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British local government is placing a new emphasis on local action for the global environment. In the literature addressing these developments limited attention has been paid to the contested nature of sustainability, or to the local context in which initiatives arise. A cultural politics approach provides a means through which these shortcomings can be overcome (Hajer, 1996). Its discourse basis enables a local authority to be seen as a forum in which technocentric and ecocentric interpretations of sustainability compete with each other, as well as contesting established `non-sustainable¿ approaches. The Foucauldian view of power which underlies cultural politics requires that these contests are viewed in the context of an authority¿s history and traditions. As such, a cultural politics approach could form the basis of a new broader agenda for Local Agenda 21 research.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse sustainable development as a political challenge at the local level of governance. It explores how local organisation for sustainable development (LA21, a short form of local Agenda 21) is influenced by economic conditions in contemporary society, as well as the specific conditions in the local context. The empirical focus is activity relating to LA21 in four Swedish municipalities (Kungsör, Sala, Trollhättan and Örebro). In analysing the challenge of sustainable development, the economic development model of contemporary society is used as a theoretical starting-point. It is argued that the promotion of economic growth is crucial in determining the parameters of environmental policy; indeed, environmental policy can be described as a result of a dialectic contradiction between economic and ecological concerns. As theoretical tools, I define three perspectives on how to deal with ecological problems. Economism represents the ideological foundation of the present growth economy, and sees environmental problems as something secondary to the goal of creating economic growth. Ecomodemism represents an effort to implement sustainable development through reforming the growth economy. Social ecology promotes the substitution of the growth economy with another economic model in realising sustainable development. The analysis shows that LA21 has in a number of ways raised the profile of environmental concerns in the four municipalities examined. Their LA21 action programmes express a radical (social ecological) political agenda for sustainable development. The municipal strategies have also gradually widened their scope to, for example, include more complex and controversial issues. However, most of the participating actors consider LA21 as a reform strategy for sustainable development, rather than an ideological challenge to the present economic growth model. The political leaderships tend to be influenced by ecomodernist ideas, and usually also consider LA21 as an economic development project. When in conflict with environmental concerns, economic growth policies tend to be prioritised. Conflicts over growth-related projects also tend to reduce the legitimacy of LA21 among citizens. In the four studied municipalities, LA21 gradually reaches a critical point at which further deepening (corresponding to the goals of action programmes) is unlikely unless local actors change their perceptions of ecological problem-solving. / <p>ISBN 91-7305-041-5 (ogiltigt nummer) finns angiven i tryckt bok.</p> / digitalisering@umu

The issues and solutions reviewed within the Local Agenda 21 are almost the ranges in dealing with local activities. Thus, the local government involvement and cooperation will be the critical factors to determine if it is available for national eternal management in the future. On the eternal management, the local government bodies are playing the very important roles for the realized tasks because local government bodies emphasize the public affairs to serve local regions and also hold the duty to improve local environment and life quality. Meanwhile, despite the small duty ranges of local government bodies, they actually own much on autonomy management. They can directly and effectively promote and implement various public measures. In addition, the local eternal management is featured with the characteristics varying with locations. Because the establishment and research about sustainable development systems is not only a nationwide issue but also the issue focused by the efforts made by cities, communities or even business organizations. Within this research, we make the research criteria based on the Kaohsiung City-Kaohsiung County-Pington County Sustainable Development Strategy Report. By using questionnaire survey, we focus on the eternal development strategies of Pington County. Also, through the research goals about overall regional sustainable development, we insightfully investigate the sustainable development courses and strategies about Pington County only. Seeing from the execution of eternal development policies locally, the single local government body will make the materialization of local eternal development easier and more harmoniously. By referring to cases about the sustainable development activities made by Kigmen County, Hualien County, Tainan County, Yilan County and Changhua County, totally 5 county government bodies, we investigate the research courses, methods and strategies of sustainable development activities of local county governments. Also, based on the research basis of Kaohsiung City-Kaohsiung County-Pington County Sustainable Development Strategy Report, we make further efforts for professional questionnaires in dealing with the sustainable development strategies of Pington County. Through 4 dimensions separately of environment, society, economic and systems, we create 43 issues about the eternal development of Pington County. Also, we focus on these issues for the upcoming efforts which shall be made by Pington County for their own eternal development goals so that our research can be available for the reference made by Pington County to execute their own eternal development strategies.

