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L’affaire tend à remplacer aujourd’hui, l’organisation en tant qu’unité d’activité. Elle devient le centre du pilotage de la performance et des coûts. Dans les organisations industrielles gérées par affaire, pouvoir utiliser un système de pilotage de la performance du processus d’ingénierie d’affaires, en termes de création de valeur, est un besoin prégnant exprimé par un grand nombre d’ingénieurs d’affaires. L’apparition du terme « Pilotage » est liée à la montée en puissance du courant constructiviste qui a mis en évidence le rôle des acteurs de l’organisation dans les interprétations et les représentations qu’ils font des indicateurs de mesure. En passant du contrôle au pilotage, on bascule de paradigme, celui de la mesure à celui de l’interprétation de manière connexe et simultanée, ainsi que de la décision à l’action. Face aux limites conceptuelles, méthodologiques et temporelles des méthodes de coût actuelles, généralement rencontrées dans les organisations, pour piloter le processus de création de valeur, en suggérant de basculer d’une logique de coût à une logique de valeur, ce travail de recherche propose de substituer les méthodes de pilotage par les coûts, par un système de pilotage par la valeur. Il mobilise les approches théoriques par les ressources et les compétences, les capacités dynamiques et l’approche cognitive de la valeur dans le processus de création de valeur. La thèse que nous défendons est la suivante : la performance globale d’une affaire se pilote grâce à un indicateur unique, et comme source de création de valeur, un méta indicateur clé de performance (MKPI) qui par l’appropriation par les acteurs des éléments structurels (pilotage réflexif), transcende l’organisation et l’architecture du système de contrôle de gestion. Notre démarche empirique est constituée d’une étude de cas exploratoire suivie d’une recherche ingénierique au sein d’une entreprise industrielle du secteur aéronautique. / Today, the business affair tends to replace the organization as a unity of activity. It becomes the center of performance and costs management. In the industrial organizations managed by business affair, using a management system of the performance of engineering of business affairs, in terms of creation of value, is a pregnant need expressed by a great number of business engineers. The new term of “piloting” is linked to the rising of constructivist thinking which brings to the fore the function of the actors of the organization in the interpretation and the representation they have of the indicators measurement. To move from control to piloting, we are changing simultaneously of paradigm from measurement to interpretation, and in the meantime from decision to action. In front of conceptual, methodological and temporal limits of the actual cost methods, generally set up in the organizations to manage the process of creation of value, to balance from a cost logic to a value logic, our research suggests substituting the cost management control for the value management control. Our works are based on resources and competences theory, the dynamic capacities approach and the cognitive of value based view in the process of creation of value. The thesis defended is: the global performance of a business affair has to be managed with a single indicator and as a source of creation of value, a Meta Key Performance Indicator (MKPI), which, with the appropriation by the actors of the structural elements (reflexive piloting), transcends the organization and the architecture of the management control system. Our empirical research approach is based on an exploratory case study followed with an engineering research in an industrial firm of the aeronautical sector.

This thesis deals with the medialization of public health-threatening events associated with the methanol affair, which appeared in Czech republic in September 2012. The thesis examines the ways in which selected four national newspapers informed the public about that case. The theoretical part presents concepts through which it is possible to look at the functioning of the media - their role in society, patterns and routine ways of media production, their role in case of emergencies and crises. Analytical part first outlines the methodological basis and consequently represents the outputs of quantitative and qualitative research. The quantitative part mainly describes how much space was in the examined newspapers provided with the affair, what kind of sub-themes were most accented, how much importance was over time attributed to the affair, what the motives were displayed in the published photographs, to what extent was preserved news neutrality of published headlines. The qualitative part of the research focuses on the linguistic tools used in articles in term of neutrality, on non-verbal expression tools and in detail illustrates how the examined newspapers reported about specific events associated with the methanol affair.

