Les collectivités locales ont de plus en plus à faire face à l'attente citoyenne, et à l'injonction institutionnelle, de prendre en compte et de mettre en oeuvre le développement durable. Cette attente participe d'un mouvement plus large : entreprises et autres organisations - y compris l'Etat - sont appelées à contribuer aux enjeux (sociaux, environnementaux et économiques) mis à l'ordre du jour par la Conférence des Nations Unies sur l'Environnement et le Développement (CNUED) à Rio, en 1992. Les collectivités sont des acteurs de premier plan dans la contribution aux défis du développement durable. L'étendue de leurs compétences fait directement écho à la variété des défis concernés, tout comme leur rôle d'animation d'une démocratie participative et de l'action collective territoriale. Le territoire est un cadre incontournable de la recherche de solutions localement pertinentes qui intègrent les problématiques globales, en raison de la proximité entre différents acteurs dont il est nécessaire de coordonner l'action. Dans le contexte de l'organisation territoriale française, la spécialisation et l'enchevêtrement des compétences entre échelons politico-administratifs rendent nécessaire la collaboration interinstitutionnelle. Aucune collectivité et aucun acteur n'a, en effet, les connaissances et les compétences requises pour faire face seul aux enjeux du développement durable. L'Agenda 21 de Rio enjoint les collectivités à mettre en oeuvre un Agenda 21 local, stratégie et plan d'action déclinant les thématiques abordées par la CNUED. En France, la diffusion de l'Agenda 21 local, en tant qu'innovation, a participé d'un travail de traduction par un réseau d'acteurs hétérogène, en parallèle à son inscription difficile dans le paysage institutionnel. Théoriquement bien défini, d'application volontaire, l'Agenda 21 local reste une démarche relativement marginale. Les démarches existantes n'intègrent que partiellement l'ensemble des enjeux (procéduraux, concernant les modalités de décision et d'action ; substantifs, concernant les sujets à traiter). La Stratégie Nationale de Développement Durable affiche l'objectif de 500 Agendas 21 locaux en 2008, ce qui pose la question de l'évaluation de ces démarches. Consubstantielle de l'Agenda 21 local, l'évaluation reste l'une des difficultés majeures pour les collectivités et les acteurs tiers. Nous privilégions l'évaluation en tant que processus ancré, en continu, dans le management stratégique des collectivités. La pertinence de l'identification de leurs enjeux significatifs par les collectivités apparaît dans ce cadre comme une question majeure. Se pose alors la problématique d'une " normalisation " des Agendas 21 locaux, tant dans sa légitimité que dans sa pertinence et ses modalités. Nous proposons d'adapter la méthodologie SD21000, développée pour l'entreprise, aux collectivités. Fruit d'un consensus large, cette méthodologie offre une grande compatibilité avec les orientations données par ailleurs aux collectivités, tout en étant opérationnelle et susceptible d'intervenir au niveau stratégique (et non en tant qu'outil d'usage ponctuel et circonscrit). Le développement d'un outil adapté à ce contexte passe par l'identification d'enjeux et de parties intéressées propres aux collectivités, et par une évaluation dans trois champs de gestion des enjeux : interne, institutionnel (compétences et politiques), coordination stratégique territoriale. Il s'agit pour la collectivité comme pour les tiers, de baser l'identification des enjeux significatifs sur un processus rationnel, systématique et transparent ; de mettre en exergue le profil des projets en fonction de la performance dans les trois champs définis ci-dessus ; d'identifier et de prendre en compte de manière systématique les attentes des parties intéressées, et leur niveau d'influence sur la maîtrise collective des enjeux. Des voies de progrès sur l'ensemble de ces aspects peuvent ainsi être définies, plaçant l'évaluation dans une finalité didactique et d'amélioration continue. Trois collectivités nous ont fourni des terrains de recherche-intervention où tester et améliorer in vivo l'outil proposé. L'approche développée semble à la fois contribuer au cadre conceptuel et méthodologique du pilotage des Agendas 21 locaux, en interne aux collectivités et pour les tierces parties. Elle souligne la nécessité de méthodes adaptées aux collectivités et au management stratégique territorial, dans un mouvement plus large de convergence des principes et outils de management des organisations publiques et privées, auquel semble contribuer le développement durable. L'outil développé constitue un produit fini d'aide au pilotage, susceptible d'améliorations, qui a vocation à être utilisé conjointement avec d'autres outils pertinents, permettant aux collectivités de mieux élaborer et justifier leurs choix et leur action.