The global world confronted with environmental and development problems. Rising interest for these environmental concerns on the global agenda and the efforts to negotiate environment and development issues produced the term sustainable development. United Nations report, Our Common Future, highlighted three fundamental components of sustainable development as environmental protection, economic growth and social equity. Local Agenda 21 (LA21) is the program where local communities promote solutions to sustainable development issues at local level. The purpose of this study is to explore the intersection points between participation and LA21 and to investigate LA21&rsquo / s new participatory platforms contribution to citizens&rsquo / participation to local government structure. In order to elaborate the relation between participation and LA21, a survey study was applied to Denizli LA21 women working group. Through the survey following research areas were tried to be addressed, which were / municipality effect on LA21 and participation, the closest LA21 participation mode and strategy of Denizli women working group according to two European LA21 studies, the strengths and weaknesses of LA21 in Denizli. Findings of the survey indicates that Denizli LA21 process facilitates the women participation to local administration with the support of Denizli municipality, and also the study results show that Denizli women working group activities are similar with some participation modes and strategies of European LA21 implementations. Thus, within the limitation of the survey, it is one of the first studies in Turkey that attempts to examine LA21 practice and its implications for participation in specific.

South Africa is a signatory to the Rio Earth Summit Agenda 21 and the World Summit on Sustainable Development's, Johannesburg Plan of lmplernentation. These documents are the definitive guidelines towards sustainable development. As a local authority within South Africa, Ekurhuleni is therefore obliged to implement these sustainability principles as highlighted in Chapter 28 of Agenda 21, namely Local Agenda 21. Various tools are available to implement the Local Agenda 21 principles. The Municipal Systems Act, 32 of 2000, prescribes the compilation of an lntegrated Development Plan for all local authorities, part of this is a Performance Management System that measure performance in terms of specified indicators. Another management tool is the State of the Environment Report, which in turn identifies indicators in terms of which environmentally sustainable development can be measured. The Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality's lntegrated Development Plan have been compared with the objectives set out in Agenda 21 and the Johannesburg Plan of lmplementation, to assess whether this document can be used as the Ekurhuleni Local Agenda 21 Strategy. It was found that the requirements for an lntegrated Development Plan are very similar to the requirements for a Local Agenda 21. The Ekurhuleni lntegrated Development Plan to a great extent complies with the Agenda 21 and Johannesburg Plan of lmplementation. In terms of sustainable development, the economic and social aspects, receive substantial attention, however the biophysical environmental aspect of sustainable development is not sufficiently integrated into all aspects of the lntegrated Development Plan. Neither are the target dates as specified in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation highlighted in the lntegrated Development Plan. By integrating the biophysical environmental aspects into the Ekurhuleni lntegrated Development Plan and setting target dates in line with the Johannesburg Plan of lmplernentation great strides will be made towards achieving sustainable development. If the further step is taken to combine the sustainability indictors as identified in the state of the Environment Report with the Performance Management System, the Ekurhuleni lntegrated Development Plan with its Performance Management System, can be accepted as the Ekurhuleni Local Agenda 21 Strategy. / Thesis (M. Omgewingsbestuur)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004

South Africa is a signatory to the Rio Earth Summit Agenda 21 and the World Summit on Sustainable Development's, Johannesburg Plan of lmplernentation. These documents are the definitive guidelines towards sustainable development. As a local authority within South Africa, Ekurhuleni is therefore obliged to implement these sustainability principles as highlighted in Chapter 28 of Agenda 21, namely Local Agenda 21. Various tools are available to implement the Local Agenda 21 principles. The Municipal Systems Act, 32 of 2000, prescribes the compilation of an lntegrated Development Plan for all local authorities, part of this is a Performance Management System that measure performance in terms of specified indicators. Another management tool is the State of the Environment Report, which in turn identifies indicators in terms of which environmentally sustainable development can be measured. The Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality's lntegrated Development Plan have been compared with the objectives set out in Agenda 21 and the Johannesburg Plan of lmplementation, to assess whether this document can be used as the Ekurhuleni Local Agenda 21 Strategy. It was found that the requirements for an