The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze George McGovern's rhetorical strategies during the three-week period known as the "Eagleton Affair." First, the thesis describes the communications related to the selection of Thomas Eagleton as McGovern's running mate in 1972. Second, it analyzes the communications related to the disclosure of Eagleton's past medical history. Third, it explains McGovern's vacillating rhetorical strategies and the communications which led to Eagleton's withdrawal from the Democratic ticket. The results of this study show that McGovern's rhetoric reflected indecisiveness, inconsistency, and impulsiveness. The rhetorical errors greatly damaged his credibility as a serious presidential contender.

Pesquisa de teoria literária sobre o romance Em busca do tempo perdido, de Marcel Proust. Tem como objetivo refletir sobre a unidade do romance Em busca do tempo perdido, por meio de uma análise da personagem de Charles Swann. Este trabalho principia pelo levantamento do projeto global do ciclo romanesco, a partir de um trecho d´A Prisioneira em que o narrador-protagonista estabelece dois tipos de unidade para a obra de arte: uma lógica e outra vital. O segundo capítulo expõe as dificuldades que esse projeto coloca: como criar uma obra artística que seja viva e aberta, ao mesmo tempo que coesa e íntegra? A resposta é encontrada nos vasos comunicantes, nas transversalidades capazes de dar ao ciclo romanesco, não uma unidade lógica, mas vital. O terceiro capítulo analisa um dos nós, um dos pontos para o qual convergem essas transversalidades: a personagem de Charles Swann. Por meio da reconstituição desta personagem, são discutidos aqui alguns temas importantes para o romance: a formação do artista, assim como a relação entre a arte e a vida. Vemos em seguida que, em contraponto a Swann, cuja trajetória é vista como uma vocação artística frustrada, a expressão do romance proustiano busca condensar as experiências de um indivíduo para se tornar escritor. Finalmente, o excerto reflete sobre o caráter realista do romance: tendo por base um ensaio de Antonio Candido, \"Realismo (via Marcel Proust)\", e levando em conta um acontecimento-chave para o escritor francês, analisamos aqui o papel desempenhado pelo caso Dreyfus na narrativa. A hipótese mais geral desta pesquisa é a de que certos temas, representados pela personagem do diletante Charles Swann e por seu engajamento no caso Dreyfus, tornam difícil o acabamento do romance e lhe dão uma forma crítica, polêmica, viva. Esta não retira sua unidade da perspectiva de um artista profissional, cujo ofício participa da divisão do trabalho e do conhecimento de nossa sociedade; mas vincula-se à percepção de um diletante, cujo ponto de vista conserva algo de maravilhoso e mágico para as criações artísticas, como se a arte oferecesse mais do que obras e fosse capaz de ensinar a ler a vida. Lembramos neste sentido que a narrativa proustiana, desde seu começo até seu final, acompanha o ponto de vista não de um artista formado, mas de um apaixonado pelo universo artístico: o protagonista que deseja criar uma obra de arte e a imagina capaz de organizar a vida à imagem de sua complexidade. / A literary theory research on Marcel Proust´s novel In Search of Lost Time. The objective is to discuss the unity of Proust´s novel through an analysis of Charles Swann´s character. The first chapter of this work is a survey of the novel\'s global project, taking a passage of The Captive as a starting point, where the novel\'s narrator identifies two kinds of unity for the work of art, a logical one and a vital one. We remind then some difficulties that this project brings along with it: how can we create a work of art which is open and live, as well as coherent and complete? The answer is found in the communicant vases, in the transversalities able to provide the novel with a vital unity, not a logical one. In the third chapter, we analyse one of the points into which these transversalities converge: Charles Swann´s character. By a reconstitution of this character, we discuss certain important motifs of Proust´s novel: the education of the artist, as well as the relationship between art and life. In comparison with Swann, who represents a frustrated artist, we recognize that Proust´s literary expression seeks to condense someone\'s experiences to become a writer in the actual society. Finally, in the last part, we study the realistic aspects of the novel, based on Candido´s essay, \"Realism (according to Proust)\", and, taking into account an important political experience for the writer, we review the role of Dreyfus\'s Affair in the narrative. The general hypothesis of this research is that some themes, represented by Charles Swann´s diletantisme and his political engagement at the Affair, make it difficult to finish the novel and also give it a critical, polemical and live form. This form does not take its unity from a professional artist´s perspective, which participates in the division of the work and knowledge of our society, but from the dilettante condition, which point of view preserves something magical and wonderful for the artistic creations, as if art could give more than artworks and teach to read life. In this sense, we remind that Proust´s novel follows the point of view of a passionate for arts rather than a professional writer: the hero who wants to create a work of art and who believes it capable to organize the world at its complexity.