Aux Antilles françaises les maternités précoces se produisent dans des proportions significatives, comparées statistiquement aux autres départements de France métropolitaine. Ces naissances ont lieu principalement dans les milieux modestes de la société et leur nombre présente une grande stabilité au fil du temps.En société créole certains éléments culturels encouragent la survenue de grossesses précoces. Aussi cette recherche explore les relations entre les habitus culturels et la survenue des maternités précoces dans l'une des organisations familiales présente aux Antilles, qualifiée de matrifocale. Dans cette famille à centration maternelle la fonction de mère se trouve au principe de l'identité féminine. La maternité précoce est alors un processus acceptable d'entrée dans la vie adulte  qui maintient le système matrifocal en homéostasie.Pour le comprendre, la recherche a eu recours à la sociologie de la famille et aux concepts de culture, d'adolescence, d'adultéité, de sexualité adolescente, ou encore d'éducation.La recherche s'est déroulée dans le département de la Guadeloupe. Après avoir rappelé le rôle, le statut et la fonction de la maternité en société Guadeloupéenne, les résultats de la recherche sont présentés à partir de la méthodologie suivante mise en œuvre : Le recueil de données concernant les jeunes filles mères, ou en voie de le devenir,  s'est fait à partir de la méthode des récits de vie traités par l'analyse structurale, complétée par la réalisation de schémas actanciels. En collèges et en lycées des jeunes ont été interviewés, d'autres ont été  sondés par questionnaire, afin de connaître leurs représentations de l'accès à l'âge adulte, et leur opinion concernant les maternités précoces. Des entretiens ont eu lieu avec les familles et les professionnels afin de saisir leurs approches.L'analyse des données révèle que certaines jeunes filles ont désiré avoir un enfant, et ont fait le nécessaire pour réaliser ce désir. D'autres jeunes filles ont rencontré la grossesse au cours de leur parcours personnel et ont décidé de la mener à terme, même si d'autres choix pouvaient être envisagés. Les entretiens avec les familles et les professionnels montrent que les résistances familiales exprimées à l'annonce de la grossesse de la jeune fille cèdent progressivement en raison de la place accordée à l'enfant en société guadeloupéenne. Par ailleurs les solidarités familiales contribuent à alléger le poids de son éducation. / In the French West Indies, early pregnancies occur in significant proportions, statistically compared to other areas in mainland France. These births mainly take place in low-income families and their number has been steady over time.In the Creole society, some cultural elements lead to teen pregnancies. Therefore, this research delves into the relationship between cultural habits and the appearance of early pregnancies in one of the mother-centered family structures in the Caribbean society, named matrifocal. In that kind of family structure focused on motherhood, the mother's function is the female identity.Early motherhood is then an acceptable process of entering adulthood and to keep the homeostasis of the matrifocal system.In order to understand the process, the research has used the sociology of the family and the concepts of culture, teenage, adulthood, teenage sexuality or education.The study was conducted in the French department of Guadeloupe.After reviewing the role, status and function of motherhood in the Guadeloupean society, the results of this research are presented from the following methodology implementation: the data collection as regards young mothers, or about to become mothers, was made thanks to the life history method receiving structural analysis, completed with actancial diagrams.In middle and high schools, young people were interviewed; some were probed by questionnaire, in order to know their representation of the access to adulthood and their opinions on early pregnancy.Interviews were held with families and professionals in order to comprehend their approach.The data analysis revealed that some girls wanted to have a child and have taken steps to fulfil this desire.Other girls got pregnant during their personal history and decided to carry it out to term, even if other options could have been considered.Interviews with the families and professionals revealed that the resistance expressed by the families when they were announced the pregnancy, gradually gave way because of the importance given to children in the Guadeloupean society.Moreover, family solidarity contributes to relieving the burden of education.

