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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

AVALIAÇÃO DA ATIVIDADE URINÁRIA DAS ENZIMAS GAMA-GLUTAMILTRANSFERASE E FOSFATASE ALCALINA PARA A DETECÇÃO DA NEFROPATIA EM PACIENTES COM DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 2 / ASSESSMENT OF URINARY GAMMA-GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE AND ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITIES FOR DIAGNOSIS OF NEPHROPATHY IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES

Carvalho, José Antonio Mainardi de 17 June 2011 (has links)
Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is defined as a rise in urinary albumin excretion rate, often associated with an increase in blood pressure. It is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease and carries an increased risk for cardiovascular mortality. Microalbuminuria is the first sign of diabetic renal impairment or incipient nephropathy and is generally considered the best noninvasive predictor for the development of DN. Urinary markers of tubular damage are mainly composed of enzymes or plasma proteins of low molecular weight that are normally freely filtered by the glomerulus, and these biomarkers can be useful for diagnosis of DN. Thus, the aim of this study was to test the diagnostic accuracy of the urinary excretion of gama-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) for diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Methods: Fasting glucose, fructosamine, serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), serum uric acid, serum albumin, and urinary albumin, creatinine, GGT and ALP were assessed in 74 type 2 diabetic patients without nephropathy and 38 type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy. Results: Urinary GGT and ALP were threefold higher in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy. Significant correlations were observed between urinary albumin and GGT (r=0.439, P<0.001) and urinary albumin and ALP (r=0.305, P<0.01). Areas under the curve for GGT and ALP were 0.7696 (P<0.001) and 0.7233 (P<0.001), respectively. At a cut-off value of 72 U/g creatinine, GGT demonstrated a sensitivity of 96.0% and a specificity of 52.6%. At a cut-off value of 20 U/g creatinine, ALP demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 83.8% and 36.8%, respectively. Conclusions: Urinary GGT and ALP have potential value in the diagnosis of nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients, but GGT has a slightly higher ability to discriminate nephropathy than ALP. / Introdução: A nefropatia diabética (ND) é definida como um aumento na taxa de excreção urinária de albumina, sendo esta frequentemente associada ao aumento da pressão sanguínea. A ND é a principal causa de doença renal em estágio final, estando também associada ao aumento do risco de mortalidade cardiovascular. A microalbuminúria é o primeiro sinal de dano renal ou nefropatia incipiente, sendo geralmente considerado o melhor preditor não-invasivo para o desenvolvimento de ND. Os marcadores urinários de dano tubular são principalmente compostos por enzimas ou proteínas plasmáticas de baixo peso molecular que são normalmente filtradas pelo glomérulo, sendo que estes biomarcadores podem ser úteis para o diagnóstico da ND. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características diagnósticas dos níveis urinários de gama-glutamiltransferase (GGT) e fosfatase alcalina (FAL) para o diagnóstico da ND. Métodos: Glicemia de jejum, frutosamina, creatinina sérica, taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG), ácido úrico, albumina, além dos níveis urinários de albumina, GGT e FAL foram mensurados em 74 pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 sem nefropatia e 38 pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 com nefropatia. Resultados: As enzimas GGT e FAL, mensuradas em amostras de urina, foram três vezes mais elevadas nos pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 com nefropatia. Foram observadas correlações significativas entre a albumina urinária e GGT (r=0,439, P<0,001) e albumina urinária e FAL (r=0,305, P<0,01). As áreas sob a curva para GGT e FAL foram 0,7696 (P<0,001) e 0,7233 (P<0,001), respectivamente. Ao considerar o ponto de corte de 72 U/g de creatinina, a GGT demonstrou uma sensibilidade de 96,0% e especificidade de 52,6%. Considerando o ponto de corte de 20 U/g de creatinina, a FAL demonstrou uma sensibilidade e especificidade de 83,8% e 36,8%, respectivamente. Conclusões: As enzimas GGT e FAL mensuradas em amostras de urina apresentaram potencial valor para o diagnóstico de nefropatia em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2, mas a GGT apresentou uma habilidade discretamente superior à FAL nesta diferenciação.
52

The Kidney in Different Stages of the Cardiovascular Continuum

Nerpin, Elisabet January 2013 (has links)
Patients with chronic kidney disease are at higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease. The complex, interaction between the kidney and the cardiovascular system is incompletely understood, particularly at the early stages of the cardiovascular continuum. The overall aim of this thesis was to clarify novel aspects of the interplay between the kidney and the cardiovascular system at different stages of the cardiovascular continuum; from risk factors such as insulin resistance, inflammation and oxidative stress, via sub-clinical cardiovascular damage such as endothelial dysfunction and left ventricular dysfunction, to overt cardiovascular death. This thesis is based on two community-based cohorts of elderly, Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (ULSAM) and Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS). The first study, show that higher insulin sensitivity, measured with euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp technique was associated to improve estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in participants with normal fasting plasma glucose, normal glucose tolerance and normal eGFR. In longitudinal analyses, higher insulin sensitivity at baseline was associated with lower risk of impaired renal function during follow-up. In the second study, eGFR was inversely associated with different inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, serum amyloid A) and positively associated with a marker of oxidative stress (urinary F2-isoprostanes). In line with this, the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio was positively associated with these inflammatory markers, and negatively associated with oxidative stress. In study three, higher eGFR was associated with better endothelial function as assessed by the invasive forearm model. Further, in study four, higher eGFR was significantly associated with higher left ventricular systolic function (ejection fraction). The 5th study of the thesis shows that higher urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) and lower eGFR was independently associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular mortality. Analyses of global model fit, discrimination, calibration, and reclassification suggest that UAER and eGFR add relevant prognostic information beyond established cardiovascular risk factors in participants without prevalent cardiovascular disease. Conclusion: this thesis show that the interaction between the kidney and the cardiovascular system plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular disease and that this interplay begins at an early asymptomatic stage of the disease process.
53

