Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2017-04-17T18:53:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2609607 bytes, checksum: 556bda4a6de90f9be2c592e47697cdca (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-17T18:53:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2609607 bytes, checksum: 556bda4a6de90f9be2c592e47697cdca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-05-13 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo o estudo de diversos fatores que influenciam a morfogênese in vitro e o estabelecimento e implementação de protocolo de transformação genética mediada por Agrobacterium para duas espécies de maracujazeiro (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa e P. cincinnata). O método de retirada total do tegumento da semente foi efetivo para a germinação de P. cincinnata, sendo a maior produção de plântulas normais obtida em meio MS na sua força total. Melhor resultado de regeneração em P. cincinnata foi obtido em meio MS suplementado com 0,5 mg l -1 de BAP e 10% (v/v) de água de coco, sendo indicado a redução da concentração de BAP pela metade aos 15 dias, no primeiro subcultivo. O uso de ágar Vetec para essa espécie é aconselhável, tendo em vista seu menor custo e maior rendimento obtido de ramos por explante. Apesar do bom alongamento dos ramos regenerados, o enraízamento e a manutenção desses ramos quando individualizados não foi satisfatória. Embriogênese somática foi observada no tratamento cujo meio de cultura foi suplementado apenas com água de coco. Os calos obtidos nesse tratamento foram bastante proliferativos e os embriões formados, em geral, normais. A germinação desses embriões gerou plântulas aclimatadas. morfologicamente Explantes normais, hipocotiledonares as quais puderam ser das duas espécies de maracujazeiro estudadas se mostraram bastante resistentes à Higromicina. Em teste realizado com P. cincinnata, a Higromicina foi menos ativa em meio gelificado com ágar Vetec, em comparação com aquele gelificado com Phytagel. Solução de Agrobacterium com densidade ótica (λ= 600 nm) ajustada para 0,25 se mostrou mais eficiente que aquela ajustada para 0,50. Foram obtidas raízes transformadas por A. rhizogenes de ambas as espécies. Em raízes transformadas de P. cincinnata mantidas em meio seletivo, sem reguladores de crescimento, foi observada a formação de gemas e embriogênese somática. Plantas de P. edulis f. flavicarpa, transformadas com A. tumefaciens SHOOTER, regeneradas em meio sem reguladores de crescimento, não apresentaram reação histoquímica positiva para gus, embora a reação e PCR com primers específicos tenha indicado a presença desse gene no DNA genômico das plantas regeneradas. A combinação de reguladores proposta por DREW (1991) foi eficiente na indução de novo de gemas adventícias em explantes cotiledonares e hipocotiledonares, sendo o acréscimo de 10 μM de STS importante para o incremento do número de ramos, principalmente em explantes hipocotiledonares, que se mostraram mais sensíveis ao etileno. O tratamento com enzimas pecto-celulolíticas foi bastante eficiente na indução de regeneração ao longo do explante, sendo essa uma característica que poderá ser bastante útil em protocolos de transformação genética mediada por Agrobacterium. / The present work had for objective study of diverse factors that influence the in vitro morphogenesis and the genetics Agrobacterium- mediated transformation for two species of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa e P. cincinnata). The total withdrawal of teguments of seeds method was effective for the germination of P. cincinnata, being the biggest production of normal seedlings was obtained in half salts concentration of MS media. Better resulted of regeneration in P. cincinnata it was gotten in MS media supplemented with 0,5 mg l -1 of BAP and 10% (v/v) of coconut water, being indicated the reduction of the concentration of BAP for the half to 15 days, in the first subculture. The use of VetecTM agar-agar is advisable, having in sight its lesser cost and greater income of branches for explant. Despite the good along of the regenerated branches, the rooting and the maintenance of these branches when isolated was not satisfactory. Somatic embryogenesis was observed in the treatment whose media was supplemented only with coconut water. Callus gotten in this treatment had been very proliferated and the embryos formed, in general, were normal. The germination of these embryos generated seedlings morphologically normal, which could have been acclimatized. Hypocotyls explants of the two studied species of yellow passion fruit showed sufficiently resistant to the Hygromycin. In test carried through with P. cincinnata, the Hygromycin was less active in media gelling with VetecTM agar-agar in comparison with the one with PhytagelTM. Solution of Agrobacterium with optical density (λ= 600 nm) adjusted for 0.25 showed more efficient that that one adjusted for 0.50. They had been gotten roots transformed for A. rhizogenes of both the species. In roots transformed of P. cincinnata kept in selective media, without growth regulators, it was observed the formation of buds and somatic embryogenesis. Plants of P. edulis f. flavicarpa, transformed with A. tumefaciens SHOOTER, regenerated in way without growth regulators not they had presented positive histochemical reaction for gus, even so reaction e PCR with primers specific it has indicated the presence of this gene in the DNA genomic of the regenerated plants. The plant growth regulators combination of proposal for DREW (1991) it was efficient in the induction de novo of adventitious buds in cotyledon and hypocotyl explants, being the addition of 10 μM of STS was important for the increment of the number of branches, mainly in hypocotyl explants, that they had revealed more sensible to the ethylene. The treatment with pecto-cellulolytics enzymes were efficient in the induction of regeneration to long of the explant, being this one characteristic that it could be very useful in protocols of Agrobacterium- mediated genetic transformation. / Tese importada do Alexandria