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:21:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thais Schwetter.pdf: 242497 bytes, checksum: 70f76af7eb4abc57a2c2029928a7d88c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-26 / The presented project has the objective to identify the social representations of affectionate relationships between teenagers. Observing some elements of the contemporary society, of which the act of consuming, the high-technology and the power of the media are its main characteristics, the teenagers make their performance of a passionate attachment, a romantic relation without any compromise or even about a marriage. The empirical research through the interview of twenty-six teenagers. Their ages varied between fifteen and seventeen years old, of both type of sex and they were attending school according to the Brazilian system of education in private schools. The analysis of the data was gotten by the reading of the same ones through the program of analysis about the literal data ALCESTE (Analyse Lexicale par Context d um Ensemble de Segments de Text), comprehending two levels of analysis: identification about the common side of the social representation and about the position of the participants facing the common side of the social representation. The results evidenced significant differences about the perceptions of the represented object between participants related to the masculine and feminine sex and still more between younger and older teenagers. For the girls the act of ficar , comes out as a nonsense practice but they agree of being an important way to start a love relationship which may occur with or without sexual relations, not being accepted during the ficar . The boys search for ficar instead of dating, looking for ephemera relations since, according to them, they are not interested in serious compromises being a love affair postponed to the future. Both ficar and a dating may preferable include sexual relations. As for the marriage, boys and girls create their representations in such a similar thought as a practice for the future, after achieving their academic and professional target. / Este trabalho procura identificar as representações sociais das relações amorosas em adolescentes. A partir da constituição de processos identitários contextualizados no mundo contemporâneo, cuja influência delineia-se sob o prisma do consumismo, da tecnologia e da força midiática, os adolescentes constroem suas representações do namoro, da variante deste o ficar e do casamento. A pesquisa empírica procedeu-se através de entrevistas semidiretivas individuais em um grupo de 26 adolescentes, situados na faixa etária entre quinze e dezessete anos, de ambos os sexos, que cursam o ensino médio em escola da rede particular de ensino. A análise dos dados foi obtida através da leitura dos mesmos pelo programa de análise de dados textuais ALCESTE (Analyse Lexicale par Context d um Ensemble de Segments de Texte), incluindo dois níveis de análise: identificação do campo comum das representações sociais e da posição dos participantes face ao campo comum das representações sociais. Os resultados evidenciaram significativas diferenças nas percepções do objeto representado entre os participantes dos sexos masculino e feminino e ainda no que concernem às representações elaboradas pelos adolescentes mais jovens e mais velhos. Para as meninas o ficar aparece como uma prática evasiva e sem sentido, mas concordam que é um importante caminho para iniciar o namoro, que pode ocorrer com ou sem relações sexuais, o que não é admitido no ficar. Os meninos buscam o ficar em detrimento ao namoro, almejam uma relação passageira, fortuita, pois, no discurso deles, não se interessam por compromissos sérios, ficando o namoro, adiado para o futuro. Tanto o ficar como o namoro, para os meninos, devem ocorrer preferencialmente com relações sexuais. Quanto ao casamento, meninos e meninas tecem suas representações de maneira muito semelhante, como uma prática que desejam para o futuro, após terem atingido os objetivos acadêmicos e profissionais.

