Este trabalho investigou diferenças entre grupos etários distintos nas associações semânticas de palavras em três estudos. O primeiro buscou apresentar e discutir pesquisas que avaliaram a organização e processamento léxico-semânticos entre grupos de crianças, adultos e idosos. O segundo comparou as associações semânticas de palavras entre 247 crianças de 3ª série, 108 adultos jovens universitários e 57 idosos. O terceiro analisou comparativamente os grafos computacionais das associações semânticas de palavras entre 57 crianças de 3ª série, 57 adultos jovens universitários e os 57 idosos supracitados. Nos estudos empíricos observou-se que a força de associação entre alvo e associada mais frequente foi maior para as crianças do que para adultos e idosos. Os tamanhos de conjunto significativo e total dos alvos foram, em média, menores para os idosos e o índice de diversidade de respostas foi maior no grupo dos adultos. A modelagem de grafos indicou que crianças possuem redes de associação de palavras com maiores distâncias entre os nós e menor número de nós, ligações e agrupamentos. Adultos e idosos apresentaram redes com estruturas semelhantes. Assim, entende-se que essas associações sofrem reestruturações e ajustes da infância para a idade adulta e que na velhice ocorrem apenas mudanças quantitativas. Limitações e implicações dos estudos para a área são discutidas. / This research investigated differences in three age groups on semantic word associations in three studies. The first one aimed to present and discuss research that investigated the organization and processing of semantic elements in children, adults, and elderly. . The second one compared semantic word associations among 247 third grade children, 108 young college students adults, and 57 elderly. The third study compared semantic associations through graph analysis of 57 third grade children, 57 college students adults, and the 57 elderly cited above. The empirical studies demonstrated that the strength of the first associate to each target was higher for children compared to adults and elderly. The target’s total and meaning set sizes were lower for elderly and the response’s diversity index was higher for adults. Graph analysis suggested that children have semantic word association’s networks with greater inter-node distances and less number of nodes, connections, and clusters. Adults and elderly showed networks with similar structures. It was hypothesized that these associations pass by restructuring and tuning processes from childhood to adulthood and that after the 60 years old only quantitative changes occur. Limitations and contributions to the field are discussed.

Submitted by Jane Alice (janealice@ndc.uff.br) on 2013-09-18T14:50:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 1579.pdf: 1460095 bytes, checksum: 28893aa06b1b9adf4801d415211d5388 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jane Alice (janealice@ndc.uff.br) on 2013-09-18T14:51:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 1579.pdf: 1460095 bytes, checksum: 28893aa06b1b9adf4801d415211d5388 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-18T14:51:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1579.pdf: 1460095 bytes, checksum: 28893aa06b1b9adf4801d415211d5388 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Esta tese busca analisar as concepções relativas às diferenças etárias no mundo de Homero (séc. X ao IX a.C.). Através da Ilíada e da Odisseia, observaremos os fatores intervenientes que contribuiram para o desenvolvimento dessas concepções, a influência das mesmas na construção dos comportamentos e papeis sociais atribuídos às personagens e as maneiras pelas quais as idades da vida se tornaram decisivas para a organização da vida social no mundo representado por Homero. O conceito de habitus etário, proposto com base na perceptiva sociológica de Pierre Bourdieu, permite-nos demonstrar a importância que os aedos associam ao curso de vida como fator de produção e reprodução das estruturas sociais. Defendemos que as idades com que as personagens são caracterizadas atuam de modo decisivo para a compreensão de seus espaços de atuação, permitindo assim a análise dos sistemas de valores vigentes no período. / This thesis intends to analyze the conceptions o f age differences in the Homers’ World (1000-900 BC.). Through the Iliad and the Odyssey, we aims to observe the intervenient factors that contributed to the development of this conceptions, its influence in the construction of behaviors and social roles associated to the characters and the manner which the ages of life became important to the social organization of the world represented by Homer. The concept of age habitus, based on the Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological perspective, allow us to show the importance that the oral poets associated to the length of life as a factor of production and reproduction of the social structures. We defend that the ages in which the characters are described is a decisive way for the comprehension of the acting spaces of them, allowing the analysis of the valor systems available in this period.

This thesis deals with a pragmatic analysis of profiles of online dating service in Czech Republic. The main objective of this work is to interpret a form of profile presentation on an online dating site. The profiles are interpreted in terms of communication situation, of communication strategies, of the differences between male and female profiles and of the differences between different age profiles. Interpretation of the data is based on stylistic and pragmatic analysis of individual profiles of online dating service and on the percentage of relevant data. The theoretical part of the thesis defines research of the online dating services, existing theories and research of internet environment concerning the foundation of internet dating services, gender stereotypes in online dating, self-presentation online and choosing a partner. The theoretical part consists also of a summary of my own brief survey about people's attitudes to online dating services. The theoretical part of the thesis defines also the pragmatic exploration which constitutes the basis of pragmatic analysis. The basis of practical part of the thesis is stylistic analysis of the text parts of profiles and pragmatic analysis of text and visual part of profiles and the comparison of the percentage of relevant data. Results of the...

