Accumulating evidence reveals that albuminuria may exacerbate uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive patients. However, racial differences in the associations of albuminuria with uncontrolled BP among diagnosed hypertensives have not been evaluated. A total of 6147 diagnosed hypertensive subjects aged ≥18 years were collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2008 with stratified multistage sampling designs. Odds ratios (ORs), relative ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in uncontrolled BP, and the different effects of microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria on continuous BP were estimated using weighted logistic models and linear regression models. Hypertensive subjects with microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria were more likely to have uncontrolled BP and higher average systolic BP (SBP) in all individual racial groups. Microalbuminuria was associated with isolated uncontrolled SBP in non-Hispanic blacks and whites, and macroalbuminuria was associated with isolated uncontrolled SBP and diastolic BP (DBP) and high average DBP only in non-Hispanic blacks. Compared with non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks and Mexicans had lower associations of microalbuminuria with uncontrolled BP (relative OR=0.68, 95% CI=0.48-0.97 for blacks vs whites; relative OR=0.62, 95% CI=0.42-0.93 for Mexicans vs. whites) and isolated uncontrolled SBP (relative OR=0.62, 95% CI=0.43-0.90 for blacks vs. whites; relative OR=0.45, 95% CI=0.29-0.71 for Mexicans vs. whites). The association of microalbuminuria with uncontrolled BP was lower in non-Hispanic blacks and Mexicans than in non-Hispanic whites. Health providers need to improve care for mildly elevated albumin excretion rates in non-Hispanic white hypertensive patients while maintaining the quality of care in non-Hispanic blacks and Mexicans.

Accumulating evidence reveals that albuminuria may exacerbate uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive patients. However, racial differences in the associations of albuminuria with uncontrolled BP among diagnosed hypertensives have not been evaluated. A total of 6147 diagnosed hypertensive subjects aged ≥18 years were collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2008 with stratified multistage sampling designs. Odds ratios (ORs), relative ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in uncontrolled BP, and the different effects of microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria on continuous BP were estimated using weighted logistic models and linear regression models. Hypertensive subjects with microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria were more likely to have uncontrolled BP and higher average systolic BP (SBP) in all individual racial groups. Microalbuminuria was associated with isolated uncontrolled SBP in non-Hispanic blacks and whites, and macroalbuminuria was associated with isolated uncontrolled SBP and diastolic BP (DBP) and high average DBP only in non-Hispanic blacks. Compared with non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks and Mexicans had lower associations of microalbuminuria with uncontrolled BP (relative OR=0.68, 95% CI=0.48-0.97 for blacks vs whites; relative OR=0.62, 95% CI=0.42-0.93 for Mexicans vs. whites) and isolated uncontrolled SBP (relative OR=0.62, 95% CI=0.43-0.90 for blacks vs. whites; relative OR=0.45, 95% CI=0.29-0.71 for Mexicans vs. whites). The association of microalbuminuria with uncontrolled BP was lower in non-Hispanic blacks and Mexicans than in non-Hispanic whites. Health providers need to improve care for mildly elevated albumin excretion rates in non-Hispanic white hypertensive patients while maintaining the quality of care in non-Hispanic blacks and Mexicans.

No description available.

