Key sources of oil for western markets are located in complex geopolitical environments that increase economic and social risk. The amalgamation of economic, environmental, social and national security concerns for petroleum-based economies have created a renewed emphasis on alternative sources of energy which include biomass. The stability of sustainable biomass markets hinges on improved methods to predict and visualize business risk and cost to the supply chain. This thesis develops Bayesian logistic regression models, with comparisons of classical maximum likelihood models, to quantify significant factors that influence the siting of biomass-using facilities and predict potential locations in the 13-state Southeastern United States for three types of biomass-using facilities. Group I combines all biomass-using mills, biorefineries using agricultural residues and wood-using bioenergy/biofuels plants. Group II included pulp and paper mills, and biorefineries that use agricultural and wood residues. Group III included food processing mills and biorefineries that use agricultural and wood residues. The resolution of this research is the 5-digit ZIP Code Tabulation Area (ZCTA), and there are 9,416 ZCTAs in the 13-state Southeastern study region. For both classical and Bayesian approaches, a training set of data was used plus a separate validation (hold out) set of data using a pseudo-random number-generating function in SAS® Enterprise Miner. Four predefined priors are constructed. Bayesian estimation assuming a Gaussian prior distribution provides the highest correct classification rate of 86.40% for Group I; Bayesian methods assuming the non-informative uniform prior has the highest correct classification rate of 95.97% for Group II; and Bayesian methods assuming a Gaussian prior gives the highest correct classification rate of 92.67% for Group III. Given the comparative low sensitivity for Group II and Group III, a hybrid model that integrates classification trees and local Bayesian logistic regression was developed as part of this research to further improve the predictive power. The hybrid model increases the sensitivity of Group II from 58.54% to 64.40%, and improves both of the specificity and sensitivity significantly for Group III from 98.69% to 99.42% and 39.35% to 46.45%, respectively. Twenty-five optimal locations for the biomass-using facility groupings at the 5-digit ZCTA resolution, based upon the best fitted Bayesian logistic regression model and the hybrid model, are predicted and plotted for the 13-state Southeastern study region.

A total of 30 fungal fruiting bodies were collected from decaying plant materials (barks and litter) from the wild based on morphological variations. Nine of these fungi purified to monoaxenic cultures were included in the present study and also a type strain Ganoderma lucidum ATCC- 32471. These fungi were screened for lignocellulolytic activities, five of these organisms produced ligninolytic enzymes when exposed to two different concentrations of guaiacol (0.02% and 0.2%) on two different media (MEA and PDA). All ten fungal isolates screened for cellulolytic activity were positive for the production of the cellulase enzyme. The fungal isolates were characterised using morphological and molecular methods. Molecular characterization using ITS1 and ITS4 primers was able to identify these fungal isolates to degrees of accuracy ranging from 98% to 100%. The phylogenetic and lineage analysis showed that the species varied amongst phylum Basidiomycota, Ascomycota and early diverging fungal lineages Mucormycotina. Both monocultures and dual cultures of these 10 fungal species were cultivated for the purpose of spectrophotometrically quantifying and evaluating enzyme production on agricultural waste residues; corn cob, sugar cane bagasse and wheat straw. A pattern of antagonistic invasion interaction was identified to demonstrate increased enzyme production on dual cultures. Four of these fungal species, Trichoderma sp. KN10, Rhizopus microsporus KN2, Fomitopsis sp. KN1 and Coriolopsis sp. KN6 demonstrated tendencies of invasion and replacement in co-cultures. The fungi and their dual cultures showed varying levels of enzyme production. Analysis of mean showed dual culture interactions involving KN10 with values for MnP production approximately at 1.46U/ml compared to monoculture of 0.06U/ml. Further, dual laccase values approximately at 0.09U/ml compared to monocultures of 0.05U/ml. Overall the highest enzyme activity was observed using wheat straw. This study demonstrated and proved that agricultural waste residues can be used for lignocellulytic enzyme production and that antagonistic invasion by some fungi (in particular Trichoderma sp. KN10) in co-cultures can increase production of one or more of the three enzyme laccase, lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase. / Environmental Sciences / Ph. D. (Environmental Science)

Orientador: Antonio Ludovico Beraldo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T11:32:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zucco_LorisLodir_D.pdf: 10570276 bytes, checksum: 090871f339d00c3709ca38718b69a991 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A reciclagem pode ser considerada uma ferramenta adequada para minimizar o impacto humano causado ao meio ambiente, o que aponta para o aproveitamento de resíduos agrícolas na obtenção de materia is para construções rurais, como uma forma alternativa de seqüestro ou da não emissão de carbono. O aproveitamento racional dos resíduos ainda é um problema não solucionado e uma parte substancial dos resíduos é desperdiçada, ou contamina o meio ambiente. No entanto, agregados de origem vegetal podem ser empregados na fabricação de artefatos leves de cimento, na busca de materiais de comportamento diferenciado em termos de isolamento térmico e acústico e de resistência às cargas dinâmicas. Esse trabalho de pesquisa, baseado