Kaohsiung is transforming from a city of heavy industries into one of service industries, the rate of unemployment and adjustment of industry structure are becoming the real challenges for local development. During WTO and the 2009 World Games, moreover, Kaohsiung is expected to rise to the challenge of risks. Meanwhile, demand of citizens in Kaohsiung are not fully corresponded to public policies made by central government, and most of the people don¡¦t care as much as should local affairs because of lack of effective communications between public and private sectors. Therefore, in city marketing efforts, it would be more important to encourage participation and integrate multiple sectors¡¦ opinions as ¡§internal marketing¡¨ rather than just trying to attract businesses to the city. An integrated public affair management(PAM) framework(Wang et al., 2003)is adopted to describe situations in the pluralistic societies. Then we introduce the Cognitive Continuum Theory(CCT) adopted by Hammond et al., (1987) and Interactive Management (IM) technique developed by Warfield (1994). Results of studies are: 1) the problems of Kaohsiung¡¦s local development on structure of industry, human resource and port of Kaohsiung, 2) in the CCT studies there exist quite a few differences of cognition and modes of cognition presented tend to ¡§intuition¡¨ or ¡§analysis¡¨ between limited information, and 3) the IM analysis include competitive strategies for Kaohsiung¡¦s local development and an problematique diagram to demonstrate the structure of strategies. The conclusion is that, although there exist diversities of opinions among multiple stakeholders in Kaohsiung, they can be quite effectively addressed with the IM technique. Methods and results introduced and used here should be of value to relevant agencies about public forum and citizen conference.

This research is in accordance with ¡§The Integrating Reference Frame of Public Affair Management¡]PAM¡^¡¨ to demonstrate ¡§The policy of the recognition of educational qualifications from Mainland Area¡¨ and apply Moore ¡¦s V.C.S., the triangle strategic analysis in Value, Capacity and Support addressed in 1995, in searching for the reference variables in value, capability and support while making policy and explain the different comprehensions among each policy-maker by the mold of Social Judgment Theory, SJT, engaging in the questionnaires of SJT and proposing the policy modification after comparing with general questionnaires to enhance the acceptance of the policy of the recognition of educational qualifications from Mainland Area. In Sept 1982, the Ministry of Education engaged in drafting ¡§The Method of the Examination and Recognition of Educational Qualifications from Mainland China¡¨ in accordance with ¡§Act Governing Relations between Peoples of The Taiwan Area and The Mainland Area¡¨ and released and administered the method in Oct 1997. However, next two years, this method was redressed from Control Yuan and put off the administration till now. Nevertheless, in more than one decade, cross-Straits policy and conditions, including international, politics, economy and society, has been changed a lot; the policy of the recognition of educational qualifications from Mainland area has been craved and even explored the avenue of judicatory relief without hesitation. The case of administrative lawsuit of ¡§the recognition of educational qualifications from Mainland area¡¨ filed by Cheng Shi-Chi, Mainland spouse, in May 2006 can be a good example. For this public policy of ¡§The Recognition of Educational Qualifications from Mainland China¡¨, the mode of policy-making what government considers seems closely bound up with the controversy of cross-Straits policy in Taiwan in these years. Its policy making is still being affected by the governing party and gets bogged down in the mud of dispute about nation independence and consolidation and becomes the clincher of social cognitive dispute in Taiwan. For solving such political predicament, the government must implement the perestroika on policy to decrease political factors in policy making. And for responding the intension of public policy which is under diversified society with various points of view, this text shall delve the related factors of policy in depth from the aspects of economy, society, politics and government to strengthen the systematic intension evaluated by public policy and refer this policy dilemma to the tactical issue. With using the V.C.S. tactical analysis to obtain the variables in the strategic decision and applying Social Judgment Theory in the individuals¡¦ cognition for the policy of recognition of educational qualifications from Mainland area and expect to reconcile the conflict of policy by clarifying the differences of cognition. To sum up, the research can be summarized as following four points. I. Most of people who took the questionnaires all think that the more policy formulation matching with the people's demand and considering the impact on education, the more the policy of "The Recognition of Educational Qualifications from Mainland China" shall be acceptable II. Most of people who took the questionnaires all think that the more policy formulation on considering the impact on the aspect of national security, the more the policy of "Recognition of Educational Qualifications from Mainland China" shall be unacceptable. III. With the three variables of policy-making, the students and parents from southern and northern Taiwan have different comprehensions for the policy of "Recognition of Educational Qualifications from Mainland China". IV. Most of people who agree at the recognition of educational qualifications from Mainland area are pre-engaging regarding the policy of "The Recognition of Educational Qualifications from Mainland Area" as the issue of people's demand; therefore, students' options for the location of studying overseas should be much respected. And those who disagree are pre-engaging regarding that policy as the issue of national security; the evaluation of impact on our intelligence security should be much taken account of while policy making. The solution should be setting off in social aspect to let people self-determine to comprehend the public affairs and build up a public sphere arising from the mechanism of liberty and equality. Per the mold that the public join the policy making with rational thinking and debating and integrating the individuals¡¦ different recognitions, making a common consensus in group and affecting the government in measure of administration to get the public value of policy back must be able to decrease the conflict in society and advance the development of society in harmony.