This thesis uses action research to investigate the organizational factors which are affecting the implementation of local agenda 21, and the accompanying necessary internal changes, in a local authority. Following an examination of literature relating to sustainable development and local agenda 21, organizational culture and attempts to change it are identified as the important areas to be investigated. There is an examination of theory in those areas and a two-stage study is carried out. This allows for the first stage study to be assessed and any gaps, where the research questions are not being answered, to be identified and dealt with in the second stage study. It was found that in local authorities there are sub-cultures, and that the split is along departmental lines, which affect the facilitation of sustainable development to differing degrees. Socially based departments had sub-cultures which were less appropriate for sustainable development then environmentally based ones. The local authorities were making changes of a structural and strategic nature, but as regards human processes, it was found that although authorities were concentrating on trying to raise awareness, the strategies they were using for this were ineffective. Two case studies were also conducted, one of a local authority similar in many ways to the one in the main study and the other of a dissimilar one, to assess whether the findings from the main study might be more generally applicable. The findings from these case studies suggested that the findings were generally applicable.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-07-27T11:52:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Andrea Regina Vanderlei1.pdf: 46654 bytes, checksum: 2aa1abcdc87b0d047f1a141ce2df9575 (MD5) Andrea Regina Vanderlei2.pdf: 938122 bytes, checksum: f7873bd21a242abe5daf3f08cb3f2036 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T11:52:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Andrea Regina Vanderlei1.pdf: 46654 bytes, checksum: 2aa1abcdc87b0d047f1a141ce2df9575 (MD5) Andrea Regina Vanderlei2.pdf: 938122 bytes, checksum: f7873bd21a242abe5daf3f08cb3f2036 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-27 / AGENDA 21, a major document on the issue of sustainability, is a program to be implemented by govemments at all levels of development and independent groups in areas where there is human activity affecting the environrnent. The woman, as first manager of natural resources, becomes a multiplier of sustainable behaviors, and this is the reason why discussions on gender and the resulting investments in education, health and women's quality of life are so important. This study aims to identify how the initiatives of local Agenda 21 may fmd adherence to the world initiatives for women's rights in order to achieve a sustainable and equitable developmep.t, according to the principIes embodied in its chapter 24, by the results obtained by applying the indicators "Relationship between female and male education in primary, secondary and higher school" and "rate of illiteracy among men and women aged 15-24." For this investigation, we conducted a qualitative survey, using questionnaires, interviews with directors and / or coordinators of public schools in two cities in Pemambuco State, Ipojuca and Pesqueira. The results showed that illiteracy rates in the two counties (Ipojuca with Agenda 21, and Pesqueira still without its formulation) remain high and also showed similar results regarding the comparison between males and females aged 15 to 24. It was also observed that a higher level of women's education contributes more actively to sustainable development, showing it's necessary that the two counties seek the development and / or implementation of Local Agenda 21 in order to consolidate the actions set out in it to improve education. / A AGENDA 21, importante documento sobre a questão da sustentabilidade, é um programa de ação a ser implantado pelos governos em todos os níveis de desenvolvimento e pelos grupos setoriais independentes nas áreas onde houver atividade humana que afete o meio ambiente. A mulher, como primeira gestora dos recursos naturais, toma-se uma multiplicadora de comportamentos conservacionistas, e por essa razão são tão importantes as discussões sobre gênero e os decorrentes investimentos feitos na educação, na saúde e na melhoria da qualidade de vida das mulheres. Isso considerado, este trabalho tem como objetivo. identificar como as iniciativas da Agenda 21 local podem encontrar aderência às medidas mundiais em favor da mulher para atingir um desenvolvimento sustentável e equitativo, segundo os princípios formulados em seu capítulo 24, através dos resultados obtidos pela aplicação dos indicadores "Relação entre os sexos feminino e masculino na educação primária, secundária e superior" e "Taxa de analfabetismo entre homens e mulheres de 15-24 anos". Para esta investigação, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, com utilização de questionários, entrevistas a diretores e/ou coordenadores e corpo docente de instituições educacionais públicas de dois municípios do Estado de Pernambuco, Ipojuca e Pesqueira. Os resultados apontaram que os índices de analfabetismo nos dois municípios pesquisados (Ipojuca, com Agenda 21, e Pesqueira ainda sem a sua formulação) continuam altos e apresentaram resultados semelhantes no que concerne à comparação entre os gêneros masculino e feminino na faixa etária de 15 a 24 anos. Percebeu-se, também, que um maior grau de escolaridade da mulher contribui mais ativamente para o desenvolvimento sustentável, tomando necessário que os dois municípios busquem a implantação e/ou implementação da Agenda 21 local, a fim de consolidar as ações nela formuladas para melhoria da educação.