em estudos anteriores envolvendo o aproveitamento da casca de arroz (CASCA), objetivou a redução no consumo de cimento através da incorporação de maior quantidade de material, a casca de arroz queimada em condições especiais, resultante de processo industrial (CINZA). Os percentuais de adição de casca e de cinza, variaram em função do tipo de mistura (pasta ou compósito). Assim, as diferentes misturas cimento-cinzacasca obtidas foram agrupadas em FASES, de acordo com o tipo de mistura (Pasta ou Compósito), a quantidade de casca (7,5% nas Fases I e II; variável nas Fases III e IV) e a quantidade de cinza (0%, 5%, 20% e 35%, na fase I e de 0%, 20% e 35%, nas demais fases). Por ser um material biológico a casca de arroz apresentou comportamento físico-químicomecânico variável, com síntese apresentada ao final de cada fase, em função do grande volume de informação (interação entre os fatores CASCA e CINZA). São apresentadas avaliações do comportamento químico, físico e mecânico das misturas à base de cimento, com incorporação de casca de arroz e/ou cinza da casca de arroz. As avaliações evidenciaram através do comportamento químico das misturas, o efeito negativo dos extrativos da casca de arroz (lavada em solução de cal) sobre as reações químicas do cimento (curva de hidratação), bem como sua redução pela adição de cinza, independentemente da distribuição em tamanho das partículas de casca. Atribuiu-se ao alto teor de carbono (98%) da cinza, a melhoria no comportamento químico das misturas. As reduções observadas em alguns parâmetros químicos, com a adição de cinza, está associada ao aumento de massa no sistema. A avaliação do comportamento físico-mecânico das misturas evidenciou que a adição de casca promoveu um aumento na resistência em tração por compressão diametral e redução na resistência em compressão simples. A adição de cinza promoveu aumento nestas resistências. A avaliação das placas prensadas evidenciou a ausência de diferença significativa entre as misturas, fato este também constatado na fase III, de modo que a adição de cinza não afetou de forma significativa a resistência mecânica, o que sugere a mistura 10 mm-35% como sendo a mais adequada para a produção de compósitos cimento-cinza-casca, com redução no consumo de cimento em cerca de 25%. Destaca-se que a mistura 10 mm-35% apresentou a maior capacidade de confinamento (ou de não emissão) de carbono. Sua capacidade de confinar foi estimada em cerca de 1,9 toneladas de CO2 por tonelada de cimento consumido no processo de fabricação do compósito, o que seria liberado para a atmosfera, quando da queima da casca de arroz no uso ou descarte inadequados. Palavras-chaves: calorimetria; casca de arroz; cimento; cinza; compósito / Abstract: The recycling is an effective tool to minimize environmental impact that is caused by human civilization. The utilization agricultural residual for rural construction is an efficient way for retain or reduce carbon emission to the atmosphere. However, the present-day techno logy is not enough to be a satisfactory level. A part of the residue is not consumed, and the rejected substances are causing environmental pollution. However, the vegetable aggregates can be employed to lightweight cement artifacts production, which is applied to thermal and acoustic isolators. This work look for a method for light artifacts production with minor cement consumption and larger rice husk (HUSK) consumption, with the help of the rice husk burned by a special industrial process (ASH). The ash and rice husk addition percentages had varied in function of the type of mixture (paste or composite). The different gotten mixtures cement-ash-rice husk been grouped in PHASES, in accordance with the type of mixture (Paste or Composite), the amount of rice husk (7.5% in Phases I and II; variable in Phases III and IV) and the amount of ash (0%, 5%, 20% and 35%, in phase I and of 0%, 20% and 35%, in the too much phases). For a biological material, the rice husk presented behavior changeable physic-chemistry-mechanic. A analyze synthesis is presented on the end each phase; this is necessary of the great volume of the information (interaction between the factors HUSK and ASH). Evaluations of the chemical, physical and mechanical behavior of cementash- rice husk mixtures are presented. The evaluations had evidenced through the chemical behavior of the mixtures, the negative effect of the extractives of the rice husk (Washed in Lime Solution) on the chemical reactions of the cement - hydration curve (temperature against time), the its reduction with the ash addition, independently of the particles size range. The high carbon content (98%) of the ash attributed the improvement to the chemical behavior of the mixtures. The reductions observed in some chemical parameters, with the ash addition, are associated with the increase of mass in the system. The behavior physical-mechanical evaluation of the mixtures evidenced that the rice husk addition increase the resistance in Brazilian test, with reduction in the resistance in simple compression. The ash addition promoted increase in this resistance. The evaluation of the board manufacturing evidenced an absence of significant difference between the mixtures, fact also evidenced in phase III. The ash addition not is significant affect in the mechanical resistance properties. The mixture 10 mm-35% proposed from at the production of composite, have reduction in the cement consumption in about 25%. In detach for 10 mm-35% mixture, presented the higher capacity of retain or reduce carbon dioxide emission. The capacity of to confine was estimated to in about 1.9 tons of CO2 for each ton of cement consumed in the process of manufacture of the composite, what would be emitted for the atmosphere, when of the burning of the rice husk, on the use or in the inadequate deposit. Keyywords: ash; calorimetric, cement; composite; rice husk / Doutorado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