A inibição da renina e a estimulação do receptor AT2 reduzem a inflamação e o estresse oxidativo renal em um modelo experimental de nefropatia diabética / Renin inhibition and AT2 receptor stimulation reduce renal inflammation and oxidative stress in an experimental model of diabetic nephropathy

Matavelli, Luis Celso 19 May 2015 (has links)
Introdução. A nefropatia diabética é uma complicação comum do diabetes e uma das causasmais prevalentes da doença renal crônica. A sua patogênese é multifatorial, incluindo o aumento de atividade do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA) e o desenvolvimento de inflamação e estresse oxidativo renais. Objetivos. Investigar os efeitos da inibição da renina pelo alisquireno e da estimulação direta do receptor AT2 pelo Composto 21 (C21) sobre a inflamação e o estresse oxidativo renais e sobre o desenvolvimento da albuminúria no diabetes. Métodos. Dois protocolos experimentais foram realizados em ratos diabéticos induzidos por streptozotocina. No protocolo 1, ratos diabéticos foram tratados por 6 semanas pelo inibidor da renina plasmática alisquireno ou diurético hidroclorotiazida ou inibidor dos canais de cálcio amlodipina, isolados ou combinados. No início e no final do estudo, a pressão arterial de cada animal foi medida e a urina de 24 horas coletada para a análise da albuminúria e aldosterona. No final, o fluido intersticial renal (FIR) foi coletado para a análise dos níveis renais de Ang II, TNF-alfa, IL-6, NO, cGMP e 8-isoprostano, e amostras do tecido renal foram utilizadas para as análises de TGF-beta1 e NF-kB e para a avaliação da deposição renal do ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS) e fibronectina. No protocolo 2, ratos diabéticos foram tratados por 4 semanas pelo agonista do receptor AT2 C21. As medidas da pressão arterial e a coleta de urina de 24 horas, utilizada para a análise da albuminúria, foram realizadas no início e no final do estudo. O FIR de cada animal foi coletado no final do estudo e utilizado na análise das concentrações renais de TNF-alfa, IL-6, NO, cGMP e 8-isoprostano. Amostras de tecido renal foram utilizadas na análise da expressão renal do receptor AT2. Resultados. No final do protocolo 1, alisquireno reduziu as concentrações renais de Ang II, aldosterona urinária e dos marcadores de inflamação renal TNF-alfa, IL-6, TGF-beta1 e NF-kB, melhorou os níveis renais de NO e cGMP e reduziu os de 8-isoprostano. Alisquireno também reduziu a deposição renal dos marcadores fibróticos PAS e fibronectina, acompanhado de redução da albuminúria. Estas variáveis não foram alteradas por HCTZ. Amlodipina reduziu os níveis de aldosterona e de alguns marcadores inflamatórios renais e aumentou os níveis renais de NO e cGMP, mas não alterou a albuminúria. A combinação de alisquireno e amlodipina, comparado com alisquireno isolado, potencializou a redução da albuminúria. No protocolo 2, C21 reduziu os marcadores inflamatórios renais TNF-alfa e IL-6, aumentou os níveis renais de NO e cGMP e reduziu os de 8- isosprotano e a albuminúria. A expressão renal do receptor AT2 foi mais elevada nos ratos diabéticos, mas não foi influenciada pelo tratamento com C21. Nos dois protocolos de estudo, os resultados foram independentes da pressão arterial. Conclusões. A modulação do SRAA no diabetes, com alisquireno ou C21, atenua a lesão renal através da redução da inflamação e do estresse oxidativo renal. Nossos dados sugerem que a inibição da renina e a estimulação do receptor AT2 têm um efeito terapêutico potencial na prevenção da nefropatia diabética / Introduction. Diabetic nephropathy is a common complication of diabetes and one of the most prevalent causes leading to chronic kidney disease. The pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy is very complex and multifactorial, including the increased activity of the renin-angiotensinaldosterone system (RAAS) and the development of renal inflammation and oxidative stress. Objectives. To investigate the effects of renin inhibition with alisquiren and the direct stimulation of AT2 receptor with C21 on renal inflammation and oxidative stress and to development of albuminuria in diabetes. Methods. Two experimental protocols were performed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In protocol 1, diabetic rats were treated for 6 weeks with the renin inhibitor alisquiren or the diuretic hydrochlorotyazide or the the calcium channel blocker amlodipine alone or combined. At the beginning and end of study, blood pressure of each animal was measured and the 24-hour urine was collected for albuminuria and aldosterone analysis. At the end, the renal interstitial fluid (RIF) was collected for analysis of Ang II, TNF-alfa, IL-6, NO, cGMP, and 8-isoprostane, and renal samples were used for TGF-beta e NF-kB analysis, and for evaluation of the renal deposition of periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and fibronectin. In protocol 2, diabetic rats were treated for 4 weeks with the AT2 receptor agonist Compound 21 (C21). Blood pressure was measured and the 24-hour urine was collected at the beginning and end of study. The RIF of each animal was collected at the end of study for analysis of TNF-alfa, IL-6, NO, cGMP e 8-isoprostane. Kidney samples were used for AT2 receptor expression analysis. Results. At the end of protocol 1, alisquiren reduced the renal levels of Ang II, urinary aldosterone, and the renal inflammatory markers TNF-alfa, IL-6, TGF-beta e NF-kB, improved the renal levels of NO and cGMP and reduced 8-isoprostane in diabetic rats. Alisquiren also reduced the renal deposition of the fibrotic markers PAS e fibronectin, accompanied by reduction of albuminuria. These variables were not affected by HCTZ treatment. Amlodipine reduced urinary aldosterone and certain renal inflammatory markers, and improved renal levels of NO and cGMP but did not affect albuminuria. The combination of alisquiren and amlopidine, compared with alisquiren alone, potentiated the albuminuria reduction. In protocol 2, C21 reduced the renal inflammatory markers TNF-alfa and IL-6, increased the renal levels of NO and cGMP and reduced 8-isoprostane and albuminuria in diabetic rats. The renal AT2 receptor expression was increased in diabetic rats but was not affected by C21 treatment. In these study protocols, our findings were independent of blood pressure. Conclusions. Modulation of the RAAS in diabetes, with alisquiren or C21, attenuates the kidney injury trough the reduction of renal inflammation and oxidative stress. Our data suggest that renin inhibition and AT2 receptor stimulation could have potential therapeutic effects in the prevention of diabetic nephropathy
54

