Part of Thesis--Copenhagen. / Summary in English and Danish. Bibliography: p. [318]-342.

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Cette thèse porte sur l’influence du parrainage dans le sport et de la consommation d’alcool dans les films sur les attitudes implicites vis-à-vis de l’alcool. Peu de recherches portent sur les mécanismes psychologiques permettant d’expliquer l’influence de l’exposition à de la publicité pour de l’alcool sur les comportements de consommation à long terme. L’hypothèse générale soutenue dans cette thèse est qu’un processus de conditionnement évaluatif par fausse attribution affective médiatise l’effet de l’exposition à des stimuli en lien avec l’alcool sur les attitudes implicites vis-à-vis de l’alcool. L’effet de deux autres processus automatiques (i.e. effet de simple exposition, association avec le soi) sont également étudiés. Deux études (1 et 2) ont d’abord été menées afin de mettre en place une induction permettant (i) d’inhiber les processus contrôlés et (ii) de maximiser la fausse attribution affective par inhibition du contrôle attentionnel dans un paradigme de conditionnement évaluatif. Trois études sur le parrainage ont ensuite été menées dans lesquels nous observé un effet de l’exposition au parrainage sur les attitudes implicites (études 3 et 5). L’effet de l’exposition au parrainage peut être expliqué par un effet de simple exposition aux marques (étude 5), cependant, nos données ne nous permettent pas de conclure à un effet de conditionnement évaluatif (étude 4). Deux études sur la représentation de la consommation d’alcool dans les films et les séries télévisées ont permis de mettre en évidence un effet de conditionnement évaluatif indépendant de l’association avec le soi (étude 6), et que cet effet de conditionnement dépendait de processus contrôlés (étude 7). Dans l’ensemble, l’influence du parrainage sur les attitudes implicites semble s’exercer par un effet de simple exposition, tandis que l’influence de la représentation de l’alcool dans les films et séries télévisées semble davantage s’exercer par conditionnement évaluatif et association du concept d’alcool avec le soi. / This thesis focuses on the influence of alcohol sport sponsorship and alcohol consumption in movies on implicit attitudes towards alcohol. Few researches have focused on the mediating psychological mechanisms between exposure to alcohol promotion in media and long-term consumption. Our hypothesis is that evaluative conditioning through affect misattribution mediatizes the effect of exposure to alcohol stimuli on implicit attitudes toward alcohol. The effect of two other automatic processes (i.e. mere exposure effect, association with the self) are also studied. Two studies (1 and 2) were led to test an induction that (i) impairs controlled processes and (ii) maximizes affect misattribution by inhibiting attentional control in an evaluative condition paradigm. Three studies on alcohol sponsorship were then led in which we found a main effect of on implicit attitudes (studies 3 and 5). A mere exposure effect was observed in the study 5, but we found no convincing evidence for evaluative conditioning (study 4). However, we found an evaluative conditioning effect in two studies on alcohol consumption in movies and TV shows which was shown to be independent from association with the self (study 6), as well as relying on controlled processes (study 7). Overall, sponsorship effects on implicit attitudes seems to occur via a mere exposure effect, while alcohol portrayals in movies seems to impact implicit attitudes toward alcohol through evaluative conditioning and association of alcohol with the self.

L’étiquetage social est une technique de persuasion qui consiste à attribuer à un individu une étiquette (sous forme de trait de personnalité ou de valeur) dans le but de le voir se conformer à celle-ci. Cette approche, qui est par essence positive pour l’individu cible car elle est basée sur un étiquetage de valeurs socialement valorisées, permet d’obtenir de bons résultats sur les changements de comportements. Ce travail de thèse se propose spécifiquement d’interroger l’efficacité de l’étiquetage social dans une démarche de marketing social. A l’aide de quatre études expérimentales, nous testons la pertinence de la méthode dans les domaines de la citoyenneté et des impôts (études 1.1 & 1.2), de la consommation étudiante de drogue et d’alcool (étude 2), et de la sensibilisation à l’écologie d’enfants (étude 3). Nous montrons que la technique peut être efficace dans une démarche de communication sociale, mais nécessite pour cela un effort préalable de compréhension des spécificités du contexte d’application. / Social labeling is a persuasion technique which consists of assigning a label to an individual (i.e. personality trait or value) in order to see him/her comply with it. This approach, which is positive for the target individual because it is based on labeling socially valued qualities, provides good results on behavioral changes. This work intends to question the effectiveness of social labeling in a social marketing approach. Using four experimental studies, we test the relevance of the method in the areas of citizenship and taxes (studies 1.1 & 1.2), students drug and alcohol use (study 2), and children environmental awareness (study 3). We show that the technique can be effective in a social communications approach, but requires an appropriate understanding of the application context.