A agroindústria tem se expandido para atender a crescente demanda populacional por alimentos. Dentro deste contexto, o Brasil com sua economia fortemente baseada no agronegócio contribui para a geração de grande quantidade de resíduos agroindustriais resultantes das atividades de processamento. Estes resíduos, por sua vez, representam um grave problema, pois aparentemente sem aplicação viável, são descartados diretamente ao meio ambiente. Muitos deles são ricos em compostos bioativos, amplamente reconhecidos pelas suas propriedades promotoras de saúde e aplicações tecnológicas, tais como antioxidantes e antimicrobianos, representando, portanto, potenciais fontes naturais destas substâncias. Neste trabalho, foram analisados 15 resíduos agroindustriais coletados em Bento Gonçalves, RS, Petrolina, PE, Monte Alto e Jacareí, SP. São eles: bagaços de uva Pinot Noir, Petit Verdot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Isabel (tintas), Moscato, Verdejo (brancas); engaços de uva Cabernet Sauvignon; Syrah (tintas), Moscato, Verdejo (brancas); borras de vinho tinto e branco; bagaço de tomate; bagaço de goiaba e bagaço de malte. As amostras foram extraídas com solventes de diferentes polaridades (hexano, clorofórmio, acetato de etila, etanol:água (80:20, v/v) e água) e os extratos analisados quanto o teor de compostos fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante (DPPH). As amostras e solventes que apresentaram os maiores teores de compostos fenólicos e atividade antioxidante pelo método DPPH no screening inicial seguiram para as outras análises de atividade antioxidante (EC50, ABTS, auto-oxidação do beta-caroteno/ácido linoléico e Rancimat), atividade antimicrobiana e composição química por CG-EM. Engaço branco Moscato e bagaço Pinot Noir apresentaram os maiores teores de compostos fenólicos totais, 48,61 e 40,79 mg GAE/g nos extratos etanólicos, respectivamente. O extrato etanólico do bagaço Pinot Noir apresentou elevada atividade antioxidante em todos os ensaios. Além dele, extratos de engaço branco (EC50, ABTS), bagaço Petit Verdot (ABTS, auto-oxidação do beta-caroteno), engaço tinto (EC50, auto-oxidação do betacaroteno) e bagaço Cabernet Sauvignon (Rancimat) apresentaram os melhores resultados nesses ensaios, e em muitos deles, comparáveis a do antioxidante sintético BHT. Nenhuma das amostras apresentou atividade antimicrobiana na concentração de 32 mg/mL contra S. aureus, S. mutans e A. naeslundii pelo método da difusão em ágar. O perfil químico das amostras revelou que a epicatequina foi o composto majoritário presente tanto nos extratos etanólicos quanto aquosos de todos os resíduos vinícolas analisados. Já para os bagaços de goiaba e tomate, a quercetina foi o fenólico predomimante. Outros compostos tais como ácido gálico, ferúlico, caféico, vanílico, sinápico, resveratrol, siríngico também foram identificados. Com base nos resultados é possível concluir que as amostras analisadas, particularmente os resíduos vinícolas, são ricas em compostos bioativos de elevado poder antioxidante, representando, portanto, uma potencial fonte destes compostos para aplicação na indústria de alimentos. / The agricultural industry has expanded to meet the growing population demand for food. Within this context, Brazil with its economy heavily based on agribusiness contributes to the generation of large amounts of industrial residues resulting from processing activities. These residues represent a serious problem because are discarded directly into the environment. Many of them are rich in bioactive compounds, widely recognized for its health-promoting properties and technological applications, such as antioxidants and antimicrobials, thus representing potential sources of these natural substances. In this study, we analyzed 15 residues collected in Bento Gonçalves, RS, Petrolina, PE, Jacareí and Monte Alto, SP. They are: grape pomace - Pinot Noir, Petit Verdot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Isabel (red), Moscato, Verdejo (white), stems of grape - Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah (red), Moscato, Verdejo (white), wine lees red and white, tomato pomace, guava pomace and malt pomace. The samples were extracted with solvents of different polarities (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol:water (80:20, v/v) and water) and the extracts analyzed for the content of total phenolics and antioxidant activity (DPPH) . The best solvents and samples selected on the basis of these two parameters followed for the other tests of antioxidant activity (EC50, ABTS, auto-oxidation of beta-carotene/linoleic acid and Rancimat), antimicrobial activity and chemical composition by GC-MS. Stems white Moscato and Pinot Noir pomace showed the highest levels of total phenolics, 48.61 and 40.79 mg GAE/g in the ethanol extracts, respectively. The ethanol extract of Pinot Noir pomace showed high antioxidant activity in all tests. Besides him, extracts of white stem (EC50, ABTS), Petit Verdot pomace (ABTS, auto-oxidation of beta-carotene), red stems (EC50, auto-oxidation of beta-carotene) and bagasse Cabernet Sauvignon (Rancimat) presented the best results of these tests, and many of them comparable to the synthetic antioxidant BHT. None of the samples showed antimicrobial activity to the concentration of 32 mg/mL against S. aureus, S. mutans and A. naeslundii by agar diffusion method. The chemical profile of the samples revealed that epicatechin is the major compound both in aqueous and ethanol extracts in all waste wine analyzed. In tomato and guava pomaces, quercetin is the predominant phenolic. Other compounds such as gallic acid, ferulic, caffeic, vanillic, sinapic, resveratrol, syringic were also identified. Based on these results we conclude that the samples analyzed, particularly the waste wine, are rich in bioactive compounds with high antioxidant power and have great potential application in the food industry.