lntegrated Development Plan are very similar to the requirements for a Local Agenda 21. The Ekurhuleni lntegrated Development Plan to a great extent complies with the Agenda 21 and Johannesburg Plan of lmplementation. In terms of sustainable development, the economic and social aspects, receive substantial attention, however the biophysical environmental aspect of sustainable development is not sufficiently integrated into all aspects of the lntegrated Development Plan. Neither are the target dates as specified in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation highlighted in the lntegrated Development Plan. By integrating the biophysical environmental aspects into the Ekurhuleni lntegrated Development Plan and setting target dates in line with the Johannesburg Plan of lmplernentation great strides will be made towards achieving sustainable development. If the further step is taken to combine the sustainability indictors as identified in the state of the Environment Report with the Performance Management System, the Ekurhuleni lntegrated Development Plan with its Performance Management System, can be accepted as the Ekurhuleni Local Agenda 21 Strategy. / Thesis (M. Omgewingsbestuur)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-07-27T11:52:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Andrea Regina Vanderlei1.pdf: 46654 bytes, checksum: 2aa1abcdc87b0d047f1a141ce2df9575 (MD5) Andrea Regina Vanderlei2.pdf: 938122 bytes, checksum: f7873bd21a242abe5daf3f08cb3f2036 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T11:52:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Andrea Regina Vanderlei1.pdf: 46654 bytes, checksum: 2aa1abcdc87b0d047f1a141ce2df9575 (MD5) Andrea Regina Vanderlei2.pdf: 938122 bytes, checksum: f7873bd21a242abe5daf3f08cb3f2036 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-27 / AGENDA 21, a major document on the issue of sustainability, is a program to be implemented by govemments at all levels of development and independent groups in areas where there is human activity affecting the environrnent. The woman, as first manager of natural resources, becomes a multiplier of sustainable behaviors, and this is the reason why discussions on gender and the resulting investments in education, health and women's quality of life are so important. This study aims to identify how the initiatives of local Agenda 21 may fmd adherence to the world initiatives for women's rights in order to achieve a sustainable and equitable developmep.t, according to the principIes embodied in its chapter 24, by the results obtained by applying the indicators "Relationship between female and male education in primary, secondary and higher school" and "rate of illiteracy among men and women aged 15-24." For this investigation, we conducted a qualitative survey, using questionnaires, interviews with directors and / or coordinators of public schools in two cities in Pemambuco State, Ipojuca and Pesqueira. The results showed that illiteracy rates in the two counties (Ipojuca with Agenda 21, and Pesqueira still without its formulation) remain high and also showed similar results regarding the comparison between males and females aged 15 to 24. It was also observed that a higher level of women's education contributes more actively to sustainable development, showing it's necessary that the two counties seek the development and / or implementation of Local Agenda 21 in order to consolidate the actions set out in it to improve education. / A AGENDA 21, importante documento sobre a questão da sustentabilidade, é um programa de ação a ser implantado pelos governos em todos os níveis de desenvolvimento e pelos grupos setoriais independentes nas áreas onde houver atividade humana que afete o meio ambiente. A mulher, como primeira gestora dos recursos naturais, toma-se uma multiplicadora de comportamentos conservacionistas, e por essa razão são tão importantes as discussões sobre gênero e os decorrentes investimentos feitos na educação, na saúde e na melhoria da qualidade de vida das mulheres. Isso considerado, este trabalho tem como objetivo. identificar como as iniciativas da Agenda 21 local podem encontrar aderência às medidas mundiais em favor da mulher para atingir um desenvolvimento sustentável e equitativo, segundo os princípios formulados em seu capítulo 24, através dos resultados obtidos pela aplicação dos indicadores "Relação entre os sexos feminino e masculino na educação primária, secundária e superior" e "Taxa de analfabetismo entre homens e mulheres de 15-24 anos". Para esta investigação, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, com utilização de questionários, entrevistas a diretores e/ou coordenadores e corpo docente de instituições educacionais públicas de dois municípios do Estado de Pernambuco, Ipojuca e Pesqueira. Os resultados apontaram que os índices de analfabetismo nos dois municípios pesquisados (Ipojuca, com Agenda 21, e Pesqueira ainda sem a sua formulação) continuam altos e apresentaram resultados semelhantes no que concerne à comparação entre os gêneros masculino e feminino na faixa etária de 15 a 24 anos. Percebeu-se, também, que um maior grau de escolaridade da mulher contribui mais ativamente para o desenvolvimento sustentável, tomando necessário que os dois municípios busquem a implantação e/ou implementação da Agenda 21 local, a fim de consolidar as ações nela formuladas para melhoria da educação.