A resistência a doenças em plantas transgênicas tem sido obtida por meio da expressão de genes isolados de bactérias, fungos micoparasitas e plantas. Neste trabalho, relatamos a utilização de um gene do fungo entomopatogênico Metarhizium anisopliae como modo de gerar resistência a doenças fúngicas em plantas. O gene chit1 codifica a quitinase CHIT42 (EC 3.2.1.14), pertencente a uma classe de glicosil-hidrolases capazes de converter quitina em oligômeros de N-acetil-glicosamina (NAcGlc). Quando presentes em tecidos vegetais, supõese que as quitinases ataquem especificamente a parede celular de fungos invasores, provocando danos às hifas e causando a morte por lise das células fúngicas. Deste modo, dois diferentes grupos de plantas transgênicas de Nicotiana tabacum foram produzidos: no primeiro deles, denominado chitplus, os indivíduos possuem o gene chit1 sob o controle do promotor CaMV 35S. O segundo grupo, demoninado chitless, consiste de plantas transformadas com um T-DNA não contendo o gene do fungo. Trinta e quatro plantas transgênicas resistentes à canamicina (17 de cada grupo) foram regeneradas a partir de discos de folhas infectados por Agrobacterium tumefaciens. A produção da quitinase em extratos protéicos de folhas foi analisada por zimogramas em SDS-PAGE contendo glicol-quitina e corados por calcoflúor branco, na forma de um screening dos transgênicos primários. As plantas transgênicas foram testadas, ainda, por meio de ensaios colorimétricos empregando oligômeros sintéticos de NAcGlc como substratos específicos, além de immunoblot e Western blot com soro anti-quitinase. A quantidade de enzima recombinante nas plantas chitplus variou desde nenhuma atividade detectável a elevados níveis de expressão da enzima. A hibridização de Southern blot demonstrou que o número de cópias do gene chit1 integradas no genoma vegetal foi estimado entre uma e quatro. A primeira geração de plantas transgênicas geradas por autofecundação de parentais portadores de duas cópias do transgene foi testada com relação à estabilidade da herança do transgene e em 43 de um total de 67 descendentes, originados de quatro cruzamentos independentes, o padrão de segregação não diferiu das proporções Mendelianas esperadas. Ensaios de resistência, desafiando as plantas transgênicas com o basidiomiceto Rhizoctonia solani foram realizados e uma evidente diminuição da área foliar contendo lesões fúngicas foi observada entre as linhagens transgênicas, embora variações na atividade quitinolítica tenham influenciado o nível de resistência. Nossos resultados sugerem uma relação direta entre a atividade específica de quitinase e ao aumento nos níveis de resistência às lesões causadas pela infecção por R. solani. / Plant resistance in transgenic plants has been obtained by expressing genes isolated from bacteria, mycoparasitic fungi and plants. Here we report the employment of a gene from the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae as a tool to generate resistance to fungal diseases in plants. The chit1 gene encodes the chitinase CHIT42 (EC 3.2.1.14), belonging to a class of glicosyl-hydrolases able to convert chitin into N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) oligomers. When present in plant tissues, chitinases are supposed to disrupt the invading fungal cell wall specifically, causing hyphae damage and leading to cell lysis. Hence two different groups of transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants were produced. The first group was named chitplus, in which individuals harbour the chit1 gene under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter . The second group, named chitless, carried a T-DNA not containing the fungal gene. Thirty-four kanamicin resistant plants (17 of each group) were regenerated from leaf discs infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Chitinase production in leaf protein extracts was analysed through zymograms in SDS-PAGE containing glycol-chitin and stained by calcofluor white, as a screening of primary transformants. Transgenic plants were also evaluated by colorimetric assays using synthetic GlcNAc oligomers as specific substrates besides immunoblot and Western blot probed with rabbit anti-chitinase sera. The amount of recombinant enzyme in chitplus plants ranged from no detectable chitinase activity to high levels of enzyme expression. Southern blot hybridisation revealed that chit1 copy number inserted into plant genomes varied from one to four. The first self pollinated generation of transgenic lines bearing two copies of the transgene was tested on inheritance stability and in 43 out of 67 descendants, derived from four independent crosses, the segregation pattern was discovered not to differ from the predicted Mendelian ratios. Resistance assays challenging transgenic plants with the basidiomycete Rhizoctonia solani were performed and a clear decrease in the foliar area containing fungal lesions was observed amongst transgenic lines, though variations in chitinase activity also reflected on the resistance level. Our results suggest a direct relationship between chitinase specific activity and the improvement in the resistance to lesions caused by infection.