Les essais de gazéification effectués dans le cadre de cette étude ont été réalisés à l’aide d’une installation instrumentée et équipée d’un réacteur à lit fixe en utilisant du dioxyde de carbone d’une part, et de la vapeur d’eau d’autre part, comme réactifs. Dans cette étude, nous avons considéré le procédé de gazéification étagée. Par ailleurs, l’étude concernant la disponibilité de la ressource, effectuée sur dix ans, nous a permis de sélectionner deux résidus agricoles, en tenant compte de leur disponibilité dans le temps, l’absence de conflit nutritionnel ainsi que de leurs caractéristiques physicochimiques... A l’issue de cette étude, deux résidus agricoles ont été sélectionnés : les balles de riz et les rafles de maïs. L’étude de la pyrolyse de ces deux biomasses a été effectuée dans un four à moufle à une température de 450 °C pour un temps de séjour de 45 minutes. Un modèle mathématique basé sur la méthode de Newton a été proposé pour estimer le rendement en cokes des balles de riz et des rafles de maïs en fonction de la température, pour un temps de séjour fixé. Nous avons également procédé à une caractérisation physicochimique de ces deux résidus agricoles ainsi que de leurs cokes de pyrolyse. Plusieurs essais de pyrolyse ont également été réalisés en ATG afin de déterminer l’ordre réel des réactions de décomposition, par pyrolyse, de ces deux biomasses, en fonction de la température. Pour les essais de gazéification, ils ont été réalisés sur le coke de pyrolyse des deux biomasses retenues, à l’aide d’une installation équipée d’un réacteur à lit fixe d’une part, ainsi que par analyse thermogravimétrique d’autre part. Plusieurs modèles cinétiques (VRM, SCM et RPM) ont été utilisés pour modéliser la cinétique de gazéification des balles de riz et des rafles de maïs avec du dioxyde de carbone et de la vapeur d’eau. Il ressort que le modèle RPM est le plus adapté des trois modèles étudiés pour simuler au mieux la gazéification du charbon de balles de riz et de rafles de maïs dans les conditions opératoires étudiées dans la présente étude. Ainsi, les énergies d’activation obtenues sont respectivement de 165,8 kJ/mol et de 152,9 kJ/mol avec le dioxyde de carbone et la vapeur d’eau pour les balles de riz pendant que le facteur exponentiel varie de 2595.4 s-1 à 3473.4 s-1 avec des valeurs respectives du paramètre structural Ψ=3,8 pour la réaction de Boudouard et Ψ= 2.16 pour la vapogazéification. Cependant, les énergies d’activation obtenues pour les rafles de maïs sont respectivement de 114,4 kJ/mol et de 105,5 kJ/mol avec le dioxyde de carbone et la vapeur d’eau pendant que le facteur exponentiel varie de 13,9 s-1 à 18,3 s-1avec des valeurs respectives du paramètre structural Ψ=12,3 pour la réaction de Boudouard et Ψ= 8,68 pour la vapogazéification. / The gasification tests in this study were carried out using an instrumented installation equipped with a fixed bed reactor using carbon dioxide and water steam, as reagents. In this study, we considered the stepped gasification process. In addition, the ten-year resource availability study allowed us to select two agricultural residues, taking into account their availability over time, the absence of nutritional conflict and their physicochemical characteristics… At the end of this study, two agricultural residues were selected: rice husks and corn cobs. The pyrolysis of these two biomasses was carried out in a muffle furnace at a temperature of 450 °C for a residence time of 45 minutes. A mathematical model based on the Newton method has been proposed to estimate the coke yield of rice husk and corn cobs as a function of temperature, for a fixed residence time. We also carried out a physicochemical characterization of these two agricultural residues as well as their pyrolysis cokes. Several pyrolysis tests have also been carried out in ATG in order to determine the real order of the decomposition reactions by pyrolysis, of these two biomasses, as a function of temperature. For the gasification tests, they were carried out on the pyrolysis coke of the two retained biomasses, using an installation equipped with a fixed-bed reactor on the one hand, and by thermogravimetric analysis of another hand. Several kinetic models (VRM, SCM and RPM) were used to model the gasification reaction kinetics of rice husk and corn cobs with carbon dioxide and water steam. It appears that the RPM model is the most suitable of the three models studied to best simulate the gasification reaction of char from rice husk and corn cobs under the operating conditions studied in this study. Thus, the activation energies obtained are respectively 165.8 kJ/mol and 152.9 kJ/mol with carbon dioxide and water steam for rice husk while the exponential factor varies from 2595.4 s-1 to 3473.4 s-1 with respective values of the structural parameter Ψ = 3.8 for the Boudouard reaction and Ψ = 2.16 for the water steam gasification. However, the activation energies obtained for corn cobs are 114.4 kJ/mol and 105.5kJ/mol respectively with carbon dioxide and water steam while the exponential factor varies from 13.9 s-1 to 18.3 s-1 with respective values of the structural parameter Ψ = 12.3 for the Boudouard reaction and Ψ = 8.68 for the water steam gasification.