L’évaluation économique de la mise en œuvre du développement durable se heurte à de multiples difficultés : la diversité des conceptions de la soutenabilité, l’hétérogénéité et le déficit de définition unitaire de ses dispositifs, ou encore le caractère immatériel des valeurs engendrées ou protégées par un développement réellement soutenable. Nous mobilisons tout d’abord une analyse en termes de référentiels, inspirée des sciences politiques, pour tenir compte conjointement des référentiels d’action et des référentiels d’évaluation du développement durable. Cette première analyse sous-tend notre approche « par les capitaux » de la soutenabilité ainsi que le choix de notre objet d’étude, l’Agenda 21 Local. Sous les hypothèses de la soutenabilité faible (substituabilité des capitaux), nous réalisons ensuite une évaluation de l’Agenda 21 Local au niveau communal français en ayant recours à l’indicateur de richesse totale (développé par la Banque Mondiale) ainsi qu’à un estimateur d’impact de l’adoption de l’Agenda 21 Local sur le revenu par tête des communes. Cette évaluation est donc réalisée au sein d’un découplage (entre un indicateur de stocks et un indicateur de flux) qui interroge la relation entre la mise en œuvre du développement durable et la croissance du revenu. En même temps, un travail analytique nous permet de proposer une requalification des dispositifs de mise en œuvre du développement durable en termes de savoirs au sens économique de Machlup. Enfin, les hypothèses de la soutenabilité faible ne garantissant pas nécessairement des flux de revenu ou un bien-être inchangés à travers le temps, nous appliquons à notre problématique les hypothèses de la soutenabilité forte (complémentarité des capitaux, phénomènes d’irréversibilité), traduites empiriquement par la recherche d’effets de seuils pour les capitaux composant la richesse totale. Dans le cadre de notre étude empirique et sous ses hypothèses, nous montrons ainsi que la mise en œuvre du développement durable ne s’est pas faite au détriment de la croissance. Au contraire, l’adoption de l’Agenda 21 Local a eu un impact positif sur le revenu par habitant au niveau local français. Parmi les composantes de la richesse totale, nous trouvons enfin des effets de seuil pour les capitaux naturel et humain. / The economic evaluation of the implementation of sustainable development encounters many difficulties including the diversity of conceptions of sustainability, the heterogeneity and the lack of single definition of its initiatives, but also the intangible nature of both generated and protected values provided by a truly sustainable development. We first develop an analysis in terms of reference frames, inspired by political science, so as to take both reference frames of action addressed to a sustainable development and reference frames for evaluating it into account. This first analysis underlies our "capital" approach to sustainability as well as the choice of our study object, Local Agenda 21. Under the assumptions of weak sustainability (capital substitutability), we then perform an evaluation of Local Agenda 21 at the French municipal level using, on the one hand, the total wealth indicator (developed by the World Bank) and on the other hand an impact estimate of the adoption of Local Agenda 21 within municipalities on per capita income. This assessment is thus performed within a decoupling (between a stock indicator and a flow indicator) that questions the relationship between the implementation of sustainable development and income growth. At the same time, an analytical work enables us to propose a requalification of the sustainable development initiatives in terms of knowledge in the economic sense of Machlup. Finally, since the hypotheses of weak sustainability do not necessarily keep income flows or well-being unchanged over time, we alternatively consider strong sustainability assumptions (capital complementarity, irreversibility). Empirically, it implies searching for threshold effects for the different assets being part of total wealth. In the context of our empirical study and under its assumptions, we demonstrate that the implementation of sustainable development has not been at the expense of growth. On the contrary, the adoption of Local Agenda 21 is shown to translate into an improvement in per capita income at the local French level. Among the components of total wealth, we find threshold effects for natural and human capital.