Avaliação inicial e evolutiva de crianças com bexiga neurogênica congênita atendidas em ambulatório especializado de um hospital de ensino / Initial and evolutive evaluation of children with congenital neurogenic bladder treated in a specialized clinic in a university hospital

Olandoski, Karen Previdi 18 June 2009 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: A bexiga neurogênica é considerada um fator de risco importante para insuficiência renal crônica. A preservação da função renal é um dos principais objetivos do tratamento nefrourológico dos portadores desta doença. OBJETIVOS: Descrever as características demográficas de 58 pacientes com bexiga neurogênica congênita, as características anatômicas e funcionais do trato urinário superior e inferior desta população ao início do seguimento e ao final da coleta dos dados e identificar fatores de risco associados à piora de função glomerular e tubular nesta população, utilizando como marcadores a quantificação do ritmo de filtração glomerular e o desenvolvimento de microalbuminúria e acidose metabólica. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de uma coorte de 58 pacientes portadores de bexiga neurogênica congênita com seguimento mínimo de seis meses, matriculados no ambulatório de Disfunções Miccionais da Infância da Unidade de Nefrologia Pediátrica do Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. O período de coleta de dados foi encerrado em janeiro de 2006. Os resultados obtidos no estudo foram descritos por médias e desvios padrões, medianas, valores mínimos e máximos, ou por frequências e percentuais. A comparação entre a avaliação inicial e a final para variáveis quantitativas contínuas foi feita usando-se o teste t de Student para amostras pareadas. A associação entre variáveis dicotômicas foi feita considerando-se o teste exato de Fisher. Para avaliação da evolução dos pacientes e comparação de subgrupos definidos por variáveis dicotômicas, foram construídas curvas de Kaplan-Meier e aplicado o teste de Long-rank. Valores de p<0,05 indicaram significância estatística. RESULTADOS: Das 58 crianças avaliadas, 33 eram do sexo feminino (56,9%). A idade média com que as crianças chegaram ao serviço foi de 4,2±3,5 anos, a média de tempo de seguimento foi de 3,8±3,1 anos. A etiologia predominante de bexiga neurogênica foi mielomeningocele, em 42 dos 58 pacientes (72,4%). O encaminhamento à Unidade ocorreu por infecção urinária em 48 (82,8%) casos, por enurese em 5 (8,6%) e por retenção urinária em 5 (8,6%). Dentre os 49/58 (84,5%) pacientes com ITU de repetição ao início do seguimento, 41/49 (83,7%) pacientes apresentaram melhora no período de seguimento. A hipertensão arterial foi diagnosticada em 11 (19,3%) das crianças na avaliação inicial e em 18 (31%) na avaliação final. A média do RFG inicial foi de 146,7±70,1 mL/1,73m2/min e a média final de 193,6±93,6 mL/1,73m2/min, com p=0,0004. A microalbuminúria estava presente em 20 (54,1%) dos exames na avaliação inicial e em 26 (61,9%) na avaliação final. A acidose metabólica estava presente em 11 (19%) dos exames na avaliação inicial e em 19 (32,8%) na avaliação final. As crianças que chegaram à Unidade de Nefrologia mais precocemente (< 3 anos) foram aquelas que mais apresentaram acidose metabólica no decorrer do acompanhamento (p=0,01). Os pacientes que não tinham acidose metabólica ao final do estudo apresentaram valores menores de Z-escore peso final (p= 0,048), Zescore altura/estatura inicial (p= 0,047) e Z-escore altura/estatura final (p=0,022) com relação aos pacientes do grupo que evoluiu com acidose. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes com bexiga neurogênica congênita evoluem com acometimento renal glomerular e tubular precoce, cujo manejo demanda acompanhamento por profissional especializado. / INTRODUCTION: Neurogenic bladder is considered an important risk factor for chronic renal failure. In these patients, preservation of renal function is one of the most important goals of nephro-urological treatment. PURPOSE: To describe demographic data of 58 children with congenital neurogenic bladder, the anatomic and functional characteristics of their upper and lower urinary tracts at the beginning of the follow-up and at the end of the data collection period and to identify risk factors associated with worsening of the glomerular and tubular functions using as markers the quantitation of glomerular filtration rate and the development of microalbuminuria and metabolic acidosis. METHODS: Retrospective study of a cohort of 58 children with congenital neurogenic bladder treated at the Voiding Dysfunction Clinic, Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, with a minimum follow-up period of 6 months. The period of data collection ended in January 2006. The obtained results were described as means, standard deviations, medians, minimum and maximum values, or as frequencies and percentages. The comparison between the initial and final evaluations for continuous quantitative variables was done using the Student´s t test for paired samples. The association between dichotomous variables was performed considering the Fisher´s exact test. For evaluation of patients` outcomes and comparison of subgroups defined by dichotomous variables, Kaplan-Meier curves were performed and Long-rank test was applied. P values < 0.05 indicated statistical significance. RESULTS: 58 children were evaluated with 33 females (56,9%). The mean age at presentation to the service was 4.2 ± 3.5 years, the mean follow-up period was 3.8 ± 3.1 years. Myelomeningocele was the leading aetiology, corresponding to 42/58 patients (72.4%). Referral to the service occurred in 48 (82.8%) patients due to urinary tract infection, in 5 (8.6%) due to enuresis and in 5 (8.6%) due to urinary retention. Recurrent urinary tract infections were found in 49/58 patients (84.5%) at the beginning and 41/49 (83.7%) had improvement during the follow-up period. Systemic Hypertension was diagnosed in 11 (19.3%) children at the first visit and in 18 (31%) in the final evaluation. The initial mean glomerular filtration rate was 146.7 ±70.1 mL/1.73m²/min and the final mean was 193.6±mL/1.73m²/min, p = 0.0004. Microalbuminuria was found in 20 (54.1%) samples in the initial evaluation and in 26 (61.9%) in the final evaluation. Metabolic acidosis was present in 11 (19%) samples in the initial evaluation and in 19 (32.8%) in the final assessment. The children who most developed metabolic acidosis during the follow-up period were those who presented earlier to the service (< 3 years of age), p= 0.01. The group of patients that did not present metabolic acidosis at the end of the study had lower values of final weight z-score (p=0.048), initial height/stature z-score (p=0.047) and final height/stature z-score (p=0.022) than the patients of the group that developed acidosis. CONCLUSIONS: Children with congenital neurogenic bladder develop early compromise of renal glomerular and tubular functions and require adequate management by specialized professionals.
55

Avaliação inicial e evolutiva de crianças com bexiga neurogênica congênita atendidas em ambulatório especializado de um hospital de ensino / Initial and evolutive evaluation of children with congenital neurogenic bladder treated in a specialized clinic in a university hospital