No description available.

A resistência a doenças em plantas transgênicas tem sido obtida por meio da expressão de genes isolados de bactérias, fungos micoparasitas e plantas. Neste trabalho, relatamos a utilização de um gene do fungo entomopatogênico Metarhizium anisopliae como modo de gerar resistência a doenças fúngicas em plantas. O gene chit1 codifica a quitinase CHIT42 (EC 3.2.1.14), pertencente a uma classe de glicosil-hidrolases capazes de converter quitina em oligômeros de N-acetil-glicosamina (NAcGlc). Quando presentes em tecidos vegetais, supõese que as quitinases ataquem especificamente a parede celular de fungos invasores, provocando danos às hifas e causando a morte por lise das células fúngicas. Deste modo, dois diferentes grupos de plantas transgênicas de Nicotiana tabacum foram produzidos: no primeiro deles, denominado chitplus, os indivíduos possuem o gene chit1 sob o controle do promotor CaMV 35S. O segundo grupo, demoninado chitless, consiste de plantas transformadas com um T-DNA não contendo o gene do fungo. Trinta e quatro plantas transgênicas resistentes à canamicina (17 de cada grupo) foram regeneradas a partir de discos de folhas infectados por Agrobacterium tumefaciens. A produção da quitinase em extratos protéicos de folhas foi analisada por zimogramas em SDS-PAGE contendo glicol-quitina e corados por calcoflúor branco, na forma de um screening dos transgênicos primários. As plantas transgênicas foram testadas, ainda, por meio de ensaios colorimétricos empregando oligômeros sintéticos de NAcGlc como substratos específicos, além de immunoblot e Western blot com soro anti-quitinase. A quantidade de enzima recombinante nas plantas chitplus variou desde nenhuma atividade detectável a elevados níveis de expressão da enzima. A hibridização de Southern blot demonstrou que o número de cópias do gene chit1 integradas no genoma vegetal foi estimado entre uma e quatro. A primeira geração de plantas transgênicas geradas por autofecundação de parentais portadores de duas cópias do transgene foi testada com relação à estabilidade da herança do transgene e em 43 de um total de 67 descendentes, originados de quatro cruzamentos independentes, o padrão de segregação não diferiu das proporções Mendelianas esperadas. Ensaios de resistência, desafiando as plantas transgênicas com o basidiomiceto Rhizoctonia solani foram realizados e uma evidente diminuição da área foliar contendo lesões fúngicas foi observada entre as linhagens transgênicas, embora variações na atividade quitinolítica tenham influenciado o nível de resistência. Nossos resultados sugerem uma relação direta entre a atividade específica de quitinase e ao aumento nos níveis de resistência às lesões causadas pela infecção por R. solani. / Plant resistance in transgenic plants has been obtained by expressing genes isolated from bacteria, mycoparasitic fungi and plants. Here we report the employment of a gene from the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae as a tool to generate resistance to fungal diseases in plants. The chit1 gene encodes the chitinase CHIT42 (EC 3.2.1.14), belonging to a class of glicosyl-hydrolases able to convert chitin into N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) oligomers. When present in plant tissues, chitinases are supposed to disrupt the invading fungal cell wall specifically, causing hyphae damage and leading to cell lysis. Hence two different groups of transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants were produced. The first group was named chitplus, in which individuals harbour the chit1 gene under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter . The second group, named chitless, carried a T-DNA not containing the fungal gene. Thirty-four kanamicin resistant plants (17 of each group) were regenerated from leaf discs infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Chitinase production in leaf protein extracts was analysed through zymograms in SDS-PAGE containing glycol-chitin and stained by calcofluor white, as a screening of primary transformants. Transgenic plants were also evaluated by colorimetric assays using synthetic GlcNAc oligomers as specific substrates besides immunoblot and Western blot probed with rabbit anti-chitinase sera. The amount of recombinant enzyme in chitplus plants ranged from no detectable chitinase activity to high levels of enzyme expression. Southern blot hybridisation revealed that chit1 copy number inserted into plant genomes varied from one to four. The first self pollinated generation of transgenic lines bearing two copies of the transgene was tested on inheritance stability and in 43 out of 67 descendants, derived from four independent crosses, the segregation pattern was discovered not to differ from the predicted Mendelian ratios. Resistance assays challenging transgenic plants with the basidiomycete Rhizoctonia solani were performed and a clear decrease in the foliar area containing fungal lesions was observed amongst transgenic lines, though variations in chitinase activity also reflected on the resistance level. Our results suggest a direct relationship between chitinase specific activity and the improvement in the resistance to lesions caused by infection.