[EN] The aim of the present PhD Thesis is to define, develop and evaluate a methodology for an improved and more sustainable management of waste, in particular agricultural residues, turning them into a new source of energy and into added value products. Particular attention is paid to the use of rice straw as an energy vector and as a precursor of silica-based compounds. The recovery of energy was carried through the gasification of biomass within a Spouted Bed Reactor. An initial definition of the main physico-chemical and thermal properties of the feed was performed. The design and operational parameters of the reactor were set according to the characteristics of the biomass. Due to the particular configuration of the reactor, its fluid dynamic properties were analysed in detail in a lab scale unit. The conditions of stability of the reactor and the prevention of segregation phenomena were studied. A scaled-up unit was used for the evaluation of the reactions of gasification of the different residues. The behaviour of the system was modelled at both fluid dynamic and thermo-chemical levels with the aid of different commercial softwares. Finally, a material valorisation was performed. The extraction of silica from the ashes resulting from the thermo-chemical process was studied. Their application as adsorbent materials for the removal of nitrates in water was discussed. / [ES] El objetivo de la presente tesis doctoral es definir, desarrollar y evaluar una metodología eficiente de gestión de residuos, en particular agrícolas, para convertirlos en una nueva fuente de energía y en productos de valor añadido. Se estudia con especial atención el uso de la paja de arroz como vector energético y como precursor de productos basados en sílice. Las reacciones de recuperación energética se han llevado a cabo a través de la gasificación de la biomasa en reactores de tipo Spouted Bed. Para ello, se han definido las propiedades físico-químicas y de comportamiento térmico de los residuos estudiados. Los parámetros de diseño y operación del reactor han sido definidos de acuerdo a las características del material tratado. Debido a la particular configuración del reactor, las propiedades fluido- dinámicas del sistema se han analizado en detalle en una unidad a escala de laboratorio. En ella se han estudiado las condiciones de estabilidad del reactor y aquellas que previenen los procesos de segregación. Se ha utilizado una unidad escalada a dimensiones de planta piloto para llevar a cabo las pruebas de gasificacion de los residuos. El comportamiento del reactor se ha modelado tanto a nivel fluido dinámico como a nivel térmico mediante el uso de diversos códigos comerciales de simulación. Finalmente, se ha realizado una valorización material basada en la extracción de sílice de las cenizas resultantes del proceso de valorización térmica. Por último, se han realizado pruebas preliminares de la posible aplicación de dicha sílice en procesos de adsorción de nitratos presentes en agua. / [CA] L'objectiu de la present tesi doctoral és definir, desenvolupar i evaluar una metodologia eficient de gestió de residus, en particular agrícoles, per convertir-los en una nova font d'energia i en productes de valor afegit. S'estudia amb especial atenció l'ús de la palla d'arròs com a vector energètic i com a precursor de productes basats en sílice. Les reaccions de recuperació energètica s'han dut a terme a través de la gasificació de la biomassa en uns reactors de tipus Spouted Bed . Per això, s'han definit les propietats físico-químiques i de comportament tèrmic dels residus estudiats. Els paràmetres de disseny i operació del reactor han estat definits d'acord a les característiques del material tractat. A causa de la particular configuració del reactor, les propietats fluid - dinàmiques del sistema s'han analitzat amb detall en una unitat a escala de laboratori. S'hi han estudiat les condicions d'estabilitat del reactor i aquelles que prevenen els processos de segregació. S'ha utilitzat una unitat escalada a dimensions de planta pilot per dur a terme les proves de gasificació dels residus. El comportament del reactor s'ha modelat tant a nivell fluid dinàmic com a nivell tèrmic mitjançant l'ús de diversos codis comercials de simulació. Finalment, s'ha realitzat una valorització material basada en l'extracció de sílice de les cendres resultants del procés de valorització tèrmica. Per ùltim, s'han realitzat proves preliminars de la possible aplicació d'aquesta sílice en processos d'adsorció de nitrats presents en aigua. / Moliner Estopiñán, CE. (2016). Valorisation of Agricultural Residues [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/68495 / TESIS / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales

Um dos fatores que ainda retarda o uso do palhiço remanescente da colheita mecanizada para cogeração de energia é a falta de conhecimento de processos ou sistemas que viabilizem a retirada e transporte desse material até as unidades de cogeração. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar os desempenhos técnico, econômico e energético de uma enfardadora, em diferentes condições de distribuição de palhiço na superfície, buscando viabilizar o recolhimento do palhiço remanescente da colheita mecanizada. O ensaio foi realizado na Usina Iracema, município de Iracemápolis-SP, em área de cana-de-açúcar, colhida mecanicamente. A área foi dividida em três subáreas., com cinco repetições de 15 fardos cada. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: T1- palhiço in natura, sem enleiramento; T2- palhiço com enleiramento simples; T3- palhiço com enleiramento duplo. As principais avaliações foram: força na barra de tração, potência, velocidade efetiva, consumo de combustível, capacidades de produção e de campo efetivas, custos efetivos para o enfardamento, eficiência energética do enfardamento e potencial energético do palhiço recolhido. Os resultados mostraram que a demanda de força na barra para tracionar a enfardadora não mostrou diferenças entre os tratamentos e variou de 344,21 a 369,43 kgf, a demanda de potência exigida para o deslocamento do conjunto foi baixa podendo, dessa forma, reservar a maior parcela para o acionamento da TDP. Houve diferenças significativas nas velocidades operacionais, com valor de 4,9 km.h-1 no enfardamento sem enleiramento, 2,45 km.h-1 no enfardamento com leiras simples e 1,73 km.h-1 no enfardamento com enleiramento duplo. A capacidade de produção efetiva no tratamento T1 foi de 6,55 t.h-1, 8,1 t.h-1 no T2 e 5,81 t.h-1 no T3. A capacidade de campo efetiva foi de 7,75 t.ha-1 no T1; 9,2 t.ha-1 no T2 e 7,54 t.ha-1. O consumo horário de combustível no T1 foi de 7,86 l.h-1, no T2 foi de 7,48 l.h-1 e no T3 de 6,54 l.h-1. O consumo por tonelada de palhiço recolhido foi menor no tratamento T2 (0,92 l.t-1), seguido do T3 (1,13 l.t-1) e do T1 (1,20 l.t-1). O Tratamento T2 apresentou menor custo por tonelada de palhiço recolhido (7,45 R$.t-1), o custo no T1 foi de 9,33 R$.t-1 e no T3 foi de 10,49 R$.t-1. A eficiência energética da operação de enfardamento no T1 foi de 99,62%, no T2 foi de 99,71% e no T3 foi 99,64%. O potencial energético do palhiço recolhido no T1 foi 9,92 EBP.ha-1, no T2 foi 11,77 EBP.ha-1 e no T3 foi de 9,65 EBP.ha- 1. Diante dos resultados, pode concluir que: o enleiramento reduziu o teor de umidade do palhiço; a demanda de força de tração e de potência para tracionar a enfardadora foram pequenas; o sistema de recolhimento de palhiço em leiras simples apresentou melhor desempenho econômico e energético; por se tratar de uma enfardadora de baixa capacidade efetiva é inapropriada para operação em grandes áreas; considerando-se as inúmeras variáveis, intervenientes nos 3 tratamentos, entende-se que a melhor opção para o uso desta enfardadora é operação em área com enleiramento simples do palhiço. / One of the factors that still delay the use of the residue of sugar cane mechanical harvest for energy cogeneration is the lack of knowledge of processes or systems that allow the materials removal and transportation to the cogenerations place. The objective of this research was study the performances technical, economic and energetic of a bailing, in different conditions of distribution of sugar cane residue on the surface, trying to make viable the collection of the remaining mechanized harvest. The test was realized at sugar cane mill Iracema, located in Iracemápolis-SP, in an area of sugar cane, mechanically harvested. The area was divided into three sub-areas, with five replicates of 15 bales each. The treatments were: T1-sugar cane residue \"in natura\", without row; T2-sugar cane residue with simple row; T3-sugar cane residue with double row. The main evaluations were: force on traction bar, power, effective speed, fuel consumption, capacitys production and effectives field, bailings effectives costs, bailings energetic efficiency and energetic potential of the sugar cane residue bailed. The results showed that the force demand on traction bar to pull the baler showed no differences between the treatments and ranged from 344.21 to 369.43 kgf, the power demand required for the displacement the tractor and the baler was low and, thus, reserve the largest portion to operate the PTO. There were significant differences in operating speeds, with a value of 4.9 km.h-1 on baling without row, 2.45 km.h-1 on baling with simple row and 1.73 km.h-1 on baling with double row. The effective production capacity in the T1 was 6.55 t.h-1, 8.1 t.h-1 in T2 and 5.81 t.h-1 in T3. The effective field capacity was 7.75 t.ha-1 in T1, 9.2 t.ha-1 in T2 and 7.54 t.ha-1. The hourly consumption of fuel at T1 was 7.86 l.h-1 in T2 was 7.48 l.h-1 and T3 of 6.54 l.h-1. The consumption per ton of sugar cane residue collected was lower in treatment T2 (0.92 l.t-1), followed by T3 (1.13 l.t-1) and T1 (1.20 l.t-1). The treatment T2 had lower cost per ton of sugar cane residue baled (7.45.R$.t-1), the cost in T1 was 9.33 R$.t-1 and T3 was 10.49 R$.t-1. The energetic efficiency of the baling operation in T1 was 99.62% at T2 was 99.71% and 99.64% in T3. The energetic potential of the sugar cane residue baled at T1 was 9.92 EBP.ha-1 in T2 was 11.77 EBP.ha-1 and T3 was 9.65 EBP.ha-1. The results may conclude that: the rows operation reduced the sugar cane residue humidity, the demand of the traction force and power to pull the baler were small, the simple rows was the system that showed better performance and energy economic; the baler had a small effective capacity for this is inappropriate for large areas; considering the many variables that affects the treatments, understood that the best option for the use of this baler is operating in sugar cane residues areas with simple rows.