Karen Previdi Olandoski 18 June 2009 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: A bexiga neurogênica é considerada um fator de risco importante para insuficiência renal crônica. A preservação da função renal é um dos principais objetivos do tratamento nefrourológico dos portadores desta doença. OBJETIVOS: Descrever as características demográficas de 58 pacientes com bexiga neurogênica congênita, as características anatômicas e funcionais do trato urinário superior e inferior desta população ao início do seguimento e ao final da coleta dos dados e identificar fatores de risco associados à piora de função glomerular e tubular nesta população, utilizando como marcadores a quantificação do ritmo de filtração glomerular e o desenvolvimento de microalbuminúria e acidose metabólica. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de uma coorte de 58 pacientes portadores de bexiga neurogênica congênita com seguimento mínimo de seis meses, matriculados no ambulatório de Disfunções Miccionais da Infância da Unidade de Nefrologia Pediátrica do Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. O período de coleta de dados foi encerrado em janeiro de 2006. Os resultados obtidos no estudo foram descritos por médias e desvios padrões, medianas, valores mínimos e máximos, ou por frequências e percentuais. A comparação entre a avaliação inicial e a final para variáveis quantitativas contínuas foi feita usando-se o teste t de Student para amostras pareadas. A associação entre variáveis dicotômicas foi feita considerando-se o teste exato de Fisher. Para avaliação da evolução dos pacientes e comparação de subgrupos definidos por variáveis dicotômicas, foram construídas curvas de Kaplan-Meier e aplicado o teste de Long-rank. Valores de p<0,05 indicaram significância estatística. RESULTADOS: Das 58 crianças avaliadas, 33 eram do sexo feminino (56,9%). A idade média com que as crianças chegaram ao serviço foi de 4,2±3,5 anos, a média de tempo de seguimento foi de 3,8±3,1 anos. A etiologia predominante de bexiga neurogênica foi mielomeningocele, em 42 dos 58 pacientes (72,4%). O encaminhamento à Unidade ocorreu por infecção urinária em 48 (82,8%) casos, por enurese em 5 (8,6%) e por retenção urinária em 5 (8,6%). Dentre os 49/58 (84,5%) pacientes com ITU de repetição ao início do seguimento, 41/49 (83,7%) pacientes apresentaram melhora no período de seguimento. A hipertensão arterial foi diagnosticada em 11 (19,3%) das crianças na avaliação inicial e em 18 (31%) na avaliação final. A média do RFG inicial foi de 146,7±70,1 mL/1,73m2/min e a média final de 193,6±93,6 mL/1,73m2/min, com p=0,0004. A microalbuminúria estava presente em 20 (54,1%) dos exames na avaliação inicial e em 26 (61,9%) na avaliação final. A acidose metabólica estava presente em 11 (19%) dos exames na avaliação inicial e em 19 (32,8%) na avaliação final. As crianças que chegaram à Unidade de Nefrologia mais precocemente (< 3 anos) foram aquelas que mais apresentaram acidose metabólica no decorrer do acompanhamento (p=0,01). Os pacientes que não tinham acidose metabólica ao final do estudo apresentaram valores menores de Z-escore peso final (p= 0,048), Zescore altura/estatura inicial (p= 0,047) e Z-escore altura/estatura final (p=0,022) com relação aos pacientes do grupo que evoluiu com acidose. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes com bexiga neurogênica congênita evoluem com acometimento renal glomerular e tubular precoce, cujo manejo demanda acompanhamento por profissional especializado. / INTRODUCTION: Neurogenic bladder is considered an important risk factor for chronic renal failure. In these patients, preservation of renal function is one of the most important goals of nephro-urological treatment. PURPOSE: To describe demographic data of 58 children with congenital neurogenic bladder, the anatomic and functional characteristics of their upper and lower urinary tracts at the beginning of the follow-up and at the end of the data collection period and to identify risk factors associated with worsening of the glomerular and tubular functions using as markers the quantitation of glomerular filtration rate and the development of microalbuminuria and metabolic acidosis. METHODS: Retrospective study of a cohort of 58 children with congenital neurogenic bladder treated at the Voiding Dysfunction Clinic, Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, with a minimum follow-up period of 6 months. The period of data collection ended in January 2006. The obtained results were described as means, standard deviations, medians, minimum and maximum values, or as frequencies and percentages. The comparison between the initial and final evaluations for continuous quantitative variables was done using the Student´s t test for paired samples. The association between dichotomous variables was performed considering the Fisher´s exact test. For evaluation of patients` outcomes and comparison of subgroups defined by dichotomous variables, Kaplan-Meier curves were performed and Long-rank test was applied. P values < 0.05 indicated statistical significance. RESULTS: 58 children were evaluated with 33 females (56,9%). The mean age at presentation to the service was 4.2 ± 3.5 years, the mean follow-up period was 3.8 ± 3.1 years. Myelomeningocele was the leading aetiology, corresponding to 42/58 patients (72.4%). Referral to the service occurred in 48 (82.8%) patients due to urinary tract infection, in 5 (8.6%) due to enuresis and in 5 (8.6%) due to urinary retention. Recurrent urinary tract infections were found in 49/58 patients (84.5%) at the beginning and 41/49 (83.7%) had improvement during the follow-up period. Systemic Hypertension was diagnosed in 11 (19.3%) children at the first visit and in 18 (31%) in the final evaluation. The initial mean glomerular filtration rate was 146.7 ±70.1 mL/1.73m²/min and the final mean was 193.6±mL/1.73m²/min, p = 0.0004. Microalbuminuria was found in 20 (54.1%) samples in the initial evaluation and in 26 (61.9%) in the final evaluation. Metabolic acidosis was present in 11 (19%) samples in the initial evaluation and in 19 (32.8%) in the final assessment. The children who most developed metabolic acidosis during the follow-up period were those who presented earlier to the service (< 3 years of age), p= 0.01. The group of patients that did not present metabolic acidosis at the end of the study had lower values of final weight z-score (p=0.048), initial height/stature z-score (p=0.047) and final height/stature z-score (p=0.022) than the patients of the group that developed acidosis. CONCLUSIONS: Children with congenital neurogenic bladder develop early compromise of renal glomerular and tubular functions and require adequate management by specialized professionals.
56

