Ainda pouco conhecida e estudada, a pintura retabular O Juízo Final e a Missa de São Gregório é uma das raras obras tardo-medievais existentes no Brasil, fazendo parte do acervo do Museu de Arte de São Paulo (MASP). Essa obra foi produzida em Valência para ser o painel central de uma abadia na Borgonha, França. Apesar da excelente oportunidade de estudos que ela apresenta para os historiadores da arte medieval, ela não fora até agora objeto de pesquisas detalhadas. O nosso objetivo, portanto, é analisar tal peça, atentando-nos particularmente aos diversos elementos que nela remetem à Eucaristia, e que fazem dela um objeto fértil de estudos sobre esse sacramento no final da Idade Média. Para realizar essa tarefa, fundamentamos o nosso trabalho na análise e na interpretação da obra seguindo os métodos de leitura formal, estilística e iconográfica utilizados na História da Arte, relacionando também o nosso objeto ao contexto histórico de produção e recepção, através de uma revisão da documentação e da sua história até chegar ao acervo do MASP. Para atender esse objetivo, dividimos o nosso trabalho em dois eixos principais. No primeiro, versaremos sobre a imagem enquanto objeto material e estudaremos a sua história e o seu suporte. Já no segundo, analisaremos a sua iconografia em relação ao sacramento eucarístico e sua dimensão salvífica e, desse modo, investigaremos como esse painel se relaciona com o processo de legitimação do realismo eucarístico no contexto no qual a imagem foi produzida e exposta no final da Idade Média. / Still little known and studied, the altarpiece painting The Last Judgment and the Mass of Saint Gregory is one of the rare late-medieval works in Brazil as part of the collection in the Museum of Art of São Paulo (MASP). This work was produced in Valencia to be the central panel of an abbey in Burgundy, France. Despite the excellent opportunity to study it presents for historians of medieval art, it has not been, so far, a detailed research object. Our goal, therefore, is to analyse such piece, paying attention in particular to the various elements in it that refer to the Eucharist, and that makes it a fertile object of study about this sacrament in the late Middle Ages. To accomplish this task, we based our work on the analysis and interpretation of the piece following the formal, stylistic and iconographic reading methods used in Art History, also relating our object to the historical context of production and reception, through a review of the documentation and of its history until it reaches the MASP collection. To reach this goal, we divided our work in two main axes. In the first one, we will discuss about the image as a material object and we study its history and its support. In the second one, we will analyse its iconography relating to the Eucharistic sacrament and its saving characteristic and thereby we will investigate how this panel relates to the process of legitimation of the Eucharistic realism in the context in which the picture was produced and exposed in the late Middle Ages.

Ainda pouco conhecida e estudada, a pintura retabular O Juízo Final e a Missa de São Gregório é uma das raras obras tardo-medievais existentes no Brasil, fazendo parte do acervo do Museu de Arte de São Paulo (MASP). Essa obra foi produzida em Valência para ser o painel central de uma abadia na Borgonha, França. Apesar da excelente oportunidade de estudos que ela apresenta para os historiadores da arte medieval, ela não fora até agora objeto de pesquisas detalhadas. O nosso objetivo, portanto, é analisar tal peça, atentando-nos particularmente aos diversos elementos que nela remetem à Eucaristia, e que fazem dela um objeto fértil de estudos sobre esse sacramento no final da Idade Média. Para realizar essa tarefa, fundamentamos o nosso trabalho na análise e na interpretação da obra seguindo os métodos de leitura formal, estilística e iconográfica utilizados na História da Arte, relacionando também o nosso objeto ao contexto histórico de produção e recepção, através de uma revisão da documentação e da sua história até chegar ao acervo do MASP. Para atender esse objetivo, dividimos o nosso trabalho em dois eixos principais. No primeiro, versaremos sobre a imagem enquanto objeto material e estudaremos a sua história e o seu suporte. Já no segundo, analisaremos a sua iconografia em relação ao sacramento eucarístico e sua dimensão salvífica e, desse modo, investigaremos como esse painel se relaciona com o processo de legitimação do realismo eucarístico no contexto no qual a imagem foi produzida e exposta no final da Idade Média. / Still little known and studied, the altarpiece painting The Last Judgment and the Mass of Saint Gregory is one of the rare late-medieval works in Brazil as part of the collection in the Museum of Art of São Paulo (MASP). This work was produced in Valencia to be the central panel of an abbey in Burgundy, France. Despite the excellent opportunity to study it presents for historians of medieval art, it has not been, so far, a detailed research object. Our goal, therefore, is to analyse such piece, paying attention in particular to the various elements in it that refer to the Eucharist, and that makes it a fertile object of study about this sacrament in the late Middle Ages. To accomplish this task, we based our work on the analysis and interpretation of the piece following the formal, stylistic and iconographic reading methods used in Art History, also relating our object to the historical context of production and reception, through a review of the documentation and of its history until it reaches the MASP collection. To reach this goal, we divided our work in two main axes. In the first one, we will discuss about the image as a material object and we study its history and its support. In the second one, we will analyse its iconography relating to the Eucharistic sacrament and its saving characteristic and thereby we will investigate how this panel relates to the process of legitimation of the Eucharistic realism in the context in which the picture was produced and exposed in the late Middle Ages.