L’alcoolisation ponctuelle importante (API) est un phénomène mondial et à multiples facettes généralement défini comme une consommation de 4 boissons alcoolisées ou plus par occasion pour les femmes ou 5 verres ou plus par occasion pour les hommes. Les consommations excessives sous-tendent également de nombreux autres comportements à risque (violence inter et intra-personnelle, conduite en état d’ébriété, risques sexuels, etc.) et ont des effets nocifs avérés sur la santé (cancers, maladies cardiovasculaires, etc.). La triple nature de la consommation excessive d'alcool (biologique, psychologique et sociologique) englobe une grande variété de domaines allant de l'endocrinologie à la psychologie sociale et cognitive. Obtenir une vue d'ensemble du problème, cependant, est rendu difficile par le fait même que peu d'analyses évolutionnaires ont été suggérées. Ici, nous proposons d’aborder le problème sous l’angle de la théorie du signal coûteux.Quels types de signaux les buveurs excessifs envoient-ils ? À qui le signal est-il destiné ? Ces signaux sont-ils des parades nuptiales ou des menaces pour les compétiteurs afin d'assurer le succès reproductif ou maintenir un certain statut social ? Comment les facteurs contextuels peuvent-ils influencer les taux de consommation ? Explorer les causes, les corrélats et les prédicteurs de la consommation excessive d'alcool et sa nature interdisciplinaire devrait servir de point de départ pertinent pour ensuite révéler la nécessité d'un cadre évolutionnaire.Pour répondre à ces questions, j'ai commencé par élaborer une approche évolutionnaire de la consommation excessive d'alcool en tenant compte des données et des théories actuelles (Chapitre 1). J'ai ensuite mené plusieurs études de laboratoire (oculométrique notamment) et des expériences en ligne visant à évaluer les signaux inter- et intra-sexuels que les « binge drinkers » envoient aux autres (Chapitres 2 et 3). Sur la base de ces résultats, j'ai mis en place un programme de prévention sur le terrain visant à réduire l'attitude et les attentes positives de l'alcool chez les lycéens français ainsi qu'une réplication en ligne (Chapitre 4). Parallèlement, j'ai réalisé une large méta-analyse des comportements de consommation d'alcool chez les femmes et d'autres risques au cours du cycle menstruel pour comprendre les influences endocriniennes en jeu (Chapitre 5). Enfin, j’ai analysé la théorie d’histoire de vie de la consommation à risque au niveau populationnel à l'aide d'une modélisation multi-niveaux de la fréquence et de l'intensité des consommations excessives de 1997 à 2006 aux États-Unis (Chapitre 6). Dans leur ensemble, ces résultats s’inscrivent dans la perspective d’une approche évolutionnaire de la consommation excessive d'alcool et permettent d’envisager de créer des programmes de prévention micro-ciblés. / Binge drinking is a worldwide and multi-faceted phenomenon usually defined as having 4 or more alcoholic beverages per occasion for women or 5 or more drinks per occasion for men. Binge drinking also underlies many other risky behaviors (inter- and intra-personal violence, drunk driving, sexual risks, etc.) as well as negative health consequences (cancers, cardiovascular diseases, etc.). The three-fold nature of binge drinking (biological, psychological and sociological) encompasses a wide variety of areas ranging from endocrinology to social and cognitive psychology. Getting an overview of the problem, however, is made difficult by the very fact that few evolutionary analysis have been suggested. Here, we propose to frame the problem from a costly signaling perspective. What type of signals do the binge drinkers send? To whom is the signal directed? Are those signals courtship displays or threats to competitors in order to assure reproductive success or maintain social status? How can contextual factors influence drinking rates? Exploring causes, correlates and predictors of binge drinking and its interdisciplinary nature should serve as a relevant starting point to then reveal the necessity of an evolutionary framework.To address these questions, I first started by shaping an evolutionary-based approach to binge drinking taking into account current data and theories (Chapter 1). I then ran various laboratory studies (eye-tracking) and online experiments aiming at evaluating the mating and intra-sexual signals that binge drinkers send to others (Chapter 2 and 3). Based on those results, I implemented a field prevention program intended at reducing alcohol’s attitude and expectancies among French high school students as well as an online replication (Chapter 4). In parallel, I conducted an extensive meta-analysis of women’s drinking behaviors and other risks across the menstrual cycle to understand the endocrine influences at play (Chapter 5). Finally, I analyzed the life-history theory of risky drinking at a population level through a hierarchical modeling of binge drinking frequency and intensity from 1997 to 2006 across the United States (Chapter 6). Taken together, those findings can help to build the foundations for an inter-disciplinary approach to binge drinking and create specific micro-targeted prevention programs.