abstract: Plants are a promising upcoming platform for production of vaccine components and other desirable pharmaceutical proteins that can only, at present, be made in living systems. The unique soil microbe Agrobacterium tumefaciens can transfer DNA to plants very efficiently, essentially turning plants into factories capable of producing virtually any gene. While genetically modified bacteria have historically been used for producing useful biopharmaceuticals like human insulin, plants can assemble much more complicated proteins, like human antibodies, that bacterial systems cannot. As plants do not harbor human pathogens, they are also safer alternatives than animal cell cultures. Additionally, plants can be grown very cheaply, in massive quantities. In my research, I have studied the genetic mechanisms that underlie gene expression, in order to improve plant-based biopharmaceutical production. To do this, inspiration was drawn from naturally-occurring gene regulatory mechanisms, especially those from plant viruses, which have evolved mechanisms to co-opt the plant cellular machinery to produce high levels of viral proteins. By testing, modifying, and combining genetic elements from diverse sources, an optimized expression system has been developed that allows very rapid production of vaccine components, monoclonal antibodies, and other biopharmaceuticals. To improve target gene expression while maintaining the health and function of the plants, I identified, studied, and modified 5’ untranslated regions, combined gene terminators, and a nuclear matrix attachment region. The replication mechanisms of a plant geminivirus were also studied, which lead to additional strategies to produce more toxic biopharmaceutical proteins. Finally, the mechanisms employed by a geminivirus to spread between cells were investigated. It was demonstrated that these movement mechanisms can be functionally transplanted into a separate genus of geminivirus, allowing modified virus-based gene expression vectors to be spread between neighboring plant cells. Additionally, my work helps shed light on the basic genetic mechanisms employed by all living organisms to control gene expression. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Microbiology 2017

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:59:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_simone_pohl.pdf: 721649 bytes, checksum: 765dacca6a2a978978dc5be662de9057 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-21 / Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.), even though it is one of the main crops produced worldwide, breeding programs ar difficult and require a great deal of time and energy. Recombinant DNA technology with its potential capacity of isolating and transferring genes from any organism, allows incorporating in plants new characters of agricultural interest. However, consequences of the incorporation of determined genes on physiological characteristics are sometimes unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate growth characteristics, partition of assimilates, morphological atributes and components of the production of potato plants genetically modified with resistance genes to PVY virus, during the plant life cycle. For this, potato tuber of Baronesa cultivar and their respective transformed genotype were planted in pots and kept in greenhouse for 84 days. The transformation of Baronesa cultivar with virus resistant genes also did not alter the majority of the evaluated growth characteristics. / A batata ( Solanum tuberosum L.), embora sendo uma das principais cultivares produzidas mundialmente, seu melhoramento genético é complexo e requer uma grande demanda de tempo e energia. A tecnologia do DNA recombinante, com sua capacidade de isolar e transferir genes a partir de qualquer organismo permite incorporar nas plantas novos caracteres de interesse agrícola. No entanto, as conseqüências de inserção de determinados genes, em relação às características fisiológicas das plantas, muitas vezes são desconhecidas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características de crescimento, partição de assimilados, atributos morfológicos e componentes de produção de plantas de batata modificadas com genes de resistência ao vírus PVY durante o ciclo de vida das plantas. Para isso, tubérculos de batata da cv. Baronesa e seu respectivo genótipo transformado foram plantados em vasos e mantidos em casa de vegetação durante 84 dias. A transformação genética da cv. Baronesa com resistência a vírus não alterou efetivamente a maioria das características de crescimento avaliadas.

