avaliados os efeitos da ciclagem da massa corporal sobre os parâmetros: eficiência alimentar, massa corporal (MC), perfil lipídico, metabolismo de carboidratos, indíce de adiposidade corporal, marcadores inflamatórios, esteatose hepática e triglicerídeo (TG) hepático em camundongos C57BL/6 machos que ciclaram a massa corporal duas ou três vezes consecutivas pela alternância de dieta hiperlipídica (high-fat, HF) e dieta padrão (standard-chow,SC). Após cada ciclo de dieta HF, os animais ficavam cada vez mais pesados e, após cada ciclo de dieta SC, os animais perdiam cada vez menos peso. A ciclagem da massa corporal provocou flutuação nas reservas de gordura e nos lipídeos sanguíneos. O colesterol total dos animais, após mudança da dieta HF para dieta SC, apresentou redução dos seus valores, assim como os TG plasmáticos. No teste oral de tolerância à glicose, após o perído de ingestão da dieta HF, os animais apresentaram intolerância à glicose e, após a troca para dieta SC, os animais continuaram com intolerância à glicose. Em relação as adipocinas e citocinas, a leptina, resistina e o fator de necrose tumoral (TNF) alfa séricos aumentaram após o ciclo da dieta HF e diminuíram após a troca por dieta SC. Ao contrário, a adiponectina sérica diminuiu após dieta HF e aumentou após troca por dieta SC. A IL-6 aumentou após ingestão da dieta HF, porém após a troca para dieta SC, a IL-6 permaneceu elevada. Enquanto o MCP-1 não variou durante as trocas de dietas. A expressão da adiponectina no tecido adiposo diminuiu após a dieta HF e os valores permaneceram reduzidos mesmo após a troca para dieta SC. As expressões da leptina e IL-6 no tecido adiposo aumentaram após dieta HF e continuaram aumentados mesmo após a troca para dieta SC. Da mesma forma, a esteatose hepática e os TG hepáticos não reduziram após a mudança da dieta HF para dieta SC. Tanto a dieta HF, como a ciclagem da massa corporal são relevantes para o remodelamento do tecido adiposo e provoca repercussões nos lipídios séricos, na homeostase da glicose, na secreção de adipocinas e provoca acúmulo de gordura no fígado. A troca para dieta SC e redução da MC não são capazes de normalizar a secreção de adipocinas no tecido adiposo e nem das citocinas pró-inflamatórias que permaneceram aumentadas. A esteatose hepática e os TG hepáticos também não são recuperados com a troca para dieta SC e redução da massa corporal. Estes resultados indicam que a ciclagem da MC cria um ambiente inflamatório, que é agraado com adipocinas alteradas, intolerância à glicose e acúmulo de gordura no fígado / Obesity is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation attributed to release of cytokines and adipokines and to dysregulated glucose-insulin homeostasis and dyslipidemia. Nutritional interventions such as dieting are often accompanied by repeated bouts of weight loss and regain, a phenomenon known as weight cycling (WC). In this work we studied the effects of WC on the parameters: feed efficiency, body mass (BM), blood lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, adiposity, inflammatory markers, hepatic steatosis and hepatic triglyceride (TG) in C57BL/6 male mice that WC two or three consecutive times by alternation of a high-fat (HF) diet with standard chow (SC). The body mass (BM) grew up in each cycle of HF feeding, and decreased after each cycle of SC feeding. After three consecutive WC, less marked was the BM reduction during SC feeding, while more severe was the BM increase during HF feeding. After each cycle of the HF diet body mass grew up in each cycle of HF feeding, became increasingly heavier and after each cycle of SC feeding, the animals lost less weight. The WC mass caused fluctuations in fat reserves and blood lipids total cholesterol, after shift the HF diet by SC diet showed a reduction of their values and plasma TG. The oral glucose tolerance test after the regular intake of HF diet, the animals showed glucose intolerance and, after switching to SC diet, the animals continued with glucose intolerance. Regarding the adipokines and cytokines, leptin, resistin and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) serum increased after the cycle of HF feeding and decreased after the switch to SC feeding. In contrast, serum adiponectin decreased after HF feeding and increased after dietary exchange for SC. The IL-6 increased after intake of HF diet, but after switching to SC feeding, which remained elevated, while the MCP-1 was not changed during the shift of diets. The expression of adiponectin in adipose tissue decreased after the HF feeding and the values remained low even after switching to diet SC. The expression of leptin, IL-6 in the adipose