This exegesis examines the landscape of heaven depicted in the contemporary novel, The Lovely Bones by Alice Sebold. I examine the various characteristics of the heaven (or 'afterlife') depicted in Sebold's novel, with the aim of ascertaining the narrative effects of using this device. Using Ingrid Daemmrich's analysis of the paradisiacal motif in literature as a framework (Daemmrich, I 1997, Studies on Themes and Motifs in Literature: Enigmatic Bliss, The Paradise Motif in Literature, Peter Lang, New York), I reveal characteristics in The Lovely Bones that are both consistent with and challenge traditional literary representations of heaven and which therefore demonstrate that the text utilises the established literary motif of heaven for symbolism and meaning, but in a contemporary context. I explore the growing trend of contemporary literary heavens by reviewing two other literary heavens that are relevant to this scholarship. I examine where as writers and readers, we ascertain our concept of heaven (in society's religious foundations and from prior literature), and for the relevance of the key text, I briefly discuss the author's likely cultural influences. Having established the novel's lack of alignment with a religious version of heaven, I then examine the nature of and the narrative effect of, the personalised heaven depicted in the novel, The Lovely Bones. In doing so, I explore one of the new portraits of heaven in literature, an example which represents a growing trend away from portraying a classic edenic heaven shared by all humanity (and traditional to literary representations of heaven), toward a contemporary, personalised heaven that seeks to meet the wants and desires of the individual in our modern society. With reference to literature's ability to reflect back to us, our society's beliefs and values, I examine what this new portrait of heaven reveals about society. Access to the project examined in conjunction with this exegesis has been restricted due to copyright.

Abstract Objectification most literally refers to perceiving a person as an object. Research shows that when people focus on a woman's appearance, compared to her personality, she is perceived of as more of an object (e.g., lower in human nature traits). These objectification effects, however, rarely occur for male targets. Moreover, humans, unlike objects, are typically believed to have a soul, that is, some part of the self that outlasts the death of the physical body and extends into a post-mortem existence (e.g., Heaven). In turn, I hypothesized that women, but not men, would be perceived as having less soul when focus is on their physical appearance, and that this will be mediated by human nature traits. Partially supporting these hypotheses, in Study 1, males and females were perceived as having (marginally) less of a soul when focus was on their appearance; however, there was no effect of appearance focus on human nature ratings for male or female targets. In Study 2, using a different manipulation of appearance focus and measure of soul ratings, the same findings emerged. In Study 3, focusing on a woman's appearance elicited heightened psychological need for structure and worldview defense when evidence was provided that she had a soul, compared to when evidence was provided that she did not have a soul. This indicates that a woman having a soul is less coherent and meaningful than a woman not having soul when focus is on her appearance. The discussion centers on possible mechanisms for these findings, as well as why the effects were found for male in addition to female targets. Limitations, future directions, and implications are also addressed.

This exegesis examines the landscape of heaven depicted in the contemporary novel, The Lovely Bones by Alice Sebold. I examine the various characteristics of the heaven (or 'afterlife') depicted in Sebold's novel, with the aim of ascertaining the narrative effects of using this device. Using Ingrid Daemmrich's analysis of the paradisiacal motif in literature as a framework (Daemmrich, I 1997, Studies on Themes and Motifs in Literature: Enigmatic Bliss, The Paradise Motif in Literature, Peter Lang, New York), I reveal characteristics in The Lovely Bones that are both consistent with and challenge traditional literary representations of heaven and which therefore demonstrate that the text utilises the established literary motif of heaven for symbolism and meaning, but in a contemporary context. I explore the growing trend of contemporary literary heavens by reviewing two other literary heavens that are relevant to this scholarship. I examine where as writers and readers, we ascertain our concept of heaven (in society's religious foundations and from prior literature), and for the relevance of the key text, I briefly discuss the author's likely cultural influences. Having established the novel's lack of alignment with a religious version of heaven, I then examine the nature of and the narrative effect of, the personalised heaven depicted in the novel, The Lovely Bones. In doing so, I explore one of the new portraits of heaven in literature, an example which represents a growing trend away from portraying a classic edenic heaven shared by all humanity (and traditional to literary representations of heaven), toward a contemporary, personalised heaven that seeks to meet the wants and desires of the individual in our modern society. With reference to literature's ability to reflect back to us, our society's beliefs and values, I examine what this new portrait of heaven reveals about society. Access to the project examined in conjunction with this exegesis has been restricted due to copyright.