A injúria renal aguda (IRA) é uma complicação renal que necessita de tratamento com urgência, gerando gastos de bilhões de dólares na saúde pública de diversos países. Dentre os tipos mais comuns de IRA é a IRA isquêmica causada por perfusão abaixo do normal ao tecido renal, gerando maior produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS), ativação do sistema renina angiotensina aldosterona (SRAA) local, necrose tubular aguda (NTA). O tratamento com o antioxidante N-acetilcisteína (NAC) tem resultados positivos em diversos modelos de lesão renal. Ao reestabelecer a função renal após a IRA, os pacientes devem seguir dietas restritas quanto a quantidade de proteínas e de sal, entretanto, sabe-se que o sal é um dos maiores causadores de doenças renais e é encontrado de forma exacerbada em diversos tipos de alimentos comumente consumidos no dia a dia. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os efeitos da sobrecarga de sódio sobre a isquemia e reperfusão renal e verificar se o tratamento com NAC é capaz de mitigar os danos causados pela isquemia e reperfusão renal bilateral associada ao alto consumo de sódio. ANIMAIS: Ratos Wistar machos com seis semanas de vida foram divididos em dois tipos de dieta normossódica (NR) com 2,3% de NaCl e hipersódica (HR) com 8% e submetidos ou não (SHAM) à isquemia e reperfusão renal bilateral e tratados ou não com NAC (600 mg/L) VARIÁVEIS: Peso corpóreo, pressão arterial caudal, consumo hídrico e de ração, volume urinário, fração de excreção de sódio e potássio, sódio, potássio, creatinina e uréia sérica, clearance de creatinina, proteinúria e albuminúria, massas cardíaca e renal, diâmetro transverso glomerular e diâmetro transverso do cardiomiócito, fibrose intersticial renal e cardíaca, TAS,TBARS e ácido úrico, expressão gênica de renina, atividade da renina plasmática e renal, taxa de sobrevida. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: A dieta hipersódica associada à isquemia e reperfusão induziu ao aumento da albuminúria, das massas renal e cardíaca e ao desenvolvimento de fibrose intersticial cardíaca e renal, não houve diferença na atividade da renina plasmática e renal, e também no estado REDOX destes animais. NAC foi capaz de prevenir o desenvolvimento de albuminúria, o aumento das massas renal e cardíaca e formação de fibrose / ABSTRACT: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a renal complication that requires urgent treatment and the most common types is ischemic AKI caused by below normal perfusion to renal tissue, generating high production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), tissue renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) activation, and acute tubular necrosis (NTA). The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment have shown positive results in several renal injury models. After reestablishment of renal function, patients should be submitted to protein and salt restriction diet. Salt is known to be a major cause of kidney disease. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of sodium overload on renal ischemia and reperfusion and to verify if NAC treatment was able to mitigate the damage caused by bilateral renal ischemia and reperfusion associated with high sodium consumption in diet. ANIMALS: Six-week-old male Wistar rats were divided in normal sodium (NS - 1.3% NaCl) or high sodium (HS - 8.0% NaCl) diet group. Both diet group were submitted to bilateral renal reperfusion and ischemia or not (SHAM), treated or not with NAC (600mg/L). VARIABLES: Body weight, tail blood pressure, water and feed intake, urinary volume excretion, sodium and potassium excretion, sodium, potassium, serum creatinine and urea, creatinine clearance, proteinuria and albuminuria, cardiac and renal masses, transverse diameter glomerular and transverse diameter of the cardiomyocyte, renal and cardiac interstitial fibrosis, TAS, TBARS and serum uric acid, renin gene expression, plasma and renal renin activity, survival curve. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The high sodium diet associated to ischemia and reperfusion induced to albuminuria; increased renal and cardiac mass and to development of cardiac and renal interstitial fibrosis. However, plasma and renal renin activity and REDOX status were not changed. NAC was able to prevent the albuminuria, renal and cardiac hypertrophy, and fibrosis formation