The kidney in different stages of the cardiovascular continuum

Nerpin, Elisabet January 2013 (has links)
Patients with chronic kidney disease are at higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease. The complex, interaction between the kidney and the cardiovascular system is incompletely understood, particularly at the early stages of the cardiovascular continuum. The overall aim of this thesis was to clarify novel aspects of the interplay between the kidney and the cardiovascular system at different stages of the cardiovascular continuum; from risk factors such as insulin resistance, inflammation and oxidative stress, via sub-clinical cardiovascular damage such as endothelial dysfunction and left ventricular dysfunction, to overt cardiovascular death. This thesis is based on two community-based cohorts of elderly, Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (ULSAM) and Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS). The first study, show that higher insulin sensitivity, measured with euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp technique was associated to improve estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in participants with normal fasting plasma glucose, normal glucose tolerance and normal eGFR. In longitudinal analyses, higher insulin sensitivity at baseline was associated with lower risk of impaired renal function during follow-up. In the second study, eGFR was inversely associated with different inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, serum amyloid A) and positively associated with a marker of oxidative stress (urinary F2-isoprostanes). In line with this, the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio was positively associated with these inflammatory markers, and negatively associated with oxidative stress. In study three, higher eGFR was associated with better endothelial function as assessed by the invasive forearm model. Further, in study four, higher eGFR was significantly associated with higher left ventricular systolic function (ejection fraction). The 5th study of the thesis shows that higher urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) and lower eGFR was independently associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular mortality. Analyses of global model fit, discrimination, calibration, and reclassification suggest that UAER and eGFR add relevant prognostic information beyond established cardiovascular risk factors in participants without prevalent cardiovascular disease. Conclusion: this thesis show that the interaction between the kidney and the cardiovascular system plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular disease and that this interplay begins at an early asymptomatic stage of the disease process.
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A inibição da renina e a estimulação do receptor AT2 reduzem a inflamação e o estresse oxidativo renal em um modelo experimental de nefropatia diabética / Renin inhibition and AT2 receptor stimulation reduce renal inflammation and oxidative stress in an experimental model of diabetic nephropathy

Luis Celso Matavelli 19 May 2015 (has links)
Introdução. A nefropatia diabética é uma complicação comum do diabetes e uma das causasmais prevalentes da doença renal crônica. A sua patogênese é multifatorial, incluindo o aumento de atividade do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA) e o desenvolvimento de inflamação e estresse oxidativo renais. Objetivos. Investigar os efeitos da inibição da renina pelo alisquireno e da estimulação direta do receptor AT2 pelo Composto 21 (C21) sobre a inflamação e o estresse oxidativo renais e sobre o desenvolvimento da albuminúria no diabetes. Métodos. Dois protocolos experimentais foram realizados em ratos diabéticos induzidos por streptozotocina. No protocolo 1, ratos diabéticos foram tratados por 6 semanas pelo inibidor da renina plasmática alisquireno ou diurético hidroclorotiazida ou inibidor dos canais de cálcio amlodipina, isolados ou combinados. No início e no final do estudo, a pressão arterial de cada animal foi medida e a urina de 24 horas coletada para a análise da albuminúria e aldosterona. No final, o fluido intersticial renal (FIR) foi coletado para a análise dos níveis renais de Ang II, TNF-alfa, IL-6, NO, cGMP e 8-isoprostano, e amostras do tecido renal foram utilizadas para as análises de TGF-beta1 e NF-kB e para a avaliação da deposição renal do ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS) e fibronectina. No protocolo 2, ratos diabéticos foram tratados por 4 semanas pelo agonista do receptor AT2 C21. As medidas da pressão arterial e a coleta de urina de 24 horas, utilizada para a análise da albuminúria, foram realizadas no início e no final do estudo. O FIR de cada animal foi coletado no final do estudo e utilizado na análise das