Calabuig Tormo, C. (2008). Agenda 21 local y gobernanza democrática para el desarrollo humano sostenible: bases para una gestión orientada al proceso [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/2503 / Palancia

L’évaluation économique de la mise en œuvre du développement durable se heurte à de multiples difficultés : la diversité des conceptions de la soutenabilité, l’hétérogénéité et le déficit de définition unitaire de ses dispositifs, ou encore le caractère immatériel des valeurs engendrées ou protégées par un développement réellement soutenable. Nous mobilisons tout d’abord une analyse en termes de référentiels, inspirée des sciences politiques, pour tenir compte conjointement des référentiels d’action et des référentiels d’évaluation du développement durable. Cette première analyse sous-tend notre approche « par les capitaux » de la soutenabilité ainsi que le choix de notre objet d’étude, l’Agenda 21 Local. Sous les hypothèses de la soutenabilité faible (substituabilité des capitaux), nous réalisons ensuite une évaluation de l’Agenda 21 Local au niveau communal français en ayant recours à l’indicateur de richesse totale (développé par la Banque Mondiale) ainsi qu’à un estimateur d’impact de l’adoption de l’Agenda 21 Local sur le revenu par tête des communes. Cette évaluation est donc réalisée au sein d’un découplage (entre un indicateur de stocks et un indicateur de flux) qui interroge la relation entre la mise en œuvre du développement durable et la croissance du revenu. En même temps, un travail analytique nous permet de proposer une requalification des dispositifs de mise en œuvre du développement durable en termes de savoirs au sens économique de Machlup. Enfin, les hypothèses de la soutenabilité faible ne garantissant pas nécessairement des flux de revenu ou un bien-être inchangés à travers le temps, nous appliquons à notre problématique les hypothèses de la soutenabilité forte (complémentarité des capitaux, phénomènes d’irréversibilité), traduites empiriquement par la recherche d’effets de seuils pour les capitaux composant la richesse totale. Dans le cadre de notre étude empirique et sous ses hypothèses, nous montrons ainsi que la mise en œuvre du développement durable ne s’est pas faite au détriment de la croissance. Au contraire, l’adoption de l’Agenda 21 Local a eu un impact positif sur le revenu par habitant au niveau local français. Parmi les composantes de la richesse totale, nous trouvons enfin des effets de seuil pour les capitaux naturel et humain. / The economic evaluation of the implementation of sustainable development encounters many difficulties including the diversity of conceptions of sustainability, the heterogeneity and the lack of single definition of its initiatives, but also the intangible nature of both generated and protected values provided by a truly sustainable development. We first develop an analysis in terms of reference frames, inspired by political science, so as to take both reference frames of action addressed to a sustainable development and reference frames for evaluating it into account. This first analysis underlies our "capital" approach to sustainability as well as the choice of our study object, Local Agenda 21. Under the assumptions of weak sustainability (capital substitutability), we then perform an evaluation of Local Agenda 21 at the French municipal level using, on the one hand, the total wealth indicator (developed by the World Bank) and on the other hand an impact estimate of the adoption of Local Agenda 21 within municipalities on per capita income. This assessment is thus performed within a decoupling (between a stock indicator and a flow indicator) that questions the relationship between the implementation of sustainable development and income growth. At the same time, an analytical work enables us to propose a requalification of the sustainable development initiatives in terms of knowledge in the economic sense of Machlup. Finally, since the hypotheses of weak sustainability do not necessarily keep income flows or well-being unchanged over time, we alternatively consider strong sustainability assumptions (capital complementarity, irreversibility). Empirically, it implies searching for threshold effects for the different assets being part of total wealth. In the context of our empirical study and under its assumptions, we demonstrate that the implementation of sustainable development has not been at the expense of growth. On the contrary, the adoption of Local Agenda 21 is shown to translate into an improvement in per capita income at the local French level. Among the components of total wealth, we find threshold effects for natural and human capital.