Abstract The marketing view of a business relationship that follows the handover of a project reflects an era before services became common in the industry. At that time, business relationships were assumed to end after project handover, especially in commercial terms. Since then, services have become an integral part of project business, enabling the emergence of a post-project business relationship. It can be validly argued that the literature has not sufficiently recognized the changing practices of project-based companies. Obviously, a business exchange can outlive a project handover, but the consequences for buyer-seller interaction remain unexplored. This study describes and explains the underlying dynamics of buyer-seller interaction in project afterlife. Interaction is considered to be an inherently dynamic process that is dependent on a continuous yet variable exchange of services. The theoretical foundation of this study builds on the literature on interaction and networks as well as the literature on project marketing and management. The empirical part of the study is conducted as a combination of single and multiple qualitative case studies in five different project contexts: content management systems, windmills, mining, engineered wood solutions, and paper machines. Eighty-two personal interviews provide the primary data. This study comprises an overview and four individual papers that contribute to a process-based understanding of post-project interaction. The study primarily contributes to the project marketing research. First, the results indicate that buyer-seller interaction varies between three extreme orientations, making the development of a post-project business relationship inherently dynamic and challenging to manage. Second, the study expands theory regarding post-project interaction by describing four typical relationships in service-intensive projects. Third, the study extends the theoretical lens of project marketing and provides analytical tools to examine post-project interaction. Fourth, the study clarifies the role of key individuals in mediating change in post-project nets. Fifth, the study identifies several intergroup tensions that restrain interaction and proposes methods to overcome these tensions. / Tiivistelmä Markkinoinnin näkemys projektitoimituksen jälkeisestä liikesuhteesta perustuu pääosin aikaan ennen teollisuusyritysten palveluliiketoiminnan yleistymistä, jolloin liikesuhteen uskottiin päättyvän varsinkin taloudellisessa mielessä. Palveluliiketoiminta on kehittynyt osaksi projektiyritysten liiketoimintaa, mikä mahdollistaa liikesuhteen jatkumisen projektitoimituksen jälkeen. Voi perustellusti väittää, että alan kirjallisuus ei ole riittävästi tunnistanut yritysten muuttuneita käytäntöjä. Tästä syystä tarvitaan lisää tutkimusta palveluintensiivisten projektiyritysten liikesuhteista projektien jälkeisissä vaiheissa. Yritysten liikesuhteet muuttuvat dynaamisesti ja vaikka palveluvaihdanta on jatkuvaa, sen sisältö vaihtelee ajan kuluessa. Tämän tutkimuksen lähtökohta on kuvata ja selittää erilaisten yhteistoimintojen ja sidosten jatkumista yritysten välillä. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen tausta koostuu projektimarkkinoinnin ja projektijohtamisen kirjallisuudesta, joiden taustat ovat pääosin teollisten liikesuhteiden tutkimuksessa. Laadullisen tapaustutkimuksen empiirinen osio on toteutettu viidessä eri projektikontekstissa, joita ovat tuulivoima, kaivosala, paperikone, sisällönhallintajärjestelmä ja jalostettu puuteollisuus. Pääaineisto koostuu 82 haastattelusta. Tämä tutkimus koostuu johdanto-osiosta ja neljästä tutkimuspaperista, joiden tuloksena on prosessipohjainen viitekehys liikesuhteen kehityksestä. Tulokset ovat merkittäviä erityisesti projektimarkkinoinnin näkökulmasta, sillä ne osoittavat asiakkaan ja myyjän välisen vuorovaikutuksen vaihtelevan kolmen äärityypin välillä tehden liikesuhteen kehityksestä dynaamisen ja vaikeasti johdettavan. Tutkimus laajentaa näkemystä projektitoimituksen jälkeisestä vaihdannasta tunnistamalla neljä palveluvaihdantaan pohjautuvaa suhdetyyppiä. Lisäksi tutkimus kehittää työkaluja projektitoimitusten jälkeisten liikesuhteiden analyysiin ja laajentaa projektimarkkinoinnin teoreettista pohjaa. Tutkimus selventää myös avainhenkilöiden toimintaa projektitoimituksen jälkeisissä lähiverkoissa ja tunnistaa keinoja, joilla liikesuhdetta rasittavia henkilöiden välisiä jännitteitä voidaan välttää.