concentrações renais de TNF-alfa, IL-6, NO, cGMP e 8-isoprostano. Amostras de tecido renal foram utilizadas na análise da expressão renal do receptor AT2. Resultados. No final do protocolo 1, alisquireno reduziu as concentrações renais de Ang II, aldosterona urinária e dos marcadores de inflamação renal TNF-alfa, IL-6, TGF-beta1 e NF-kB, melhorou os níveis renais de NO e cGMP e reduziu os de 8-isoprostano. Alisquireno também reduziu a deposição renal dos marcadores fibróticos PAS e fibronectina, acompanhado de redução da albuminúria. Estas variáveis não foram alteradas por HCTZ. Amlodipina reduziu os níveis de aldosterona e de alguns marcadores inflamatórios renais e aumentou os níveis renais de NO e cGMP, mas não alterou a albuminúria. A combinação de alisquireno e amlodipina, comparado com alisquireno isolado, potencializou a redução da albuminúria. No protocolo 2, C21 reduziu os marcadores inflamatórios renais TNF-alfa e IL-6, aumentou os níveis renais de NO e cGMP e reduziu os de 8- isosprotano e a albuminúria. A expressão renal do receptor AT2 foi mais elevada nos ratos diabéticos, mas não foi influenciada pelo tratamento com C21. Nos dois protocolos de estudo, os resultados foram independentes da pressão arterial. Conclusões. A modulação do SRAA no diabetes, com alisquireno ou C21, atenua a lesão renal através da redução da inflamação e do estresse oxidativo renal. Nossos dados sugerem que a inibição da renina e a estimulação do receptor AT2 têm um efeito terapêutico potencial na prevenção da nefropatia diabética / Introduction. Diabetic nephropathy is a common complication of diabetes and one of the most prevalent causes leading to chronic kidney disease. The pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy is very complex and multifactorial, including the increased activity of the renin-angiotensinaldosterone system (RAAS) and the development of renal inflammation and oxidative stress. Objectives. To investigate the effects of renin inhibition with alisquiren and the direct stimulation of AT2 receptor with C21 on renal inflammation and oxidative stress and to development of albuminuria in diabetes. Methods. Two experimental protocols were performed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In protocol 1, diabetic rats were treated for 6 weeks with the renin inhibitor alisquiren or the diuretic hydrochlorotyazide or the the calcium channel blocker amlodipine alone or combined. At the beginning and end of study, blood pressure of each animal was measured and the 24-hour urine was collected for albuminuria and aldosterone analysis. At the end, the renal interstitial fluid (RIF) was collected for analysis of Ang II, TNF-alfa, IL-6, NO, cGMP, and 8-isoprostane, and renal samples were used for TGF-beta e NF-kB analysis, and for evaluation of the renal deposition of periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and fibronectin. In protocol 2, diabetic rats were treated for 4 weeks with the AT2 receptor agonist Compound 21 (C21). Blood pressure was measured and the 24-hour urine was collected at the beginning and end of study. The RIF of each animal was collected at the end of study for analysis of TNF-alfa, IL-6, NO, cGMP e 8-isoprostane. Kidney samples were used for AT2 receptor expression analysis. Results. At the end of protocol 1, alisquiren reduced the renal levels of Ang II, urinary aldosterone, and the renal inflammatory markers TNF-alfa, IL-6, TGF-beta e NF-kB, improved the renal levels of NO and cGMP and reduced 8-isoprostane in diabetic rats. Alisquiren also reduced the renal deposition of the fibrotic markers PAS e fibronectin, accompanied by reduction of albuminuria. These variables were not affected by HCTZ treatment. Amlodipine reduced urinary aldosterone and certain renal inflammatory markers, and improved renal levels of NO and cGMP but did not affect albuminuria. The combination of alisquiren and amlopidine, compared with alisquiren alone, potentiated the albuminuria reduction. In protocol 2, C21 reduced the renal inflammatory markers TNF-alfa and IL-6, increased the renal levels of NO and cGMP and reduced 8-isoprostane and albuminuria in diabetic rats. The renal AT2 receptor expression was increased in diabetic rats but was not affected by C21 treatment. In these study protocols, our findings were independent of blood pressure. Conclusions. Modulation of the RAAS in diabetes, with alisquiren or C21, attenuates the kidney injury trough the reduction of renal inflammation and oxidative stress. Our data suggest that renin inhibition and AT2 receptor stimulation could have potential therapeutic effects in the prevention of diabetic nephropathy
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Asociación entre el control glicémico y microalbuminuria en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 en una clínica privada de Lima, Perú