Submitted by Marcio Emanuel Paixão Santos (marcio.santos@ucsal.br) on 2018-06-20T21:56:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOVIVIANEOLIVEIRA.pdf: 2674322 bytes, checksum: dfe3e1720f8751f1723b8b9c3098e230 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rosemary Magalhães (rosemary.magalhaes@ucsal.br) on 2018-06-20T22:00:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOVIVIANEOLIVEIRA.pdf: 2674322 bytes, checksum: dfe3e1720f8751f1723b8b9c3098e230 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-20T22:00:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOVIVIANEOLIVEIRA.pdf: 2674322 bytes, checksum: dfe3e1720f8751f1723b8b9c3098e230 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-28 / A Agenda 21 é um instrumento no qual as políticas públicas de desenvolvimento podem ser pautadas, uma vez que resulta da articulação dos agentes sociais entorno dos seus anseios e necessidades. Contudo, muitos são os limites impostos para a sua aplicabilidade. A Agenda 21 Local de Itaparica/BA, construída nos anos de 2006 e 2007 com participação do terceiro setor, comunidade e poder público local, seguiu as etapas de sensibilização, elaboração de diagnóstico socioambiental comunitário, reuniões temáticas e constituição do Fórum. O objetivo do presente trabalho é a avaliação da aplicabilidade da Agenda 21 Local de Itaparica/BA, seus limites e possibilidades na visão dos agentes sociais envolvidos. Para tanto, foi utilizada pesquisa bibliográfica acerca dos conceitos de desenvolvimento sustentável e governança participativa, além da aplicação de entrevistas junto a membros do poder público local das gestões de 2005-2008 e 2009-2012, representantes de organizações não governamentais, lideranças e agentes comunitários. Como resultados pode-se observar a descontinuidade das ações e não incorporação das propostas e diretrizes construídas quando da elaboração das políticas públicas que visam o desenvolvimento do município, apesar da reconhecida importância desse documento por parte dos agentes sociais envolvidos. Com base nisso, pode-se afirmar que o resgate da Agenda 21 Local de Itaparica/BA, bem como o estímulo à governança participativa, seriam fatores que contribuiriam com o desenvolvimento sustentável local. / The Agenda 21 is an instrument in which public policies for development could be based on, as it results from the articulation of social agents around their needs and desires. However, there are many limits to its applicability. The Local Agenda 21 of Itaparica, built in 2006 and 2007 with the participation of third section organizations, local community and public authorities, follow the steps of awareness, elaboration of community social environmental diagnosis, thematic meetings and Forum constitution. The objective of this work is to analyze the applicability of Local Agenda 21 of Itaparica/BA, its limits and possibilities in the involved social agents vision. To this end, the concepts of sustainable development and participative governance were studied, and the members of public authorities of 2005-2008 and 2009-2012 administrations, nongovernmental organizations, leaders and community members were interviewed. As a result, we could notice the discontinuity of actions and the non incorporation of directives and proposes as the elaboration of public policies to local development, although the importance of the document in the concept of involved social agents. Based on it, we could affirm that recuperate Local Agenda 21 of Itaparica/BA, such as stimulate participative governance, would contribute to local sustainable development.