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção / Made available in DSpace on 2013-03-04T20:01:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 313771.pdf: 2315554 bytes, checksum: 53ee01f3fc0e2f061c75fa10e9610e73 (MD5) / A relação das empresas com o meio ambiente tem mostrado que os impactos ambientais resultantes das atividades produtivas estão comprometendo o futuro do planeta. A forma como as empresas veem as questões ambientais e planejam seu desenvolvimento é de extrema importância para a sua sobrevivência e a conservação do meio ambiente. Neste sentido, ter claro a importância do meio ambiente, sua preservação e a mensuração de seus impactos, passa a ser decisivo para a manutenção da empresa no mercado atual. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é propor um modelo de indicadores de desenvolvimento ambiental que possa ser aplicado na indústria sucroalcooleira. Para isso foi realizado um levantamento dos principais indicadores de desempenho ambiental e quais eram os impactos ambientais apresentados por estas empresas nos Relatórios de Impacto Ambiental, no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul. Com estas ações realizou-se um cotejamento dos indicadores para que eles suprissem a necessidade específica destas indústrias. Num segundo momento essas ações foram encaminhadas para as indústrias sucroalcooleiras que aprovaram sua aplicabilidade, e só então foi desenvolvida uma forma de avaliar estas ações, para isso utilizou-se como referência métodos encontrados na literatura. Das empresas escolhidas seguindo um critério de volume de produção, apenas 50% foram autorizadas a participar, mesmo assim, de posse desses resultados, fez-se um levantamento seguindo os critérios de sustentabilidade e constatou-se que a maioria das empresas analisadas possui os índices que as classificam como sustentáveis, e as que não possuem estão em busca da sustentabilidade

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-03-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:20:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 halmeman_mcr_dr_botfca.pdf: 760209 bytes, checksum: 510075c6d575c0ea80dcb0d121f17318 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O Brasil é o maior produtor mundial de cana-de-açúcar, com expansão de produção acelerada nos últimos anos, movida principalmente, pela elevação do consumo doméstico de etanol e açúcar. O estado de São Paulo concentra a maior quantidade de canaviais do país. O setor sucroalcooleiro produz energia térmica e elétrica suficientes para seus processos de produção e excedentes de energia elétrica que podem ser comercializados. Por esse motivo é necessário estabelecer indicadores energéticos capazes de verificar quais usinas possuem processos eficientes na geração e no consumo de energia elétrica. Desse modo, o objetivo do trabalho foi estabelecer índices de eficiência e racionalidade com base na geração, consumo de energia elétrica, produção de etanol e quantidade de cana-de-açúcar processada para três usinas do setor sucroalcooleiro, utilizando-se análises estatísticas e lógica fuzzy. A aplicação da análise estatística e lógica fuzzy, baseando-se no Fator de Potência (FP) e no Fator de Carga (FC) indicaram a eficiência e racionalidade na forma de utilização da energia elétrica. As três usinas analisadas possuem grande potencial de produção e exportação de açúcar e etanol e estão localizadas na região Centro-Oeste do estado de São Paulo. Os dados coletados na safra 2008/2009 permitiram a avaliação da utilização da energia elétrica em cinco setores de cada usina e estabelecer parâmetros para avaliar o desempenho energético, de forma a classificar sua situação de acordo com as variáveis linguísticas: “Muito Ruim”, “Ruim”, “Médio”, “Bom” e “Muito Bom”, conforme um sistema de controle baseado na lógica fuzzy. A classificação mostrou que a usina USA teve desempenho satisfatório para os setores... / Brazil is the largest producer of sugar cane in the world, with expansion of production accelerated in recent years, driven mainly by rising domestic consumption of ethanol and sugar. The state of São Paulo has the largest amount of sugar plantations in the country. The alcohol sector produces sufficient thermal and electrical energy for its processes of production and exceeding electricity that can be commercialized. For this reason is necessary to establish energy indicators, it show if the plants have efficient processes in the generation and power consumption. Thus, the objective was establish indices of efficiency and rationality based on generation, power consumption, ethanol production and quantity of sugar cane processed for three plants of this