Le nom d’Anatole France, l’écrivain qui fut célèbre, il y a un siècle, court le risque d’être oublié de nos jours. Fraichement nommé à l’Académie française, il a vu son nom briller pendant l’Affaire Dreyfus aux côtés de Zola et des autres dreyfusards. Il consacre Monsieur Bergeret à Paris entièrement à cette Affaire. Mais après la réhabilitation du Capitaine, lui, qu’il avait mis tant d’espoir dans cette affaire voit ses rêves s’effondrer. Nous percevons un changement après l’Affaire dans l’orientation de ses œuvres. Cette nouvelle orientation se fait ressentir surtout à partir de son roman Sur la pierre blanche dans lequel il bâtit une cité de rêve à la fin de son roman. Il devient un amoureux impénitent de l’imaginaire en quête de l’ « inconnaissable », le conteur du « merveilleux », le bâtisseur de « cité utopique ». Avec le temps et surtout vers la fin de sa carrière Il prend un ton plus amer avec une tendance contre-utopique. Il prend conscience de l’impossibilité de changer la société. Cette tendance va s’intensifier dans L'Île des pingouins et La Révolte des anges qu’on peut qualifier de contre-utopies avec des effets de Merveilleux. Pourtant il évite de prévoir une fin pour ses deux histoires dans l’espoir que peut-être les futures générations arriveront à écrire une fin heureuse pour l’histoire et l’humanité. / Anatole France, the French writer who was famous one century ago, risks to be forgotten nowadays. Freshly elected at the “Académie Française”, he saw his name shining during the Dreyfus Affair beside Zola and the other dreyfusards. The story of Monsieur Bergeret à Paris is completely dedicated to the Affair. But after the rehabilitation of the Captain Dreyfus, he, who had put so much hope in this Affair, sees his dream collapsed. After this period, we perceive a change in the orientation of his works. This new orientation is felt especially at the end of his novel Sur la Pierre Blanche in which he builds a dream city. He becomes an incorrigible lover of the imaginative world in search of the “unknownable”, a storyteller of the “magic”, the builder of an “utopian city”. Latter, especially towards the end of his career, he took a more bitter tone, a kind of “contre-utopia”. He became aware of the impossibility of changing the society. This trend is intensified in his two novels: L’Île des pingouins and La Révolte des anges which we can be qualified of “contre-utopia” with effects of magic. Nevertheless he avoid to plan the end of these two stories in hope that the future generations will manage, maybe, to write a happy end for the history and for the humanity.

Este trabalho pretende apontar algumas características da retórica epistolar presentes nas cartas trocadas entre Francisco Pinheiro, grande mercador lisboeta da primeira metade do século XVIII, e seus familiares e amigos enviados para representá-lo no trato em algumas partes da América lusa. Com o pressuposto de que os recursos presentes nas cartas cumprem um fim pragmático esperado segundo o costume retórico de longa duração, primeiramente se busca um olhar para as cartas que supere as hipóteses feitas sobre elas em sua transcrição e publicação na obra intitulada Negócios Coloniais. Assim, ao constituir os papéis novamente como ruínas de um tempo que já é morto, espera-se alcançar e delimitar a noção de negócio presente nas relações dos tratantes do Antigo Estado português. Esse exercício se espera realizado por meio de ao menos dois procedimentos: o primeiro consiste em especificar a retórica atuante no horizonte de possibilidades daqueles mercadores segundo uma genealogia do gênero epistolar; o segundo incide no papel que essa retórica cumpre associada aos códigos teológicopolíticos que permitem tal atividade ser chamada de trato. Destarte, pretende-se delinear o quanto a noção de carta, nesse contexto, auxilia na compreensão da noção de negócio, pois o que nos séculos XVII e XVIII se entende por relação de amizade baliza os parâmetros de ambas. / This work aims to point out some characteristics of epistolary rhetoric present in letters exchanged between Francisco Pinheiro, grand Lisbon merchant of the first half of the XVIIIth century, and members of his family and friends who were sent to trade in regions of Portuguese America. Through the assumption that the resources present in those letters play a pragmatic order expected in the long term of the rhetorical institution, we first searched for a look at the letter that surpasses the hypotheses made upon their transcription and publishing in the work entitled Negócios Coloniais. Therefore, whenever looking at the papers again as ruins of a time that is already dead, we expect to reach and define the notion of business shared by the tradesmen of the Old Portuguese State. We expect to accomplish this exercice through at least two procedures: the first one is to situate the active rhetoric on the horizon of possibilities of expression of those merchants within a genealogy of the epistolary genre; the second, in turn, focuses on the role of rhetoric associated to the theological-political codes that allow an activity called affair. Thus, we intend to draft how the notion of letter in this context helps to understand the concept of business, in order to show that, in XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries, what was meant as a relationship of friendship was the the goal of both.