Empathie wird als ein multidimensionales Konstrukt verstanden, welches kognitive Aspekte wie empathische Akkuratheit (die Fähigkeit, die Emotionen einer anderen Person akkurat zu erken-nen) als auch affektive Aspekte wie Emotionskongruenz (die Fähigkeit, die Emotionen anderer zu teilen) und Mitgefühl (die Fähigkeit, ein Gefühl von Sorge für diese Person zu erleben) umfasst (z.B. Davis, 1994; Eisenberg & Fabes, 1990). Ziel der Dissertation war es zu einem umfassenden Verständnis altersbezogener Unterschiede in diesen drei Empathiefacetten beizutragen. Ausgehend von der Überlegung, dass empathische Akkuratheit wesentlich von alterssensitiven kognitiven Prozessen determiniert wird (z.B. Adolphs, 2002), während affektive Empathiefacetten vor allem altersfreundliche emotionsregulatorische Voraussetzungen haben (z.B. Eisenberg, 2000), wurde vermutet, dass empathische Akkuratheit Altersdefizite aufweist, während Gefühlskongruenz und Mitgefühl altersbezogene Zugewinne zeigen. Da Evidenz dafür vorliegt, dass altersbezogene Defizite in unterschiedlichen kognitiven und emotionalen Leistungsbereichen reduziert werden, wenn die Aufgabe eine besondere Bedeutung für Ältere hat (z.B. Hess, Rosenberg & Waters, 2001; Kunzmann & Grühn, 2005), lag ein weiteres Ziel der Studie darin, zu überprüfen, ob Altersunterschiede in der Empathie durch die Altersrelevanz der Aufgabe moderiert werden. Grund für diese Annahme liefert das Modell der selektiven Optimierung mit Kompensation (z.B. Baltes & Baltes, 1990) sowie die Selective Engagement Theorie (Hess, 2006), die übereinstimmend po-stulieren, dass Personen mit zunehmendem Alter dazu tendieren mit den ihnen zur Verfügung stehenden Ressourcen sparsam umzugehen und diese primär in Bereichen einsetzen, die sie für relevant halten. Basierend auf diesen Überlegungen wurde vermutet, dass Altersdefizite in empathischer Akkuratheit weniger wahrscheinlich sind, wenn die Aufgabe von hoher Relevanz für Ältere ist; in der Emotionskongruenz sollten sich die Altersgewinne in den für Ältere relevanten Aufgaben sogar vergrößern. Da erste Evidenz dafür vorliegt, dass Altersunterschiede im Mitgefühl nicht durch die Altersrelevanz moderiert werden, wurde vermutet, dass Ältere ein höheres Ausmaß an Mitgefühl berichten – unabhängig von der Relevanz der Aufgabe. Zur Überprüfung der Hypothesen wurden 101 jungen und 101 älteren Erwachsenen Filmausschnitte präsentiert, in denen eine junge oder eine ältere Person ein autobiografisches, für ihre Altersgruppe relevantes oder altersneutrales Erlebnis schilderte, und dabei echte Emotionen wiedererlebte. Zur Erfassung empathischer Fähigkeiten sollten die Teilnehmer mithilfe einer Emotionsadjektivliste angeben, in welchem Ausmaß die gezeigte Person sowie sie selbst jedes dieser Gefühle erlebt haben. Erwar-tungsgemäß zeigten sich für die Filme ohne besondere Altersrelevanz negative Altersunterschiede in empathischer Akkuratheit, während Gefühlskongruenz und Mitgefühl Altersgewinne aufwiesen. Wie angenommen wurden Altersdefizite in empathischer Akkuratheit durch die Altersrelevanz der Aufgabe moderiert; Ältere erzielten die gleiche Leistung wie Jüngere, wenn das geschilderte Thema von hoher Relevanz für sie war. Hingegen zeigte sich keine Moderation der Altersunterschiede für Emotionskongruenz. Wie erwartet erlebten Ältere mehr Mitgefühl als Jüngere – unabhängig von der Aufgabenrelevanz. Zusammengenommen sprechen die Befunde dafür, dass Altersunterschiede in der Empathie multidirektional und kontextabhängig verlaufen.

This essay presents a study on gender differences with a focus on swearing and taboo language, based on findings from the BNC1994 and the BNC2014. Bitch and cunt are two words that are linked to the female gender, but previous research has shown that they are used differently by men and women. The usage of the words differs in terms of frequency, but it has also been suggested that men and women tend to differ in the way they aim their usage of the words, whether the usage is directed toward men or women. The aim of the study is to analyse both corpora in order to find out how the usage of the words differs between men and women in different age categories, and how it has changed across time. Previous research on swearing, in connection to gender and age, is presented as well as a historical background of the words. The results show that the usage of bitch has increased but the usage of cunt has decreased. However, there are findings in the results that show that in addition to the change in frequency there has also been a change regarding how men and women tend to aim their usage of the words. Hopefully, the findings in this study could shed more light on the topic on gender differences and swearing.