This study examines the responses of European intellectuals since the 1880s to an increasingly virulent and organized anti-Semitism in Europe, and the ways in which they sought to understand the character and origins of the hatred, and to fathom and work out the problems, terms and possibilities for Jewish identity. Focusing on the French figures Bernard Lazare and Marcel Proust from the time of the Dreyfus Affair and then on the Frankfurt School of social theory and Hannah Arendt from the period around and after the Second World War, the thesis argues that these thinkers created a common historical-psychological discourse on anti-Semitism, which attempted to confront, comprehend and explain the historically critical issues of anti-Semitism and Jewish identity. The study explores the discourse’s fundamental assumptions, insights, and arguments regarding the origins, character, and magnitude of anti-Semitism. It also analyzes its contentions concerning the contradictions, sources, and alternatives for Jewish identity. But, more, it claims that, despite their frequent perceptiveness, these figures’ interpretations of the two concerns proved limited, deficient, even deeply flawed. The thesis seeks to show that its intellectuals’ attempt to understand the twin issues was hence a failure to grasp and interpret them adequately, and to resolve them. It contends further that what impaired the authors’ engagements with anti-Semitism and Jewish selfhood were ideas that were fundamental to their thinking. These intellectual factors, moreover, connected the figures solidly to important historical contexts that they inhabited, thereby implicating the significant settings in the epistemological errors and defeats. These momentous ideas thus operated as both contextualizing and destructive forces—linking the intellectuals to their home contexts and transforming their understanding of their historic problematic into a misunderstanding. / Thesis (Ph.D, History) -- Queen's University, 2009-04-16 08:34:25.821

This thesis examines Anglo-French perceptions of power within the context of the rise of the United States of America. It uses several overlapping events falling within a moment at the end of the nineteenth century (1898-1899) - the Spanish-American War, the Dreyfus Affair and the Fashoda crisis - to explore various British and French actors' perceptions of national power, decline, and international competition. It draws heavily on diplomatic material, but its methodology is primarily cultural. It examines ways in which various cultural assumptions affected perceptions of power and global events. It takes a particular interest in the relationship between ideas about gender and dimensions of national power. It focuses on contemporary preoccupations and assumptions, whether spoken or unspoken, and argues that they could prove determinative. External realities were refracted into perceptions that in turn drove prescriptions and policy. The thesis juxtaposes perspectives from multiple states, thereby contextualizing or comparing British, French and occasionally American preoccupations with those of their transatlantic contemporaries. It draws upon archival sources which previously have been under-examined or approached from different perspectives and research priorities. Its exploration of the cultural dimensions of thought about national power and success is grounded in an awareness of the analysis and actions of certain diplomats and politicians involved in the more practical business of international affairs. Conversely, diplomatic and other records are situated within their cultural milieu, to better understand the context in which views about the international order were shaped. The thesis necessarily makes excursions into the history of emotions, since its actors' political analyses at times appear entangled and aligned with their emotional responses. The thesis therefore serves as an example of an international history that integrates diplomatic with cultural and emotional elements and demonstrates their mutual illumination.