Um dos fatores que ainda retarda o uso do palhiço remanescente da colheita mecanizada para cogeração de energia é a falta de conhecimento de processos ou sistemas que viabilizem a retirada e transporte desse material até as unidades de cogeração. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar os desempenhos técnico, econômico e energético de uma enfardadora, em diferentes condições de distribuição de palhiço na superfície, buscando viabilizar o recolhimento do palhiço remanescente da colheita mecanizada. O ensaio foi realizado na Usina Iracema, município de Iracemápolis-SP, em área de cana-de-açúcar, colhida mecanicamente. A área foi dividida em três subáreas., com cinco repetições de 15 fardos cada. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: T1- palhiço in natura, sem enleiramento; T2- palhiço com enleiramento simples; T3- palhiço com enleiramento duplo. As principais avaliações foram: força na barra de tração, potência, velocidade efetiva, consumo de combustível, capacidades de produção e de campo efetivas, custos efetivos para o enfardamento, eficiência energética do enfardamento e potencial energético do palhiço recolhido. Os resultados mostraram que a demanda de força na barra para tracionar a enfardadora não mostrou diferenças entre os tratamentos e variou de 344,21 a 369,43 kgf, a demanda de potência exigida para o deslocamento do conjunto foi baixa podendo, dessa forma, reservar a maior parcela para o acionamento da TDP. Houve diferenças significativas nas velocidades operacionais, com valor de 4,9 km.h-1 no enfardamento sem enleiramento, 2,45 km.h-1 no enfardamento com leiras simples e 1,73 km.h-1 no enfardamento com enleiramento duplo. A capacidade de produção efetiva no tratamento T1 foi de 6,55 t.h-1, 8,1 t.h-1 no T2 e 5,81 t.h-1 no T3. A capacidade de campo efetiva foi de 7,75 t.ha-1 no T1; 9,2 t.ha-1 no T2 e 7,54 t.ha-1. O consumo horário de combustível no T1 foi de 7,86 l.h-1, no T2 foi de 7,48 l.h-1 e no T3 de 6,54 l.h-1. O consumo por tonelada de palhiço recolhido foi menor no tratamento T2 (0,92 l.t-1), seguido do T3 (1,13 l.t-1) e do T1 (1,20 l.t-1). O Tratamento T2 apresentou menor custo por tonelada de palhiço recolhido (7,45 R$.t-1), o custo no T1 foi de 9,33 R$.t-1 e no T3 foi de 10,49 R$.t-1. A eficiência energética da operação de enfardamento no T1 foi de 99,62%, no T2 foi de 99,71% e no T3 foi 99,64%. O potencial energético do palhiço recolhido no T1 foi 9,92 EBP.ha-1, no T2 foi 11,77 EBP.ha-1 e no T3 foi de 9,65 EBP.ha- 1. Diante dos resultados, pode concluir que: o enleiramento reduziu o teor de umidade do palhiço; a demanda de força de tração e de potência para tracionar a enfardadora foram pequenas; o sistema de recolhimento de palhiço em leiras simples apresentou melhor desempenho econômico e energético; por se tratar de uma enfardadora de baixa capacidade efetiva é inapropriada para operação em grandes áreas; considerando-se as inúmeras variáveis, intervenientes nos 3 tratamentos, entende-se que a melhor opção para o uso desta enfardadora é operação em área com enleiramento simples do palhiço. / One of the factors that still delay the use of the residue of sugar cane mechanical harvest for energy cogeneration is the lack of knowledge of processes or systems that allow the materials removal and transportation to the cogenerations place. The objective of this research was study the performances technical, economic and energetic of a bailing, in different conditions of distribution of sugar cane residue on the surface, trying to make viable the collection of the remaining mechanized harvest. The test was realized at sugar cane mill Iracema, located in Iracemápolis-SP, in an area of sugar cane, mechanically harvested. The area was divided into three sub-areas, with five replicates of 15 bales each. The treatments were: T1-sugar cane residue \"in natura\", without row; T2-sugar cane residue with simple row; T3-sugar cane residue with double row. The main evaluations were: force on traction bar, power, effective speed, fuel consumption, capacitys production and effectives field, bailings effectives costs, bailings energetic efficiency and energetic potential of the sugar cane residue bailed. The results showed that the force demand on traction bar to pull the baler showed no differences between the treatments and ranged from 344.21 to 369.43 kgf, the power demand required for the displacement the tractor and the baler was low and, thus, reserve the largest portion to operate the PTO. There were significant differences in operating speeds, with a value of 4.9 km.h-1 on baling without row, 2.45 km.h-1 on baling with simple row and 1.73 km.h-1 on baling with double row. The effective production capacity in the T1 was 6.55 t.h-1, 8.1 t.h-1 in T2 and 5.81 t.h-1 in T3. The effective field capacity was 7.75 t.ha-1 in T1, 9.2 t.ha-1 in T2 and 7.54 t.ha-1. The hourly consumption of fuel at T1 was 7.86 l.h-1 in T2 was 7.48 l.h-1 and T3 of 6.54 l.h-1. The consumption per ton of sugar cane residue collected was lower in treatment T2 (0.92 l.t-1), followed by T3 (1.13 l.t-1) and T1 (1.20 l.t-1). The treatment T2 had lower cost per ton of sugar cane residue baled (7.45.R$.t-1), the cost in T1 was 9.33 R$.t-1 and T3 was 10.49 R$.t-1. The energetic efficiency of the baling operation in T1 was 99.62% at T2 was 99.71% and 99.64% in T3. The energetic potential of the sugar cane residue baled at T1 was 9.92 EBP.ha-1 in T2 was 11.77 EBP.ha-1 and T3 was 9.65 EBP.ha-1. The results may conclude that: the rows operation reduced the sugar cane residue humidity, the demand of the traction force and power to pull the baler were small, the simple rows was the system that showed better performance and energy economic; the baler had a small effective capacity for this is inappropriate for large areas; considering the many variables that affects the treatments, understood that the best option for the use of this baler is operating in sugar cane residues areas with simple rows.