Master in Public Health -MPH / In secondary schools in Tanzania, teachers are selected to take on the role of guidance and counselling in addition to their teaching duties. They are expected to be key players in supporting school youth to develop responsible sexual behaviour to avoid HIV/AIDS infections. However, it was unknown to what extent they fulfil this role or are willing and able to do so. The PASHA (Prevention and Awareness in Schools of HIV/AIDS) project has trained counsellors in the Tanga region of Tanzania on sexual reproductive health (SRH) and counselling skills. This study aimed to establish the effect of the training that was provided by PASHA on the knowledge and attitudes of school counsellors regarding HIV/AIDS. The research was conducted as a quantitative, observational KA (knowledge, attitude) study in 57 schools (37 or 32 % of the intervention schools, 20 non-intervention schools) in Tanga region, using questionnaires to compare the knowledge and attitudes of trained counsellors with those of untrained counsellorstowards HIV/AIDS, sexuality and reproductive rights of their students. Questionnaires were pre-tested and then administered face-to-face over a four week period in 2007. Eighty five counsellors were interviewed, 56 of these had received in-service training as counsellors, while 29 had not received any training by PASHA. / South Africa

Sexuality education in public schools in the United States excludes a large population of students. These exclusions are due to a long history of legal and economic battles, as well as the politicized nature of adolescent sexuality. This critical interpretive inquiry explored the long history of sexuality education through the lens of economics, law, and psychological paradigms and examined the way in which each of these lenses furthered the exclusion of nonheterosexual males in curricula. Using a framework comprised of critical feminist theory, critical pedagogy, and queer theory, this manuscript provides an understanding of the social structures of sexuality education and how they continue to marginalize students labeled as “other.” Using critical discourse analysis, this study reviewed legal and political documents, state and private curricula, and works in the sociology and psychology fields. The outcomes of interpretive research do not lend themselves to specific answers, but to a greater understanding of the experience of marginalized individuals and the structures in place that keep this experience intact. Through a critical review of current programming initiatives, recommendations are made to continue moving toward a more gender- and identity-inclusive sexuality education curriculum. These recommendations, which are grounded in current legal and economic requirements, include teacher certification requirements, implementation of the Advocates for Youth 3Rs curriculum, utilization of a rights-based approach to program design, and adoption of national sexuality education by the Department of Health and Human Services, rather than by the Department of Education.

The United States has the highest teen pregnancy and adolescent STD rates of any industrialized nation. Numerous factors are involved in adolescent sexual decision-making and the social-ecological framework suggests that there are multiple levels of influence on adolescent development, including familial. Utilizing survey data from the Virginia Abstinence Education Initiative (VAEI), this project specifically explores paternal influences on adolescent sexual behavior and beliefs by examining paternal residence in the home, perceived paternal figure sexual beliefs, and father-child relationship factors. Results indicate that paternal figures influence their daughters' and sons' sexual behaviors as well as beliefs. Differences in paternal figure influence across gender were found as well. Those endeavoring to develop more effective teen pregnancy prevention and abstinence education programs may consider the involvement of paternal figures in future efforts.

Magister Public Health - MPH (Public Health) / Teenage pregnancy remains a complex issue globally. According to the World Health Organisation (2014), the average global birth rate of girls aged 15-19 years was 49 per 1000 births reported globally. In South Africa, the general household survey conducted in 2014 revealed that 5.6% of females 14-19 years were reported to have been pregnant in 2013, with teenage pregnancy increasing by age from 0.8% for the age group of 14 years to 11.9% for teenagers aged 19 years. In South Africa, a range of health policies and programs exist to address teenage pregnancy, including school-based sex education, peer education programmes, adolescent friendly clinic initiatives and mass media interventions. Despite such initiatives, the number of teenagers becoming pregnant remains high. Teenage pregnancy reported in Mangaung district is 7%, which is three times more than the provincial target of 2% for teenage pregnancy. This research therefore aimed to explore the reasons behind teenage pregnancy in Heidedal, Mangaung District, Free State Province, South Africa. Two in- depth interviews were conducted, one with twelve teenage mothers and the other with four key informants who were selected based on insight and experience they possess in working with teenagers. The key informants suitable for the study included a nurse, life orientation teacher, ward councillor and a counsellor working for a non-governmental organization that supports the implementation of youth programmes in the health facility. Thematic analysis was used to analyse data and key themes, afterwards concepts were interpreted so that explanations could be constructed to answer the research aim and objectives. The study aimed to contribute to understanding reasons behind the high teenage pregnancy rates in Mangaung District. This information will be useful to policy makers in developing policies and strategies that will address factors identified to be influencing teenage pregnancy.