Pesquisa de teoria literária sobre o romance Em busca do tempo perdido, de Marcel Proust. Tem como objetivo refletir sobre a unidade do romance Em busca do tempo perdido, por meio de uma análise da personagem de Charles Swann. Este trabalho principia pelo levantamento do projeto global do ciclo romanesco, a partir de um trecho d´A Prisioneira em que o narrador-protagonista estabelece dois tipos de unidade para a obra de arte: uma lógica e outra vital. O segundo capítulo expõe as dificuldades que esse projeto coloca: como criar uma obra artística que seja viva e aberta, ao mesmo tempo que coesa e íntegra? A resposta é encontrada nos vasos comunicantes, nas transversalidades capazes de dar ao ciclo romanesco, não uma unidade lógica, mas vital. O terceiro capítulo analisa um dos nós, um dos pontos para o qual convergem essas transversalidades: a personagem de Charles Swann. Por meio da reconstituição desta personagem, são discutidos aqui alguns temas importantes para o romance: a formação do artista, assim como a relação entre a arte e a vida. Vemos em seguida que, em contraponto a Swann, cuja trajetória é vista como uma vocação artística frustrada, a expressão do romance proustiano busca condensar as experiências de um indivíduo para se tornar escritor. Finalmente, o excerto reflete sobre o caráter realista do romance: tendo por base um ensaio de Antonio Candido, \"Realismo (via Marcel Proust)\", e levando em conta um acontecimento-chave para o escritor francês, analisamos aqui o papel desempenhado pelo caso Dreyfus na narrativa. A hipótese mais geral desta pesquisa é a de que certos temas, representados pela personagem do diletante Charles Swann e por seu engajamento no caso Dreyfus, tornam difícil o acabamento do romance e lhe dão uma forma crítica, polêmica, viva. Esta não retira sua unidade da perspectiva de um artista profissional, cujo ofício participa da divisão do trabalho e do conhecimento de nossa sociedade; mas vincula-se à percepção de um diletante, cujo ponto de vista conserva algo de maravilhoso e mágico para as criações artísticas, como se a arte oferecesse mais do que obras e fosse capaz de ensinar a ler a vida. Lembramos neste sentido que a narrativa proustiana, desde seu começo até seu final, acompanha o ponto de vista não de um artista formado, mas de um apaixonado pelo universo artístico: o protagonista que deseja criar uma obra de arte e a imagina capaz de organizar a vida à imagem de sua complexidade. / A literary theory research on Marcel Proust´s novel In Search of Lost Time. The objective is to discuss the unity of Proust´s novel through an analysis of Charles Swann´s character. The first chapter of this work is a survey of the novel\'s global project, taking a passage of The Captive as a starting point, where the novel\'s narrator identifies two kinds of unity for the work of art, a logical one and a vital one. We remind then some difficulties that this project brings along with it: how can we create a work of art which is open and live, as well as coherent and complete? The answer is found in the communicant vases, in the transversalities able to provide the novel with a vital unity, not a logical one. In the third chapter, we analyse one of the points into which these transversalities converge: Charles Swann´s character. By a reconstitution of this character, we discuss certain important motifs of Proust´s novel: the education of the artist, as well as the relationship between art and life. In comparison with Swann, who represents a frustrated artist, we recognize that Proust´s literary expression seeks to condense someone\'s experiences to become a writer in the actual society. Finally, in the last part, we study the realistic aspects of the novel, based on Candido´s essay, \"Realism (according to Proust)\", and, taking into account an important political experience for the writer, we review the role of Dreyfus\'s Affair in the narrative. The general hypothesis of this research is that some themes, represented by Charles Swann´s diletantisme and his political engagement at the Affair, make it difficult to finish the novel and also give it a critical, polemical and live form. This form does not take its unity from a professional artist´s perspective, which participates in the division of the work and knowledge of our society, but from the dilettante condition, which point of view preserves something magical and wonderful for the artistic creations, as if art could give more than artworks and teach to read life. In this sense, we remind that Proust´s novel follows the point of view of a passionate for arts rather than a professional writer: the hero who wants to create a work of art and who believes it capable to organize the world at its complexity.