Guerreros Espino, Camila Nicole, Collazos Huamán, Lucero Del Carmen 08 January 2021 (has links)
Objetivo: Valorar la asociación entre el control glicémico y la presencia de microalbuminuria en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 de una clínica privada en Lima, Perú. Se incluyeron pacientes adultos mayores de 18 años que pertenecían a un programa de seguimiento durante el 2018 en una clínica privada. El mal control glicémico fue definido con una hemoglobina glicosilada mayor o igual a 7%. La presencia de microalbuminuria fue definida considerando valores de albúmina mayores a 20 mg/L en la primera orina de la mañana. Se realizó un modelo de regresión lineal generalizado de la familia de Poisson con varianza robusta. Calculamos la razón de prevalencias cruda y ajustada con un intervalo de confianza de 95%. Resultados: Se analizaron los datos de 907 participantes, la mediana de edad fue de 58 años (RIC 49 a 66) y 62,8% de los participantes fueron hombres. La prevalencia de mal control glicémico fue de 39,8%, y la prevalencia de microalbuminuria fue de 32,7%. La prevalencia de microalbuminuria en el grupo de mal control glicémico y en el de buen control glicémico fue de 44,1% y 25,3% respectivamente. En el análisis de regresión ajustada, se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el mal control glicémico y microalbuminuria. (RPa=1.48; IC 95%: 1.19-1.85). Conclusión: Se encontraron altos niveles de hemoglobina glicosilada y microalbuminuria en la población estudiada. Los adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 con mal control glicémico tuvieron una mayor prevalencia de microalbuminuria en la primera orina del día. / Background and Aims: Microalbuminuria is the first sign for diabetic nephropathy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Few studies associate poor glycemic control and higher microalbuminuria prevalence in Latin American populations. We aimed to evaluate the association between glycemic control and microalbuminuria in adults with T2DM. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analytical study in adults with T2DM from a private clinic in Lima, Peru. We included adults over 18 years old who belonged to the clinical follow-up program in 2018. We defined poor glycemic control based on the serum value of glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C) ≥7%. We defined microalbuminuria considering albumin values > 20 mg/L in the first-morning urine. We carried out generalized linear regression models from the Poisson family with robust variance. We calculated the crude and adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) with their 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: We analyzed 907 participants, the median age was 58 years (IQR 49 to 66), and 62.8% were males. The prevalence of poor glycemic control was 39.8%, and the prevalence of microalbuminuria was 32.7%. The prevalence of microalbuminuria in the group with poor glycemic control and adequate glycemic control was 44.1% and 25.3%, respectively. In the adjusted regression analysis, we found a statistically significant association between poor glycemic control and microalbuminuria (aPR=1.48; 95% CI: 1.19-1.85). Conclusion: Our study population had high levels of glycosylated haemoglobin and microalbuminuria. T2DM adults with poor glycemic control had more likelihood of microalbuminuria in the first-morning urine. / Tesis
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Physical exercise training but not metformin attenuates albuminuria and shedding of ACE2 in type 2 diabetic db/db mice