No description available.

O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores mundiais de suco de laranja, da mesma forma que a produção é elevada, a geração de resíduos também é significativa. Sabe-se que estes resíduos, os quais incluem sementes, cascas e restos de polpa são ricos em nutrientes que poderiam ser utilizados como substrato por micro-organismos, seja para o crescimento ou para a obtenção de subprodutos. Esporos de Bacillus atrophaeus ATCC 9372 são utilizados como indicadores biológicos, IBs, em processos térmicos por formarem esporos termorresistentes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o uso de resíduos do processamento de suco de laranja como um meio de cultura alternativo para obtenção de esporos de B. atrophaeus, para serem aplicados em processos industriais. Ao bagaço de laranja (de 1,0 g a 20,0 g), obtido por processamento em centrífuga de frutas, foram adicionados 100 mL de água, e incubados a 150 rpm / 37 ºC por até 6 dias. Evidenciada a viabilidade de crescimento celular (µmáx = 0,0238 h-1 e Px = 0,0787 g/L.h, para 5,0 g de bagaço) procedeu-se ao estudo de planejamento experimental fatorial 22 em formato estrela com 6 pontos centrais, considerando a concentração de bagaço e o volume de meio. Foram determinados os valores de pH, de biomassa, de esporos viáveis e a resistência térmica dos mesmos a 102 ºC. Observou-se que houve aumento nos valores de pH após o cultivo e que as maiores concentrações de esporos foram de 1,73 x 109 esporos /mL e 5,75 x 109 esporos /mL após 3 e 6 dias de cultivo e os tempos de redução decimal determinados variaram de D102C = 0,92 min a D102C = 2,71 min e de D102C = 1,34 min a D102C = 3,98 min após 3 e 6 dias de cultivo, respectivamente. Com base no planejamento proposto e a análise de regressão, o desenvolvimento de esporos em bagaço segue a relação: Esporos = {-1,15 + 0,0303* [bagaço (g)] - 0,00611* [volume (mL)] + 0,611* [tempo (dias)]}, p=0,000, R2 =0,452, sendo o tempo (p=0,000) o fator de maior influência na formação de esporos. Os meios preparados com bagaço de laranja apresentaram-se viáveis para a produção de esporos de B. atrophaeus termorresistentes, produto de interesse farmacêutico e industrial, agregando valor ao resíduo que seria descartado. / Brazil is one of the world´s largest producers of oranges juice, in the same way that the production is high the amount of generated waste is also significant. It is well known that these residues, which include seeds, peel and pulp, are rich in nutrients that could be used as substrate by microorganisms whether for growth or for obtaining by-products. Bacillus atrophaeus ATCC 9372 spores are used as biological indicators, BIs, in thermal processes due to their ability to form heat-resistant spores. This study aimed to evaluate the use of orange juice processing waste as an alternative culture media to obtain B. atrophaeus spores, to be applied in industrial processes. To orange\'s bagasse (from 1.0 g to 20.0 g), obtained by processing in a fruit\'s centrifuge, 100 mL of water was added, and sterilized at 121 ºC. An aliquot of 0.1g/L of Bacillus atrophaeus spores was inoculated to bagasses\'s media and incubated at 150 rpm / 37 ºC up to 6 days. As cells (µmáx = 0.0238 h-1 and Px = 0.0787 g/L.h, for 5.0 g of bagasse) were obtained, a factorial experimental design 22, with star-shaped model and 6 central points, was performed considering the bagasse concentration and the media volume used. Values of pH, biomass, viable spores and their thermal resistance at 102 ºC were determined. It was observed that pH increased after cultivation and major values of spore concentration achieved were 1.73 x 109 spores /mL and 5.75 x 109 spores /mL after 3 and 6 days, respectively. Decimal reduction times determined ranged from D102C = 0.92 min to D102C = 2.71 min and from D102C = 1.34 min to D102C = 3.98 min after 3 and 6 days of incubation, correspondingly. The regression analysis showed that the development of spores in bagasse can be defined by the equation: Spores = , p=0.000, R2 =0.452 and time has a positive influence in the spore formation. Results demonstrated media prepared with oranges\' bagasse were capable to grow and to develop B. atrophaeus heat-resistant spores, being an alternative to add value to a waste that would be discarded, generating a product of great importance in the pharmaceutical field.