Sexually Explicit Internet Movies (SEIM) have emerged as a frequently accessed sexual resource by youth; however, SEIM’s potential influences on youth’s sexual health remains an understudied area. This study aimed to develop crucial insight into what youth perceive to be SEIM consumption’s sexual health influences. Employing an exploratory, constructivist grounded-theory approach, data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Three main findings emerged from the data analysis: 1) Youth experienced SEIM consumption as having interconnected negative and positive sexual health influences; 2) SEIM were utilized by youth as a means to explore both their individual sexual self and the subject of sexuality; 3) Youth perceived SEIM consumption differently in the contexts of individual sexual health versus sexual health promotion. Youth’s perceptions suggest that it would be beneficial to enact more holistic, sex-positive approaches to sexual health promotion, and support the utility of creating alternative, lived experience-based discourses about youth sexual health.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-22T13:14:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Angelica Vonk.pdf: 7038536 bytes, checksum: 3dde7a6204bdd86dd1cbf1c73a165538 (MD5) license.txt: 1914 bytes, checksum: 7d48279ffeed55da8dfe2f8e81f3b81f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Fernandes Figueira. Departamento de Ensino. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e da Mulher. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / Este estudo analisou as experiências de adolescentes escolares do Município de Silva Jardim, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, no que se refere à vida afetivo-sexual, à reprodução e aos cuidados com a saúde sexual e reprodutiva. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 200 escolares de ambos os sexos, de quatro escolas públicas, com idades de 15 a 19 anos. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário estruturado, que continha questões sociodemográficas e familiares, além de perguntas sobre a vida afetiva, o início da vida sexual, as práticas contraceptivas, as experiências reprodutivas, os conhecimentos e cuidados com a saúde sexual e reprodutiva. A análise estatística foi realizada através do teste de qui-quadrado (X²), tendo sido aplicada a correção de Yates, quando necessário. O nível de significância do estudo foi de 5%. Utilizou-se o programa de Epi-info 3.58 para entrada e análise dos dados. Resultados: A média de idade foi de 16,6 anos para o total da amostra. A escolarização das meninas foi maior que a dos meninos (p= 0,008). A maioria dos adolescentes vivia com os pais. Os homens adolescentes possuíam mais atividades remuneradas (p=0,0003). Cerca de um quarto das meninas e um terço dos homens tiveram experiência sexual, sendo que, para elas, a primeira relação sexual ocorreu entre 15 e 19 anos; para eles, entre 12 a 14 anos (p=0,014). A maioria dos homens iniciou-se sexualmente com parceiros de 12 a 19 anos e em relações fugazes, enquanto as mulheres tiveram a primeira experiência sexual com parceiros mais velhos (p<0,0001) e namorados (p=0,006). As meninas receberam mais informações do que os meninos sobre relações sexuais (p=0,029) e como evitar gravidez (p= 0,001) antes da primeira relação sexual. Além disso, elas é que mais conversaram com parceiros na ocasião da iniciação sexual (p= 0,015) e também são elas que mais conversam atualmente (p=0,002) sobre prevenção de gravidez. Mais de 80% dos jovens disseram ter usado métodos anticoncepcionais na primeira relação sexual, e 90% fazem contracepção atualmente. As fontes de informações sobre sexualidade, gravidez e contracepção foram principalmente os pais. A farmácia foi o principal local de aquisição dos métodos contraceptivos, para os dois grupos.). As informações sobre doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DST) provêm principalmente da escola. O HIV/AIDS, a DST mais conhecida (88,5%), e o conhecimento do preservativo como meio para evitá-la foi praticamente universal (95,5%). Conclusão: Ao compararmos os resultados deste estudo, realizado com escolares de Silva Jardim, com aqueles de outras pesquisas, realizados com escolares de grandes centros urbanos ou com populações que incluem jovens fora da escola, vemos aproximações e distanciamentos entre suas experiências que não podem ser explicados linearmente. Para uma compreensão abrangente dessas experiências e do que elas têm de singularidade, e seus aspectos mais generalizáveis, é necessário observar como se articulam fatores relacionados ao contexto sociocultural e institucional de pequenos municípios, questões de gênero e o diferencial da escolaridade. / This study examined the experiences of adolescent students in the Municipality of Silva Jardim, State of Rio de Janeiro, in relation to affective and sexual life, reproduction and care for the sexual and reproductive health. Method: This is a cross-sectional study among 200 schoolchildren of both sexes in the age of 15 to 19 years from four public schools. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire that contained socio demographic questions, questions about their family and affective life, the start of their sexual activity, their contraceptive practices, their reproductive experiences and finally questions about their knowledge and care with sexual and reproductive health. Statistical analysis was performed using the chisquare (X ²), with Yates correction applied if necessary. The level of significance of the study was 5%. We used the program Epi-info 3.58 for data entry and data analysis. Results: The mean age of the total sample was 16.6 years. The school attendance rate of girls was higher than that of boys (p = 0.008). The majority of adolescents lived with their parents. Adolescent boys had more economic activities (p = 0.0003). About a quarter of girls and a third of the boys had sexual experience. The girls had their first sexual experience between 15 and 19 years whereas the boys had theirs between 12 to 14 years (p = 0.014). Most boys began sexual relations with partners from 12 to 19 years that were not their girlfriend (one night stands), while the girls had their first sexual experience with older partners (p <0.0001) and with their boyfriends (p = 0.006). The girls received more information about sex than boys (p = 0.029) and how to avoid pregnancy (p = 0.001), before their first sexual intercourse. Moreover girls discuss more with partners at the time of sexual initiation (p = 0.015) and continue to discuss more about pregnancy prevention (p = 0.002). Over 80% of the adolescents said they had used contraceptives at first intercourse and currently 90% uses contraceptives. For both boys and girls parents were the principal source of information about sexuality, pregnancy and contraception and contraceptive methods were principally purchased in the pharmacy. Information about sexually transmitted diseases (STD) stems mainly from the school. HIV / AIDS is the best known STD (88.5%) and knowledge of condoms as a way to avoid it was nearly universal (95.5%). Conclusion: When comparing the results of this study with students from Silva Jardim to those of other studies with students from large urban areas or samples that include youth school dropouts, we see similarities and differences between their experiences that can not be explained linearly. For a comprehensive understanding of these experiences – what aspects are particular and what aspects can be more generalized – it is necessary to observe how these aspects are related to socio cultural and institutional small towns, and the gender gap in schooling.