Somineni, Hari Krishna 05 June 2013 (has links)
No description available.
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Transferência de lípides para HDL em pacientes diabéticos tipo 2: efeito da presença da microalbuminúria e do tratamento com estatina e insulina / Lipids transfer to HDL in type 2 diabetic patients: effect of the presence of microalbuminuria and of treatment with statin and insulin

Feitosa Filho, Gilson Soares 24 March 2008 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) é um fator de risco isolado para coronariopatia, principalmente quando associado à microalbuminúria (MA). Alterações estruturais e funcionais das lipoproteínas não são totalmente esclarecidas nesse contexto. OBJETIVO: Avaliar, em pacientes DM2, a influência da presença da MA e do tratamento com estatina ou insulina nas transferências para HDL (T) de lípides e no tamanho desta lipoproteína. MÉTODOS: Estudamos 33 pacientes DM2 e 34 controles pareados para idade. Uma nanoemulsão lipídica artificial radiomarcada com 3H-Triglicéride (TG) e 14C-Colesterol Livre (CL) ou 3H-Colesterol Éster (CE) e 14C-Fosfolípide (FL) foi incubada com plasma. A nanoemulsão e as lipoproteínas foram precipitadas, exceto a HDL, que teve sua radioatividade contada. O diâmetro da HDL foi mensurado por método de dispersão da luz. RESULTADOS: A TFL (%) foi maior no grupo com DM2 que no grupo controle (25,2±3,2 e 19,7±3,2 respectivamente; p<0,001), assim como a TCL (%): 9,1±2,7 e 6,3±1,5 respectivamente; p<0,001. O diagnóstico de MA não se associou às mudanças da propriedade de transferência. O uso da insulina associou-se à menor TFL(%): 23,5±2,1 contra 26,1±3,3; p=0,018. Já o uso da estatina associou-se à queda de todas: TCE(%): 3,5±0,9; TFL(%):23,8±2,0; TTG(%): 3,9±0,8; TCL(%):7,4±1,3 quando comparado ao grupo que não usava estatina (TCE(%):5,9±2,4; TFL(%):26,9±3,6; TTG(%):6,4±2,2; TCL(%):11,1±2,6). O tamanho de HDL foi semelhante em qualquer condição analisada. CONCLUSÕES: DM2 aumenta a transferência de lípides de superfície para HDL, enquanto o uso de estatina diminuiu todas as transferências. A presença de MA não se associou às alterações das transferências de lípides / INTRODUCTION: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is an isolated risk factor for coronary artery disease, especially when associated to microalbuminuria (MA). Structural and functional alterations of lipoproteins are not well known in this context. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate, in DM2 patients, the influence both of MA and the treatment with statins or insulin on the lipids transfer to HDL (T) and on the size of this lipoprotein. METHODS: We studied 33 DM2 patients and 34 controls paired for age. An artificial lipidic nanoemulsion radio labeled with 3H-Triglyceride (TG) and 14C-Free Cholesterol (FC) or 3H-Cholesterol Ester (CE) and 14C-Phospholipid (PL) was incubated with plasma. The nanoemulsion and the lipoproteins were precipitated, except for HDL, that had its radioactivity measured. The HDL diameter was measured by laser light scattering method. RESULTS: The TPL (%) was greater in the DM2 group then in the control group (25,2±3,2 and 19,7±3,2 respectively; p<0,001), as well as TFC (%): 9,1±2,7 and 6,3±1,5 respectively; p<0,001. The MA did not affect the transfer. Insulinotherapy was associated with less TPL(%): 23,5±2,1 against 26,1±3,3; p=0,018, and the statin therapy with less transfer of all lipids: TCE(%): 3,5±0,9; TPL(%):23,8±2,0; TTG(%): 3,9±0,8; TFC(%):7,4±1,3 when compared to the group that did not use statin: TCE(%):5,9±2,4; TPL(%):26,9±3,6; TTG(%):6,4±2,2; TFC(%):11,1±2,6. The HDL size was about the same under all the circumstances analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: DM2 is associated with greater transfer of superficial lipids to HDL, while the statin usage was associated with a smaller transfer of all lipids. The MA diagnosis was not associated with any change in lipids transfer

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