The aim of this study is to prove that neither 1 Peter 3:19 nor 1 Peter 4:6 refers to the Christian doctrine the ‘Descensus Christi ad Inferos’. The meaning of these two verses has long been debated (cf. Dalton 1989:27-28), and is very often seen as a reference to Christ’s descent into Hades (cf. Feinberg 1986:309). This study will be done by means of a parallel study. The first part of this study will involve the doctrine of the ‘Descensus’; looking at its origin and its development. It will be argued in this section that the roots of this doctrine can be found in Jewish-Christianity and not pagan mythology as has been suggested (cf. Bousset 1907:224ff&Beare 1945:145). The discussion of the doctrine is necessary, since we do need to know more about the doctrine to see whether it is the referent in 1 Peter. The second part of the study will then engage in the meaning of 1 Peter 3:19 and 4:6. This section will be very context driven. We will start with an introduction to 1 Peter, discussing all the preliminary questions (i.e. author, date, audience&form). This will be followed by a structural analysis of 1 Peter. Here it will be argued that the letter should be understood in terms of metaphors, with the ‘Diaspora’ as the controlling metaphor (cf. Martin 1992). The verses under discussion, form part of the third metaphor-cluster namely the ‘Sufferers of the Dispersion’, while the name of our subsection is’ The Righteous Sufferer’. By means of the grammatical analysis, and the influence of the pseudepigraphal book 1 Enoch, it will be shown that these verses do not allow themselves to be interpreted as references to the Descent of Christ into Hades. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Ancient Languages / unrestricted

No description available.

This study examines the eschatology of issues related to African folk religion. It argues about the eschatological understanding of time with regard to the afterlife, ancestors and the afterlife, Christ the eschaton and the incarnation of Christ as redeeming of the ancestors. Such a model of local theology can result from a comprehensive reflection based on the Scriptures. As such, this study suggests some principles and praxis that appropriately address mission in the African context. This study also intends to challenge the church in Africa in particular, and cross-cultural workers in general, to redefine their missions and themselves in the face of theological issues, as well as social problems, which occur at all levels of African society. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / Thesis (D. Th. (Missiology))

Alla människor frågar sig någon gång vad som kan komma ske efter att vi dör. Tankar om döden och livet efter detta är alltid ett aktuellt samtalsämne, inte minst inom religionsvetenskapen. Att vara ovetande om framtiden kan vara skrämmande och religioner gör nästan uteslutande alltid försök till att svara på dessa frågor och ge ro till den oroliga människan. Något som fungerat som en lösning på människans rädsla för döden inom den judiska och kristna traditionen är tron på den kroppsliga uppståndelsen.Denna uppsats ger större kunskap om hur judiska och kristna teologer och traditioner sett på kroppen i samband med uppståndelsen inom båda religionerna. För att utkristallisera de olika kroppssyner som figurerar i denna diskussion har en kvalitativ litteraturanalys använts för att analysera utvalda teologers forskning. Ett analysverktyg som består av fyra olika kroppssyner har använts för att skilja de olika kroppssyner åt. I analysen har även en distinktion gjorts mellan holistiska och hellenistiska teologer.Resultatet visar på på att kroppssynerna är religionsöverskridande och bygger mer på om teologen tillhör den holistiska eller hellenistiska traditionen än vilken av religionerna man tillskriver sig. / All people at some point ask themselves what could happen after we die. Thoughts about death and the afterlife is always a current topic, not least within the science of religion. To be uncertain of the future can be intimidating and religions almost exclusively try to answer these questions and give peace to the troubled man. Something that have functioned as a solution to man’s fear of death in the Jewish and Christian tradition is the belief in the bodily resurrection.This paper provides a greater understanding of how Jewish and Christian theologians and traditions look at the body in connection with the bodily resurrection.To crystallize the variety of body visions that appear in this discussion a qualitative literature analysis have been used to analyse research from selected theologians. A tool that have been used for the analysis consist of four different body visions. The analysis also consist of a distinction between holistic and Hellenistic theologians.The result shows that the body views exceeds the boundaries between religions and depends more on if the theologican is part of the holistic or Hellenistic tradition than which religion they ascribe to themselves.