INTRODUÇÃO: O exercício físico pode ser uma terapia coadjuvante para indivíduos com doença renal crônica (DRC), já que esta condição patológica tem sido associada a múltiplas comorbidades como hipertensão e diabetes mellitus. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos agudos do exercício sobre a função renal em pacientes com DRC em seus diferentes estágios. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos agudos do exercício aeróbico sobre a função renal em pacientes com DRC não dialíticos. MÉTODOS: Trinta e três indivíduos foram divididos em três grupos: i) pacientes nos estágios 1 e 2 (DRC1-2; n= 11); ii) estágios 3 e 4 (DRC3-4; n= 11); iii) indivíduos saudáveis (CON; n= 11). Todos os voluntários realizaram 30 minutos de exercício em esteira em intensidade correspondente ao limiar anaeróbio ventilatório (LAN) (%VO2pico= 60 ± 8). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes, imediatamente após o exercício, 30 e 60 minutos após o exercício, e amostras de urina foram coletadas antes, 30, 60 e 90 minutos após o exercício para mensuração da creatinina e albuminúria. A taxa de filtração glomerular foi avaliada a partir da depuração endógena de creatinina (TFGCr-Cl) e estimada a partir da equação CKD-EPI 2009 (eTFG). RESULTADOS: Imediatamente após o exercício, não foram observadas alterações significantes na TFGCr-Cl e eTFG em todos os grupos (p>0,05). Embora ambos os grupos de pacientes com DRC tenham apresentado aumento da albuminúria imediatamente após o exercício, estes aumentos não foram significantes (p> 0,05). Nenhuma alteração na albuminúria foi detectada no grupo controle durante todo o protocolo (p> 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem que uma sessão de exercício com duração de 30 minutos em intensidade moderada não compromete a função renal de pacientes com DRC. Em suma, estes dados suportam a noção de que o treinamento físico pode ser uma ferramenta terapêutica segura no manejo da DRC / BACKGROUND: Physical exercise may be an adjunctive therapy for individuals with chronic kidney diseases (CKD) as this pathological condition has been associated with multiple comorbidities including hypertension and diabetes mellitus. However, little is known about the acute effects of exercise on renal function in patients with CKD at different stages. AIM To investigate the acute effects of aerobic exercise on renal function in patients at different stages of non-dialysis CKD. METHODS: Thirty-three subjects were divided into three groups as follows: i) patients in stages 1 and 2 (CKD1-2; n= 11); ii) stages 3 and 4 (CKD3-4; n= 11); iii) healthy individuals (CON; n= 11). Individuals performed 30 minutes of exercise on a treadmill in an intensity corresponding to the ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) (%VO2peak= 60 ± 8). Blood samples were collected before, immediately after exercise, 30 and 60 minutes after exercise and urine samples were collected before, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after exercise for creatinine and albuminuria assessments. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) was estimated using the creatinine clearance (GFRCr-Cl) and estimated using the CKD-EPI 2009 equation (eGFR). RESULTS: Immediately after exercise, GFRCr-Cl and eGFR did not change significantly in all groups (all p > 0.05). Although both groups of CKD patients have shown increased albuminuria immediately after exercise, differences were not significant (p > 0.05). No change in albuminuria was detected in the control group throughout the protocol (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that a 30-min moderate intensity aerobic exercise bout does not impair renal function in patients with CKD. Thus, these data support the notion that exercise training can be a safe therapeutic tool in the management of CKD

INTRODUÇÃO: O exercício físico pode ser uma terapia coadjuvante para indivíduos com doença renal crônica (DRC), já que esta condição patológica tem sido associada a múltiplas comorbidades como hipertensão e diabetes mellitus. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos agudos do exercício sobre a função renal em pacientes com DRC em seus diferentes estágios. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos agudos do exercício aeróbico sobre a função renal em pacientes com DRC não dialíticos. MÉTODOS: Trinta e três indivíduos foram divididos em três grupos: i) pacientes nos estágios 1 e 2 (DRC1-2; n= 11); ii) estágios 3 e 4 (DRC3-4; n= 11); iii) indivíduos saudáveis (CON; n= 11). Todos os voluntários realizaram 30 minutos de exercício em esteira em intensidade correspondente ao limiar anaeróbio ventilatório (LAN) (%VO2pico= 60 ± 8). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes, imediatamente após o exercício, 30 e 60 minutos após o exercício, e amostras de urina foram coletadas antes, 30, 60 e 90 minutos após o exercício para mensuração da creatinina e albuminúria. A taxa de filtração glomerular foi avaliada a partir da depuração endógena de creatinina (TFGCr-Cl) e estimada a partir da equação CKD-EPI 2009 (eTFG). RESULTADOS: Imediatamente após o exercício, não foram observadas alterações significantes na TFGCr-Cl e eTFG em todos os grupos (p>0,05). Embora ambos os grupos de pacientes com DRC tenham apresentado aumento da albuminúria imediatamente após o exercício, estes aumentos não foram significantes (p> 0,05). Nenhuma alteração na albuminúria foi detectada no grupo controle durante todo o protocolo (p> 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem que uma sessão de exercício com duração de 30 minutos em intensidade moderada não compromete a função renal de pacientes com DRC. Em suma, estes dados suportam a noção de que o treinamento físico pode ser uma ferramenta terapêutica segura no manejo da DRC / BACKGROUND: Physical exercise may be an adjunctive therapy for individuals with chronic kidney diseases (CKD) as this pathological condition has been associated with multiple comorbidities including hypertension and diabetes mellitus. However, little is known about the acute effects of exercise on renal function in patients with CKD at different stages. AIM To investigate the acute effects of aerobic exercise on renal function in patients at different stages of non-dialysis CKD. METHODS: Thirty-three subjects were divided into three groups as follows: i) patients in stages 1 and 2 (CKD1-2; n= 11); ii) stages 3 and 4 (CKD3-4; n= 11); iii) healthy individuals (CON; n= 11). Individuals performed 30 minutes of exercise on a treadmill in an intensity corresponding to the ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) (%VO2peak= 60 ± 8). Blood samples were collected before, immediately after exercise, 30 and 60 minutes after exercise and urine samples were collected before, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after exercise for creatinine and albuminuria assessments. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) was estimated using the creatinine clearance (GFRCr-Cl) and estimated using the CKD-EPI 2009 equation (eGFR). RESULTS: Immediately after exercise, GFRCr-Cl and eGFR did not change significantly in all groups (all p > 0.05). Although both groups of CKD patients have shown increased albuminuria immediately after exercise, differences were not significant (p > 0.05). No change in albuminuria was detected in the control group throughout the protocol (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that a 30-min moderate intensity aerobic exercise bout does not impair renal function in patients with CKD. Thus, these data support the notion that exercise training can be a safe therapeutic tool in the management of CKD

<b>Background:</b> 'Competing risks' are events that either preclude or alter the probability of experiencing the primary study outcome(s). Many standard survival models fail to account for competing risks, introducing an unknown level of bias in their measures of absolute and relative risk. Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and albuminuria are at increased risk of multiple competing causes of mortality, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer and renal disease, yet studies to date have not implemented competing risks methodology. <b>Aim:</b> Using albuminuria in T2DM as a case study, this Thesis set out to quantify differences between standard- and competing-risks-adjusted survival analysis estimates of absolute and relative risk for the outcomes of cardiovascular and cancer mortality. <b>Methods:</b> 86,962 patients aged &ge;35 years with T2DM present on or before 2005 were identified in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. To quantify differences in measures of absolute risk, cumulative risk estimates for cardiovascular and cancer mortality from standard survival analysis methods (Kaplan-Meier estimator) were compared to those from competing-risks-adjusted methods (cumulative incidence competing risk estimator). Cumulative risk estimates were stratified by patient albuminuria level (normoalbuminuria vs albuminuria). To quantify differences in measures of relative risk, estimates for the effect of albuminuria on the relative hazards