The study locates Susurluk Affair into the legal-political theory, around an axis passing through two standpoints that defines the state either as a legal or as a political institution. Two words, Susurluk Affair refer to an accumulation of incidents and relationships that point to extra-legal activities of the state that are revealed by a traffic accident in Turkey. Susurluk Affair and similar cases of extra-legal activities of the state are frequent in modern political life, although the modern state is founded on the presumption of legal use of public authority. Susurluk Affair is discussed with reference to Max Weber&amp / #8217 / s and J&uuml / rgen Habermas&amp / #8217 / s theories of the rule of law, and Hans Kelsen&amp / #8217 / s legal positivism, both of which provide perspectives that define the state as a legal institution, and from the viewpoints of doctrine of raison d&amp / #8217 / etat and Carl Schmitt&amp / #8217 / s theories of the political and sovereignty that conceptualize the state as a political institution. Susurluk Affair can be interpreted in accordance with Weber&amp / #8217 / s, Habermas&amp / #8217 / s and Kelsen&amp / #8217 / s theoretical standpoints either as a deficiency in legitimacy or violations by certain persons, however it can be interpreted as activities for maintaining the state in the framework of the doctrine of raison d&amp / #8217 / etat. On the other hand, the Schmittian approach acknowledges extra-legal activities of the state, but Susurluk Affair cannot be interpreted as a case of deciding the exception in the Schmittian sense.

À l'aube du XIXe siècle, l'accélération de l'histoire, et la sécularisation qui s'installe, favorisent l'intégration sociale du Juif. Après 1789, il s'émancipe et devient un citoyen. Cette assimilation accompagne une intégration littéraire : le Juif devient un personnage de fiction, multipliant ses apparitions dans les œuvres françaises du XIXe siècle. Nous analyserons la manière dont les écrivains mettent à distance les stéréotypes dans l'élaboration d'un personnage judaïque, pour imaginer une profondeur littéraire et psychologique trouble et signifiante. Nous verrons en quoi ces représentations sont aussi marquées par un contexte historique particulier, comme l' Affaire Dreyfus, par exemple. Quelle influence le personnage juif a-t-il sur l'action ? A-t-il un destin ? Connaît-il l'amour ? A-t-il une identité permanente, ou est-il sensible au changement ? Le personnage juif crée une identité narrative particulière et problématique, tributaire de sa confession. Nous analyserons l'être, le faire et le dire du personnage juif, et montrerons comment la construction littéraire du personnage juif se nourrit aussi du dialogue entre texte et image. / At the dawn of the XIXth century, the acceleration of the history and the secularization which settles down, favor the social integration of the Jew. After 1789, he is emancipated and becomes a citizen. This assimilation accompanies a literary integration : the Jew becomes a fictional character, multiplying his appearances in the french works of the XIXth century. We shall analyze the way the writers put at a distance stereotypes in the elaboration of a Jewish character, to imagine a shady and significant literary and psychological depth. We shall see in what these representations are also marked by a particular historic context, as the Dreyfus affair, for example. What influences the Jewish character has on the action ? Has he a fate ? Does he know love? Has he a permanent identity, or is he sensitive to the change ? The Jewish character creates a particular and problematic narrative identity, dependent on his confession. We shall analyze the being, the making and the telling of the Jewish character, and shall show how the literary construction of the Jewish character also feeds on the dialogue between text and image.