Child marriage, usually regarded as an issue pertaining to the non-‘developed’ parts of the world, can still be found in the United States (US), though efforts to combat it shape foreign policy goals. Is child marriage represented as a ‘problem’ in the same way internally as externally, and how do human rights play a role? Using Bacchi’s “What’s the Problem Represented to be?” approach, the problem representations emerge, showing that child marriage functions as a ‘solution’ to welfare ‘problems’ in national policy, as an obstacle to economic prosperity in foreign policy; and as a ‘foreign’ culture ‘problem’ in immigration policy. Postcolonial feminist theory’s “Third World Girl” allows for a deeper understanding of some of the subjectivities these representations entail, and the biopolitical nature of the assumptions which underlie these problem representations are explored through Foucault’s theoretical work on sexuality and production.

This study explores factors that influence the sexual attitudes and behaviors of adolescents specifically through an examination of social constructs that measure sexual beliefs and attitudes of adolescents and the relationships between race and gender and sexual beliefs and attitudes. As the U.S. has maintained one of the highest rates of unplanned teen pregnancy and births among industrialized nations, schools and community groups have struggled to combat teen pregnancy and worked toward designing effective prevention programs. Through an emphasis either on abstinence or safe sex practices, these programs strive to influence adolescents' sexual behavior. However, studies and reports reveal a paucity of research that examines adolescents' attitudes and beliefs of sexual behavior, especially for cultural- and gender- specific groups of adolescents. Drawing from social constructionist theory and multiracial and radical feminist theoretical frameworks, this study utilizes Virginia Abstinence Education Initiative (VAEI) data from surveys administered to adolescents measuring sexual attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. This study examines race and gender differences among the participants with regard to beliefs and attitudes about sexual behavior. The goal is to both better understand race and gender influences on adolescents' sexual beliefs and attitudes and to provide information to those who are in the position to develop more successful and effective teen pregnancy prevention programs. Consistent with existing literature, findings indicate gender-based differences regarding sexual beliefs and attitudes and minimal race-based differences in this analysis. An intersectional analysis further suggests that although female adolescents across race held similar beliefs and attitudes regarding sexuality, there were differences across race among male adolescents.

No description available.