Bakgrund: Felrekryteringar är ett återkommande företagsekonomiskt problem, där organisationer får stå för dyra konsekvenser när de inträffar. Det finns olika metoder för att undvika felrekryteringar och således har ett fenomen vid namn cyber-vetting fått större uppmärksamhet, vilket är att rekryterare granskar kandidaters sociala medieprofiler för att få en bättre förståelse av kandidaterna. Cyber-vetting medför ett etiskt dilemma, där vissa menar på att det är oetiskt att gå in i människors privata sfär, medan andra i stället menar på att det är nödvändigt att arbetsgivaren får en helhetsbild av kandidaterna som söker.  Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva yngre och äldre rekryterares eventuella likheter och skillnader i deras syn på cyber-vetting, samt deras etiska ståndpunkt kring användandet av fenomenet.  Metod: Studien har innehaft en induktiv ansats. För att kunna beskriva yngre och äldre rekryterares syn på fenomenet, har en kvalitativ komparativ fallstudie utförts, där insamlingsmetod varit semistrukturerade intervjuer. En tematisk analys har genomförts som grundar sig på kvalitativ empiri. Då studien är komparativ genomfördes två separata tematiska analyser, en för yngre och en för äldre.  Slutsats: Studiens slutsats är att det finns både likheter och skillnader mellan yngre och äldre rekryterare i både användandet av cyber-vetting och om de finner det etiskt korrekt eller ej. Interna konflikter med moraliska resonemang, ligger till grund för deras åsikt i frågan och berör fler faktorer än enbart det faktum att rekryteraren har en viss ålder. / Background: Recruitment errors are a recurring business problem, with organizations facing costly consequences when they occur. There are various methods for avoiding recruitment mistakes and thus a phenomenon called cyber-vetting has gained more attention, whereby recruiters review candidates' social media profiles to gain a better understanding of the candidates. Cyber-vetting poses an ethical dilemma, with some arguing that it is unethical to go into people's private sphere, while others argue that it is necessary for the employer to get a complete picture of the candidates applying.  Purpose: The aim is to describe younger and older recruiters' views on cyber-vetting and their ethical stance, and to compare possible similarities and differences.  Method: The study has had an inductive approach. To describe younger and older recruiters' views on the phenomenon, a qualitative comparative case study has been conducted, where the collection method has been semi-structured interviews. A thematic analysis has been conducted based on qualitative empirical data. As the study is comparative, two separate thematic analyses were conducted, one for younger and one for older people.  Conclusion: The study concludes that there are both similarities and differences between younger and older recruiters in both the use of cyber-vetting and whether or not they find it ethically correct. Internal conflicts with moral reasoning underlie their opinion on the matter and involve more factors than just the fact that the recruiter is of a certain age.

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Submitted by Maria Dulce (mdulce@ndc.uff.br) on 2013-12-10T19:19:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Moraes, Alexandre-Tese-2013.pdf: 1460095 bytes, checksum: 28893aa06b1b9adf4801d415211d5388 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-10T19:19:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Moraes, Alexandre-Tese-2013.pdf: 1460095 bytes, checksum: 28893aa06b1b9adf4801d415211d5388 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Esta tese busca analisar as concepções relativas às diferenças etárias no mundo de Homero (séc. X ao IX a.C.). Através da Ilíada e da Odisseia, observaremos os fatores intervenientes que contribuiram para o desenvolvimento dessas concepções, a influência das mesmas na construção dos comportamentos e papeis sociais atribuídos às personagens e as maneiras pelas quais as idades da vida se tornaram decisivas para a organização da vida social no mundo representado por Homero. O conceito de habitus etário, proposto com base na perceptiva sociológica de Pierre Bourdieu, permite-nos demonstrar a importância que os aedos associam ao curso de vida como fator de produção e reprodução das estruturas sociais. Defendemos que as idades com que as personagens são caracterizadas atuam de modo decisivo para a compreensão de seus espaços de atuação, permitindo assim a análise dos sistemas de valores vigentes no período. / This thesis intends to analyze the conceptions of age differences in the Homers’ World (1000-900 BC.). Through the Iliad and Odyssey, we aims to observe the intervenient factors that contributed to development of this conceptions, its influence in the construction of behaviors and social roles associated to the characters and the manner which the ages of life became important to the social organization of the world represented by Homer. The concept of age habitus, based on the Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological perspective, allow us to show the importance that the oral poets associated to the length of life as a factor of production and reproduction of the social structures. We defend that the ages in which the characters are described is a decisive way for the comprehension of the acting spaces of them, allowing the analysis of the valor systems available in this period.

No description available.