tissue increased after HF feeding and remained elevated after the change to SC diet. Similarly, hepatic steatosis, and hepatic TG not reduced after the change to the diet HF diet SC. The results of the present study showed that both the HF diet and WC are relevant to BM evolution and fat pad remodeling in mice, with repercussion in blood lipids, homeostasis of glucose-insulin, adipokine levels and causes fat accumulation in the liver. The simple reduction of the BM during a WC is not able to recover the high levels of adipokines in the adipose tissue and serum as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokines. Hepatic steatosis and hepatic TG are not recovered with the change to SC feeding and body mass reduction. These findings indicate that the WC creates an inflammatory environment; with altered adipokines in association with WC which potentially aggravates the chronic inflammation attributed to dysregulated production and release of adipokines in mice

Objetivo. Analisar a frequência de síndrome metabólica em pacientes adultas jovens com dermatomiosite (DM) e a possível associação de síndrome metabólica com as características clínicas e laboratoriais da DM. Posteriormente, analisar os níveis séricos das adipocitocinas em pacientes com DM. Métodos. O presente estudo unicentro e transversal incluiu 35 pacientes com DM, de acordo com os critérios de Bohan e Peter, pareadas por idade e índice de massa corpórea com 48 controles saudáveis. A atividade da doença foi baseada nos parâmetros estabelecidos pelo International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Groups (IMACS). A síndrome metabólica foi definida de acordo com critérios preconizados por Joint Interim Statement de 2009. Resultados. A média de idade foi comparável entre DM e o grupo controle (respectivamente, 33,2 ± 6,5 e 33,3 ± 7,6 anos), com duração média da doença de um ano. Quando comparadas aos indivíduos do grupo controle, as pacientes com DM tinham alta prevalência de síndrome metabólica (34,3 vs. 6,3%; P = 0,001), assim como altos níveis séricos de adiponectina e resistina, em contraste com baixos níveis de leptina. Estas adipocitocinas se correlacionavam com vários parâmetros da dislipidemia em pacientes com DM. Além disto, os casos de DM com síndrome metabólica (N = 12) apresentaram maior faixa etária (36,7 ± 5,6 vs. 31,5 ± 8,0 anos; P = 0,035) e maior atividade da doença do que os casos sem síndrome metabólica (N = 23). Entretanto, a distribuição de adipocitocinas foi similar entre os grupos. Conclusão. Quando comparadas ao grupo controle, as pacientes adultas jovens com DM apresentam maior prevalência de síndrome metabólica e maiores níveis séricos de adiponectina e resistina, em contraste com menores níveis séricos de leptina. Entre as pacientes, a síndrome metabólica correlacionou-se positivamente com a maior faixa etária e com a atividade da doença / Objective. To analyze the frequency of metabolic syndrome in young adult female dermatomyositis (DM) patients and to evaluate the possible association of metabolic syndrome with DM-related clinical and laboratory features. Secondarily, to analyze the serum adipocytokine levels in DM patients. Methods. The present cross-sectional single-center study included 35 DM patients according to the criteria of Bohan and Peter, who were age-, body mass index-matched to 48 healthy controls. The disease activity was based on parameter established by the International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Groups (IMACS). Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the criteria established 2009 Join Interim Statement. Results. The median age was comparable in both the DM and control groups (33.2 ± 6.5 and 33.3 ± 7.6 years, respectively), with median disease duration of 1 year. When compared to healthy control group, the DM patients had a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (34.3 vs. 6.3%; P = 0.001), as well high serum adiponectin and resistin levels, in contrast to low serum leptin levels. These adipocytokines correlated with various dyslipidemia parameters in DM patients. Additionally, DM cases with metabolic syndrome (N = 12) were older (36.7 ± 5.6 vs. 31.5 ± 8.0 years; P = 0.035) and have more disease activity index than cases without metabolic syndrome (N = 23). Nevertheless, adipocytokines distribution was similar in both groups. Conclusion. Compared to control group, Adult young female patients with DM show higher metabolic syndrome prevalence and a higher serum adiponectin and resistin levels, in contrast to lower serum leptin levels. Among the patients, the metabolic syndrome correlates positively with older age and with disease activity