of cardiovascular and cancer mortality were compared between standard cause-specific hazard (CSH) models (Cox-proportional-hazards regression), competing risk CSH models (unstratified Lunn-McNeil model), and competing risk subdistribution hazard (SDH) models (Fine-Gray model). <b>Results:</b> Patients with albuminuria, compared to those with normoalbuminuria, were older (p&LT;0.001), had higher systolic blood pressure (p&LT;0.001), had worse glycaemic control (p&LT;0.001), and were more likely to be current or ex-smokers (p&LT;0.001). Over the course of nine years of follow-up 22,512 patients died; 8,800 from CVD, 5,239 from cancer, and 8,473 from other causes. Median follow-up was 7.7 years. In patients with normoalbuminuria, nine-year standard and competing-risks-adjusted cumulative risk estimates for cardiovascular mortality were 11.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 10.8-11.5%) and 10.2% (95% CI: 9.9-10.5%), respectively. For cancer mortality, these figures were 8.0% (95% CI: 7.7-8.3%) and 7.2% (95% CI: 6.9-7.5%). In patients with albuminuria, standard and competing-risks-adjusted estimates for cardiovascular mortality were 21.8% (95% CI: 20.9-22.7%) and 18.5% (95% CI: 17.8-19.3%), respectively. For cancer mortality, these figures were 10.7% (95% CI: 10.0-11.5%) and 8.6% (8.1-9.2%). For the effect of albuminuria on cardiovascular mortality, hazard ratios from multivariable standard CSH, competing risks CSH, and subdistribution hazard ratios from competing risks SDH models were 1.75 (95% CI: 1.63-1.87), 1.75 (95% CI: 1.64-1.87), and 1.58 (95% CI: 1.48-1.69), respectively. For the effect of albuminuria on cancer mortality, these values were 1.27 (95% CI: 1.16-1.39), 1.28 (95% CI: 1.17-1.40), and 1.11 (95% CI: 1.01-1.21). <b>Conclusions:</b> When evaluating measures of absolute risk, differences between standard and competing-risks-adjusted methods were small in absolute terms, but large in relative terms. For the investigation of epidemiological relationships using relative hazards models, standard survival analysis methods produced near-identical risk estimates to the CSH competing risks methods for the clinical associations evaluated in this Thesis. For the evaluation of risk prediction using relative hazards models, CSH models produced consistently higher risk estimates than SDH models, and their use may lead to over-estimation of the predictive effect of albuminuria on either outcome. Where outcomes are less common (like cancer) CSH models provide poor estimates of risk prediction, and SDH models should be used. This research demonstrates that differences can be present between risk estimates derived using CSH and SDH methods, and that the two are not necessarily interchangeable. Moreover, such differences may be present in other clinical areas.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2018-03-13T13:00:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MabelleAlvesFerreiraDeLima_DISSERT.pdf: 1207975 bytes, checksum: 05ebcc203d3c42173700e4d39eb4bf9b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-03-19T16:38:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MabelleAlvesFerreiraDeLima_DISSERT.pdf: 1207975 bytes, checksum: 05ebcc203d3c42173700e4d39eb4bf9b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-19T16:38:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MabelleAlvesFerreiraDeLima_DISSERT.pdf: 1207975 bytes, checksum: 05ebcc203d3c42173700e4d39eb4bf9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-04 / A hipovitaminose D tem sido demonstrada em doentes renais. Nos indiv?duos submetidos ao transplante renal, pode causar progress?o da albumin?ria, aumentando o decl?nio da fun??o renal e o risco de perda de enxerto. O objetivo do estudo ? avaliar o status da vitamina D em indiv?duos submetidos ao transplante renal e sua rela??o com os par?metros da fun??o renal no tempo zero, 3 meses e 6 meses p?s-transplante. Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal desenvolvido com 49 transplantados renais no per?odo de agosto de 2015 a janeiro de 2017. No tempo zero foram exclu?dos 3 indiv?duos devido a suplementa??o de vitamina D (n=46), nos 3 meses houve 1 ?bito, 1 desist?ncia e 2 rejei??es ajudas do enxerto (n=43) e aos 6 meses 1 paciente apresentou rejei??o aguda do enxerto (n=42). Os indiv?duos foram submetidos ? avalia??o antropom?trica, avalia??o da exposi??o solar, an?lises bioqu?micas, incluindo 25-hidroxivitamina D [25(OH)D], e coleta de urina para avaliar a rela??o albumina: creatinina (RAC) em todos os tempos estudados. A taxa de filtra??o glomerular (TFG) foi estimada pela equa??o da Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI). A idade mediana dos indiv?duos foi de 44 anos, a maioria do sexo masculino (60,9%; n=28) e a etnia parda (73,9%; n=34). Houve uma predomin?ncia de indiv?duos com hipovitaminose D nos tr?s tempos estudados. Os indiv?duos com status de vitamina D adequado nos 6 meses p?s-transplante apresentaram exposi??o solar significativamente maior em compara??o aos indiv?duos com hipovitaminose D (p = 0,008). Nos 6 meses p?s-transplante, 45,2% dos indiv?duos (n = 19) apresentaram hipovitaminose D em todos os momentos e 19,1% (n = 8) desenvolveram hipovitaminose D aos 3 meses, totalizando 27 indiv?duos com esse perfil. Desses, 37,0% (n = 10) n?o apresentaram melhora na TFG. A RAC de indiv?duos com hipovitaminose D foi maior aos 6 meses p?s-transplante em rela??o ao grupo com status adequado (p = 0,037) e correlacionada negativamente com o 25(OH)D (r = - 0,358; p = 0,02). O paratorm?nio (PTH) apresentou uma influ?ncia negativa na TFG no tempo zero e correlacionou-se positivamente com a RAC aos 6 meses ap?s o transplante (r = 0,420; p = 0,007). Em conclusao, existe uma alta frequ?ncia de hipovitaminose D nos indiv?duos at? 6 meses ap?s o transplante renal, sendo este status poss?velmente relacionado as altera??es observadas na fun??o renal do enxerto.S?o necess?rios mais estudos que apoiem interven??es, tais como suplementa??o de vitamina D, a fim de suportar os resultados obtidos para os pacientes neste est?gio p?s-transplante renal. / Hypovitaminosis D has been a frequent finding in renal patients. In kidney transplant recipients, this may cause progression of albuminuria, increasing the decline in renal function and the risk of graft loss. The objective of this study was to evaluate the vitamin D status in kidney transplant recipients and its relation with renal function parameters at time zero, 3 months and 6 months post-transplantation. This is a longitudinal study with 46 kidney transplant recipients from August 2015 to January 2017. At zero time, 3 subjects were excluded due to vitamin D supplementation (n = 46), in 3 months there was 1 death, 1 (n = 43) and at 6 months 1 patient presented acute rejection of the graft (n = 42). The subjects were evaluated using anthropometric evaluation, a sun exposure questionnaire, biochemical evaluation, including 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], and urine collection to evaluate the albumin: creatinine ratio (ACR) at all times studied. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was computed by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. The median age of the subjects was 44 years, predominantly males (60.9%; n=28), and with brown ethnicity (73.9%; n=34). Most of the subjects had hypovitaminosis D during the three studied periods. In subjects with adequate Vitamin D status at 6 months post-transplant, the sun exposure was significantly lower. At 6 months post-transplant, 45.2% (n=19) presented with hypovitaminosis D at all times, and 19.1% (n=8) developed hypovitaminosis D at 3 months, totalizing 27 individuals with this profile. Of these, 37.0% (n=37) had no improvement in the GFR. The ACR of subjects with hypovitaminosis D were higher at six months post-transplant (p=0.037). This was negatively correlated with the 25(OH)D (r=- 0.358; p=0.02). The parathyroid hormone (PTH) had a negative influence on GFR at time zero but was positively correlated with ACR at six months post-transplantation (r=0.420; p=0.007). Therefore, there is a high frequency of hypovitaminosis D up to 6 months after renal transplantation, which may be related to greater changes in graft renal function. More studies are needed to support interventions, such as supplementation, in order to obtain better results after renal transplantation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T17:39:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-DyegoJoseAraujoBrito.pdf: 1513824 bytes, checksum: b707b62757a7a930f3393f77c7984e48 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-21 / BACKGROUND: Atherosclerotic lesions are highly prevalent among afrodescendants leading to increased morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular events. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between atherosclerosis and kidney injury markers in hypertensive afrodescendants from quilombo remnants communities in northern of Maranhão. METHODS: Cross-sectional study that assessed hypertensive afrodescendants from PREVRENAL cohort underwent two different imaging methods for diagnosis of atherosclerosis disease: 1- Carotid doppler ultrasonography (doppler US) to assess the intima-media thickness (cIMT) and/or 2- Coronary computed tomography for determination calcium score (CCS). The kidney damage markers evaluated were 1- estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and; 2- albuminuria. Information about clinical, laboratory and imaging data were collected in PREVRENAL study database. To evaluate factors associated with the occurrence of coronary and carotid atherosclerosis was adjusted Poisson model with robust variance. The significance level was 5%. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata 12.0 software. RESULTS: Two hundred-six patients (mean age 61.32±12.44 years and 61.65% women) underwent carotid doppler US and 155 patients (mean age 61.42±12.42 years and 62.58% women) underwent coronary CT were included in the study. cIMT presented high in 59.22% individuals evaluated and 41.94% of patients had CCS> 0. In the multivariate regression model, age ≥60 years (PR 1.23, p-value = 0.001), ACR> 30mg/g (PR 1.18, p-value = 0.040) and eGFR/CKD-EPI <60mL/min using cystatin C (PR 1.25, p-value = 0.045) were independently associated with carotid atherosclerosis. The model for coronary calcification were associated with CCS: male gender (PR 1.53, p-value = 0.010), age ≥ 60 years (PR 1.78, p-value = 0.001), use of ASA (PR 1.67, p-value = 0.018) and smoking (PR 1.51, p-value = 0.011). CONCLUSION: The occurrence of atherosclerotic lesions was high in this group. Kidney injury markers were associated only with carotid lesions, whereas traditional factors for atherosclerotic disease were associated with coronary lesions. Thus, afrodescendants with similar clinical and epidemiological characteristics should be strictly monitored and treated to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. / INTRODUÇÃO: As lesões ateroscleróticas são altamente prevalentes entre afrodescendentes, determinado o aumento da morbi-mortalidade por eventos cardiovasculares. Desta forma, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi investigar a associação entre doença aterosclerótica e marcadores de lesão renal em afrodescendentes hipertensos residentes em comunidades remanescentes de quilombo no Norte do Maranhão. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal que avaliou afrodescendentes hipertensos da coorte PREVRENAL, submetidos a dois diferentes métodos de imagem para diagnóstico de doença aterosclerótica: 1- US Doppler de carótidas para avaliação da espessura médio-intimal (EMIC) e 2- Tomografia computadorizada coronariana para determinação do escore de cálcio (ECC). Os marcadores de lesão renal avaliados foram: 1- Taxa de filtração glomerular estimada (TFGe) e 2- Albuminúria. Os dados clínicos, laboratoriais e de imagem foram coletadas no banco de dados do PREVRENAL. Para avaliar os fatores associados à ocorrência de aterosclerose coronariana e carotídea foi ajustado o modelo de Poisson com variância robusta. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. A análise estatística foi realizada através do software Stata 12.0. RESULTADOS: Duzentos e seis pacientes (média de idade de 61,32±12,44 anos e 61,65% de mulheres) que realizaram US Doppler de carótidas e 155 pacientes (média de idade de 61,42±12,42anos e 62,58% de mulheres) submetidos à tomografia coronariana foram incluídos no estudo. Apresentaram EMIC elevada 59,22% dos indivíduos avaliados e 41,94% tinham ECC>0. No modelo de regressão ajustada, idade >60 anos (RP 1,23, p-valor=0,001), RAC >30mg/g (RP 1,18, pvalor= 0,040) e TFGe/CKD-EPI <60mL/min utilizando a cistatina C (RP 1,25, pvalor= 0,045) estiveram independentemente associados com aterosclerose carotídea. No modelo para calcificação coronariana, apresentaram associação com ECC: sexo masculino (RP 1,53, p-valor=0,010), idade >60 anos (RP 1,78, p-valor=0,001), uso de AAS (RP 1,67, p-valor=0,018) e tabagismo (RP 1,51, p-valor=0,011). CONCLUSÃO: A ocorrência de lesões ateroscleróticas foi expressiva no grupo estudado. Marcadores de lesão renal foram associados apenas com lesões carotídeas, enquanto que fatores tradicionais para doença aterosclerótica foram associados com as lesões coronarianas. Desta forma, indivíduos afrodescendentes com características clínico-epidemiológicas semelhantes devem ser estritamente monitorizados e tratados para reduzir o risco de ocorrência de eventos cardiovasculares.