Submitted by Marcio Emanuel Paixão Santos (marcio.santos@ucsal.br) on 2018-06-20T21:56:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOVIVIANEOLIVEIRA.pdf: 2674322 bytes, checksum: dfe3e1720f8751f1723b8b9c3098e230 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rosemary Magalhães (rosemary.magalhaes@ucsal.br) on 2018-06-20T22:00:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOVIVIANEOLIVEIRA.pdf: 2674322 bytes, checksum: dfe3e1720f8751f1723b8b9c3098e230 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-20T22:00:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOVIVIANEOLIVEIRA.pdf: 2674322 bytes, checksum: dfe3e1720f8751f1723b8b9c3098e230 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-28 / A Agenda 21 é um instrumento no qual as políticas públicas de desenvolvimento podem ser pautadas, uma vez que resulta da articulação dos agentes sociais entorno dos seus anseios e necessidades. Contudo, muitos são os limites impostos para a sua aplicabilidade. A Agenda 21 Local de Itaparica/BA, construída nos anos de 2006 e 2007 com participação do terceiro setor, comunidade e poder público local, seguiu as etapas de sensibilização, elaboração de diagnóstico socioambiental comunitário, reuniões temáticas e constituição do Fórum. O objetivo do presente trabalho é a avaliação da aplicabilidade da Agenda 21 Local de Itaparica/BA, seus limites e possibilidades na visão dos agentes sociais envolvidos. Para tanto, foi utilizada pesquisa bibliográfica acerca dos conceitos de desenvolvimento sustentável e governança participativa, além da aplicação de entrevistas junto a membros do poder público local das gestões de 2005-2008 e 2009-2012, representantes de organizações não governamentais, lideranças e agentes comunitários. Como resultados pode-se observar a descontinuidade das ações e não incorporação das propostas e diretrizes construídas quando da elaboração das políticas públicas que visam o desenvolvimento do município, apesar da reconhecida importância desse documento por parte dos agentes sociais envolvidos. Com base nisso, pode-se afirmar que o resgate da Agenda 21 Local de Itaparica/BA, bem como o estímulo à governança participativa, seriam fatores que contribuiriam com o desenvolvimento sustentável local. / The Agenda 21 is an instrument in which public policies for development could be based on, as it results from the articulation of social agents around their needs and desires. However, there are many limits to its applicability. The Local Agenda 21 of Itaparica, built in 2006 and 2007 with the participation of third section organizations, local community and public authorities, follow the steps of awareness, elaboration of community social environmental diagnosis, thematic meetings and Forum constitution. The objective of this work is to analyze the applicability of Local Agenda 21 of Itaparica/BA, its limits and possibilities in the involved social agents vision. To this end, the concepts of sustainable development and participative governance were studied, and the members of public authorities of 2005-2008 and 2009-2012 administrations, nongovernmental organizations, leaders and community members were interviewed. As a result, we could notice the discontinuity of actions and the non incorporation of directives and proposes as the elaboration of public policies to local development, although the importance of the document in the concept of involved social agents. Based on it, we could affirm that recuperate Local Agenda 21 of Itaparica/BA, such as stimulate participative governance, would contribute to local sustainable development.

The thesis deals with the implementation of the Local Agenda 21 (LA21) method in the Czech Republic and the possible real change of municipal policy as a result of this method. The author chose four case studies for his research (Prague, Prague 10 city district, Prague 14 city district, Chrudim city) selected by the so-called "most different system design" method, ie successful municipalities on the one hand and unsuccessful on the other. In addition to this dichotomy, the author adds a perspective of different types of municipal system: city vs. city district. The methodology of the thesis is based on two pillars - content analysis of strategic documents and the current outputs of the individual municipal offices, and semi-structured interviews conducted by the author, which clearly shows that the LA21 method is a strongly political subject, depending on the current level of political support, which fundamentally influences whether or not real change of the municipal policy towards sustainable development at local level. The paper also directly identifies some of the institutional shortcomings of the LA21 method as it is set up today by the LA21 Working Group of the Government Council for Sustainable Development based on the principles of the United Nations global initiative from 1992. At the same...