Este trabalho pretende apontar algumas características da retórica epistolar presentes nas cartas trocadas entre Francisco Pinheiro, grande mercador lisboeta da primeira metade do século XVIII, e seus familiares e amigos enviados para representá-lo no trato em algumas partes da América lusa. Com o pressuposto de que os recursos presentes nas cartas cumprem um fim pragmático esperado segundo o costume retórico de longa duração, primeiramente se busca um olhar para as cartas que supere as hipóteses feitas sobre elas em sua transcrição e publicação na obra intitulada Negócios Coloniais. Assim, ao constituir os papéis novamente como ruínas de um tempo que já é morto, espera-se alcançar e delimitar a noção de negócio presente nas relações dos tratantes do Antigo Estado português. Esse exercício se espera realizado por meio de ao menos dois procedimentos: o primeiro consiste em especificar a retórica atuante no horizonte de possibilidades daqueles mercadores segundo uma genealogia do gênero epistolar; o segundo incide no papel que essa retórica cumpre associada aos códigos teológicopolíticos que permitem tal atividade ser chamada de trato. Destarte, pretende-se delinear o quanto a noção de carta, nesse contexto, auxilia na compreensão da noção de negócio, pois o que nos séculos XVII e XVIII se entende por relação de amizade baliza os parâmetros de ambas. / This work aims to point out some characteristics of epistolary rhetoric present in letters exchanged between Francisco Pinheiro, grand Lisbon merchant of the first half of the XVIIIth century, and members of his family and friends who were sent to trade in regions of Portuguese America. Through the assumption that the resources present in those letters play a pragmatic order expected in the long term of the rhetorical institution, we first searched for a look at the letter that surpasses the hypotheses made upon their transcription and publishing in the work entitled Negócios Coloniais. Therefore, whenever looking at the papers again as ruins of a time that is already dead, we expect to reach and define the notion of business shared by the tradesmen of the Old Portuguese State. We expect to accomplish this exercice through at least two procedures: the first one is to situate the active rhetoric on the horizon of possibilities of expression of those merchants within a genealogy of the epistolary genre; the second, in turn, focuses on the role of rhetoric associated to the theological-political codes that allow an activity called affair. Thus, we intend to draft how the notion of letter in this context helps to understand the concept of business, in order to show that, in XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries, what was meant as a relationship of friendship was the the goal of both.

During the Covid-19 vaccination in Croatia, there were inconsistencies and irregularities with the surplus vaccine and its recipients. Media coverage of the affair was extensive. The details were broadcasted in traditional media and social media. Like many other spheres of social life, the media system has progressed under the baton of technological and communication changes. The destabilisation of traditionally conducted communication required the adaptation and reshaping of all its actors. This study argues that we live in a hybrid media system, where traditional media and social media are in symbiosis (Chadwick, 2013) and are interconnected. The study aims to investigate what makes online content viral and discuss findings in a hybrid media context. The study conducts a content analysis, examining articles posted on media organisation web pages and their Facebook pages covering the vaccination affair. The variables in the analysis are based on the virality concept (taken from the field of marketing).

The aim of this thesis is to find an explanation of the obstacles to deploying Article 7 TEU measures as we see it today. This explanation will be sought in the events in this field starting from the formation of the provision, all the way up to this writing moment. The explanation will be searched for by using the research question: What in the process offorming and amending Article 7 TEU can explain the hesitancy and hardship to deploy the article today? Four hypotheses for explanations are identified; 1) Article 7 TEU is a political rather than legal provision, and is thus infiltrated with political subjectiveness rather than legal objective- ness, 2) lessons from the Haider affair have caused hesitancy, 3) adding intermediate steps and alternative procedures have weakened the nature of the provision, and 4) the nuclear notion has falsely created hesitancy to take action and oblivion of the softer mechanisms of the provision. This study concludes, that to fully understand the Article 7 TEU struggles as of today, both political implications, intermediate steps, alternative mechanisms and lessons from the Haider affair has to be taken into account. This com- plexity does then confirm the sufficiency of the explanation: Many factors has played a role in forming the hesitancy and hardship to deploy Article 7 TEU, but the intergovernmental and political nature of the provision explains why it still have not been fully implemented. This is although the scope and appli- cation of the provision fully fits the problems of democratic backsliding, that permeates some of the member states of the EU.