A injúria renal aguda (IRA) é uma complicação renal que necessita de tratamento com urgência, gerando gastos de bilhões de dólares na saúde pública de diversos países. Dentre os tipos mais comuns de IRA é a IRA isquêmica causada por perfusão abaixo do normal ao tecido renal, gerando maior produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS), ativação do sistema renina angiotensina aldosterona (SRAA) local, necrose tubular aguda (NTA). O tratamento com o antioxidante N-acetilcisteína (NAC) tem resultados positivos em diversos modelos de lesão renal. Ao reestabelecer a função renal após a IRA, os pacientes devem seguir dietas restritas quanto a quantidade de proteínas e de sal, entretanto, sabe-se que o sal é um dos maiores causadores de doenças renais e é encontrado de forma exacerbada em diversos tipos de alimentos comumente consumidos no dia a dia. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os efeitos da sobrecarga de sódio sobre a isquemia e reperfusão renal e verificar se o tratamento com NAC é capaz de mitigar os danos causados pela isquemia e reperfusão renal bilateral associada ao alto consumo de sódio. ANIMAIS: Ratos Wistar machos com seis semanas de vida foram divididos em dois tipos de dieta normossódica (NR) com 2,3% de NaCl e hipersódica (HR) com 8% e submetidos ou não (SHAM) à isquemia e reperfusão renal bilateral e tratados ou não com NAC (600 mg/L) VARIÁVEIS: Peso corpóreo, pressão arterial caudal, consumo hídrico e de ração, volume urinário, fração de excreção de sódio e potássio, sódio, potássio, creatinina e uréia sérica, clearance de creatinina, proteinúria e albuminúria, massas cardíaca e renal, diâmetro transverso glomerular e diâmetro transverso do cardiomiócito, fibrose intersticial renal e cardíaca, TAS,TBARS e ácido úrico, expressão gênica de renina, atividade da renina plasmática e renal, taxa de sobrevida. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: A dieta hipersódica associada à isquemia e reperfusão induziu ao aumento da albuminúria, das massas renal e cardíaca e ao desenvolvimento de fibrose intersticial cardíaca e renal, não houve diferença na atividade da renina plasmática e renal, e também no estado REDOX destes animais. NAC foi capaz de prevenir o desenvolvimento de albuminúria, o aumento das massas renal e cardíaca e formação de fibrose / ABSTRACT: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a renal complication that requires urgent treatment and the most common types is ischemic AKI caused by below normal perfusion to renal tissue, generating high production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), tissue renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) activation, and acute tubular necrosis (NTA). The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment have shown positive results in several renal injury models. After reestablishment of renal function, patients should be submitted to protein and salt restriction diet. Salt is known to be a major cause of kidney disease. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of sodium overload on renal ischemia and reperfusion and to verify if NAC treatment was able to mitigate the damage caused by bilateral renal ischemia and reperfusion associated with high sodium consumption in diet. ANIMALS: Six-week-old male Wistar rats were divided in normal sodium (NS - 1.3% NaCl) or high sodium (HS - 8.0% NaCl) diet group. Both diet group were submitted to bilateral renal reperfusion and ischemia or not (SHAM), treated or not with NAC (600mg/L). VARIABLES: Body weight, tail blood pressure, water and feed intake, urinary volume excretion, sodium and potassium excretion, sodium, potassium, serum creatinine and urea, creatinine clearance, proteinuria and albuminuria, cardiac and renal masses, transverse diameter glomerular and transverse diameter of the cardiomyocyte, renal and cardiac interstitial fibrosis, TAS, TBARS and serum uric acid, renin gene expression, plasma and renal renin activity, survival curve. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The high sodium diet associated to ischemia and reperfusion induced to albuminuria; increased renal and cardiac mass and to development of cardiac and renal interstitial fibrosis. However, plasma and renal renin activity and REDOX status were not changed. NAC was able to prevent the albuminuria, renal and cardiac hypertrophy, and fibrosis formation