L’intensité de la crise nouée autour de l’affaire Dreyfus n’est plus à démontrer. La presse y joue un rôle majeur. Les caricaturistes, en particulier, alimentent de leurs images les quotidiens et périodiques, des ouvrages, cartes postales et affiches. La palette des styles est large. Lorsqu’ils vont au-delà de l’hésitation – moment très court pour certains –, ils placent souvent leurs contributions dans un engagement construit, entre attaques et ripostes. Quand certains restent indécis ou indifférents, d’autres prennent le parti d’en rire. On constate aussi des pratiques de duplicité. À une époque d’âge d’or de la presse, l’iconographie de l’affaire Dreyfus se déploie dans de très nombreux journaux. Interrogées depuis les préludes de l’Affaire, les images donnent à voir une société tourmentée par la défaite de 1870, un patriotisme parfois nourri d’un esprit de revanche, une République trentenaire instable. Elles révèlent aussi la montée très démonstrative de l’antisémitisme et d’un nationalisme à multiples facettes, revigoré par la crise, qui fourbit ses armes contre le régime. Cette thèse examine en priorité le parcours des imagiers, afin d’apprécier l’impact de l’Affaire sur leur art. En second, elle explore comment ont évolué les figurations d’acteurs importants de l’Affaire, en particulier Émile Zola, Joseph Reinach et Henri Rochefort. / The intensity of the crisis brought about by the Dreyfus affair is a proven fact. The press plays a major role. Caricaturists, in particular, contribute their images to daily and periodical publications, books, postcards and posters. The range of styles is wide. After some hesitation – which can be very short - their contributions are constructed engagements of either attack or defence. While some are undecided or indifferent, others resort to humour. We can also see elements of duplicity. At a golden era for the press, iconography of the Dreyfus affair can be seen in numerous newspapers. The images, which have been analysed since the first signs of the Affair, show a society tormented by the defeat of 1870, a patriotism sometimes sustained by a spirit of revenge and an unstable thirty-year old Republic. They also illustrate the extremely demonstrative increase in anti-Semitism and in a multifaceted nationalism ; reinvigorated by a crisis polishing up its arms against the regime. This thesis studies, first and foremost, the careers of the caricaturists in order to appreciate the impact of the Affair on their art. Secondly, it explores the evolution of the presentation of major actors in the Affair; in particular Émile Zola, Joseph Reinach and Henri Rochefort.

Cette thèse a pour objet d’étudier le rapport entre la réalité objective des femmes au XIXe siècle et la représentation qu’en donne Octave Mirbeau dans ses œuvres romanesques et théâtrales. L’analyse se divise en trois parties, qui étudient le sujet en partant des aspects les plus concrets de l’écriture de Mirbeau et en allant vers les plus allégoriques. La première partie, intitulée « la femme, entre réalisme et caricature », analyse le degré de réalisme présent dans la construction des personnages féminins, en prenant appui sur différents critères de classification (les catégories sociales, les relations au sein du couple, les transgressions). La deuxième partie, intitulée « Une entreprise de mythification ? », analyse les influences scientifiques, littéraires et philosophiques prégnantes à la fin du XIXe siècle et qui constituent le contexte culturel dans lequel baigne l’écrivain. La troisième partie, « une entreprise symbolique plaçant la femme au cœur des combats politiques de Mirbeau » est un dépassement des questions évoquées précédemment, analysant la création d’un type novateur de féminité. Le but de cette troisième partie est de montrer que la femme incarne une valeur ambivalente, tantôt symbole de la société corrompue, tantôt symbole de liberté et de résistance à cette corruption. Le monde a beaucoup changé ces dernières années et en conclusion des aspects contemporains de la pensée de Mirbeau seront abordés, ainsi que la dimension postmoderne de son univers. / The purpose of this thesis is to study the link between the feminine figure in Octave Mirbeau’s novels and plays and the whole meaning of his work (in particular its political aiming). The key question to be answered is : Is the feminine figure a mimetic representation of the objective reality of late nineteenth century women or does it have a deeper meaning ? The analysis is divided into three parts, and evolves from the most objective to the most symbolic. The first part, entitled « The woman, between realism and caricature » is aimed to analyse the degree of realism that can be found in the construction of feminine figures. In the second part, entitled « A mystification process ? », a further aim is to bring understanging to the influences (scientific, literal and philosofical) that had an impact upon most of the writers in the end of the nineteenth century and Mirbeau in particular, even though his work always remains very personal. The third part, « A symbolic construction placing the woman at the core of Mirbeau’s political fights » goes beyond the questions studied before and analyses how Mirbeau managed to create a new kind of feminity. The objective of this third part is to show that the woman embodies an ambivalente value in Mirbeau’s work, and is at the same time a symbol of the corrupted society and a symbol of freedom and resistance to this same corruption. In recent years, the world has changed a lot and the conclusion of the study is focused on the contemporary aspects of Mirbeau’s world, as well as on the postmodern dimension of his universe.