Agrobacterium is widely considered, when suitably modified, to be the most effective vector for gene transfer into plant cells. For a long time, many cereals crops (monocotyledonous plants) were recalcitrant species to genetic modification, mainly as a result of their recalcitrance to in-vitro regeneration and their resistance to Agrobacterium infection. However, recently Agrobacterium-mediated transformation has been used to transform monocot crops such as maize (Zea mays) but with severe restrictions on genotype suitability. This study was carried out to evaluate the transformation amenability of 2 Syrian maize varieties and 2 hybrids in comparison with the hybrid line Hi II by the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation technique using a callus induction based system from immature zygotic embryos IZEs. A. tumefaciens strains EHA101, harbouring the standard binary vector pTF102, and the EHA105 containing the pBINPLUS/ARS:PpCBF1 vector were used. The effects of genotypes and the size of IZEs explants on callus induction and development were investigated. Results showed that callus induction and subsequent callus growth were significantly affected by the initial explant size. Calli induction from IZEs explants sized 1.5-2.00mm was 76%. Callus weight however decreased to 8.2g, compared with 11.7g of callus derived from IZEs >2.00mm. Callus induction ranged between 73.6-78.9% for varieties and hybrids respectively. Calli derived from varieties weighed significantly more than those initiated from the hybrids. Results demonstrated that Syrian maize genotypes were efficiently transformed via the A. tumefaciens strains but there was variation in transformation frequency. A transformation frequency of 3.7-4.2% was achieved for hybrids and varieties respectively confirming that the transformation frequency was genotype-dependent. The transformation frequency averaged between 3.2-5.6% for the EHA105 and EHA101 respectively. Fertile transgenic plants were regenerated from mature somatic embryos with an average regeneration frequency of 59.2 and 17% respectively for varieties and hybrids. Transgenic seeds of R0 and R1 progenies were produced from 74% of the outcrosses attempted and more than 98% of transgenic plants were normal in morphology. Fertile transgenic maize plants carrying the transferred gene CBF were produced using the Agrobacterium EHA105/PpCBF1 and these plants were shown to be more salt tolerant. Transient expression of the GUS gene was confirmed in transgenic calli, shoots, leaves, roots and floral parts of transgenic R0 and R1 progenies using histochemical GUS assays. The presence of the introduced bar and CBF genes in the genomic DNA of the transformants was confirmed by the PCR amplification. Further, the stable expression of the CBF and bar transgenes in the maize genome of transgenic R1 progeny was confirmed by qRT-PCR. The transformation protocol developed using an A. tumefaciens standard binary vector system was an effective and reproducible method to transform Syrian maize with an anti-stress gene in which fertile salt-resistant transgenic plants were routinely produced. This approach has great potential for development of Syrian maize breeding programmes for abiotic stress resistance for application in many areas in Syrian maize production.

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a multi-use crop, able to provide fibre celulose a hurds for industrial treatment seeds for oil preparation biomass for energy conversion and produces secondary metabolites useful for pharmaceutical application. For its resistence to stress ability to accumulate high concentration of heavy metals and low cultivations demands, it can also be used for phytoextractions. Current research is focused on establishment of cultivation protocol, which allows transformation of callus cultures, and their regeneration with high efficiency. In this thesis, several varieties of hemp were transferred to in vitro conditions and were tested for their ability to form callus. The best results were achieved using the hypocotyl segments in a nutrient medium supplemented with 1 mg/L of naphtylacetic acid and one of these two synthetic cytokinins 0,5 mg/L of thidiazuron or 5 mg/L of 6-benzylaminopurine. No significant difference in the use of these two cytokinins were observed. None of the explants on four different test media for regeneration of shoots were able to succesfully regenerate. Transformation of hemp was tested using two different methods. Transformed protoplasts from hemp leafs after agroinfiltration were isolated. This method turn out to be unsuitable for use with hemp due to its...

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第23524号 / 農博第2471号 / 新制||農||1087(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R3||N5355(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 髙野 義孝, 教授 寺内 良平, 教授 吉田 健太郎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

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