sector, using statistical and fuzzy logic. The application of statistical analysis and fuzzy logic, based on Power Factor (PF) and Load Factor (CF) showed the efficiency and rationality in the form of electrical energy is used. The plants analyzed have great potential for production and export of sugar and ethanol, they are in the Midwestern, state of São Paulo. The data collected in the season 2008/2009 allowed the evaluation of the use of electricity in five sectors of each plant and establishing criteria for assessing the energy performance in order to classify their situationaccording to the linguistic variables: Very Poor Bad, Medium, Good and Very Good as a control system based on fuzzy logic. Classification showed that the plant called USA had a satisfactory performance for the areas of reception and extract the juice. The USB power plant was more efficient and rational for the sectors of boiler and distilleries. The plant USC for the juice extraction industry, expressed an excellent performance (high rating), but the same sector at the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

L'objectif de cette thèse était d'évaluer des nitroxydes chiraux à squelette imidazolidin-4-one comme catalyseurs d'oxydation énantiosélective d'alcools par le dioxygène. Pour cela, plusieurs nitroxydes avec différents substituants en position α ont été synthétisés afin de voir les effets possibles de chacun des groupements. Différents co-catalyseurs décrits dans la bibliographie ont été testés afin de faire ces réactions qui ont lieu à température ambiante et pression atmosphérique. Ces systèmes catalytiques peuvent se différencier selon s'ils utilisent ou pas de métal comme additif.La stratégie utilisée pour la synthèse des catalyseurs a été développée au laboratoire à partir de travaux sur des nitrones réalisés précédemment. Grâce à cette stratégie et à l'utilisation de différentes nitrones de départ, des analogues différemment substitués en position α peuvent être synthétisés rapidement en seulement deux étapes. En particulier, l'utilisation d'une nitrone chirale nous permettra l'obtention de catalyseurs énantiopurs qui pourront être utilisés pour les réactions d'oxydation énantiosélectives.Dans la première partie de notre étude, différents systèmes catalytiques ont été testés avec nos catalyseurs sur un substrat modèle : l'alcool benzylique. Les résultats obtenus nous ont aidé à déterminer : (1) la capacité des nitroxydes de type imidazolidin-4-one à agir en tant que catalyseurs pour les réactions d'oxydation aérobie ; (2) la différence de réactivité selon la substitution en position α ; (3) les systèmes catalytiques les plus efficaces avec nos catalyseurs ; (4) le type de substrats qui pourront être envisagés lors de l'oxydation énantiosélective.C'est ainsi la désymétrisation de diols conduisant à la formation d'atropoisomères qui a été envisagée. L'oxydation par le dioxygène de trois substrats a ainsi été testée avec plusieurs catalyseurs énantiopurs et un système catalytique à base de cuivre. Les résultats d'énantiosélectivité obtenus ont été variables selon le substrat et le catalyseur utilisés. Des résultats très encourageants ont été obtenus pour l'un des substrats, avec des excès enantiomériques d'environ 60 %.En parallèle avec les différentes réactions d'oxydation, des études de voltammétrie cyclique et de résonance paramagnétique électronique (RPE) ont aussi été réalisées. La voltammétrie cyclique nous a servi surtout pour expliquer la différence de réactivité de différents analogues selon leur substitution en position α. Avec la RPE, nous avons essayé de comprendre un peu plus l'organisation autour du cuivre des différents éléments qui font partie du système catalytique à base de cuivre utilisé pour les oxydations énantiosélectives.Grâce à tous ces travaux, nous avons démontré que les nitroxydes à squelette imidazolidin-4-one peuvent être utilisés en tant que catalyseurs pour l'oxydation aérobie d'alcools. Nous avons noté l'importance des substituants en position α qui jouent un rôle important sur la stabilité de l'espèce active, ce qui pourra faire varier l'efficacité de chaque composé. Les nitroxydes contenant le squelette imidazolidin-4-one ont aussi donné des bons résultats dans des réactions d'oxydation énantioséletive de diols benzyliques. / The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the use of chiral nitroxides containing an imidazolidin-4-one squeletton as enantioselective catalysts for the aerobic oxidation of alcohols. In this view, several nitroxides with different α substituents have been synthesized to investigate the influence of these groups. Several co-catalysts reported in the literature have been tested for the oxidation reactions that take place at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. These catalytic systems can be classified relatively to the presence or the absence of metal as additive.The strategy used for the catalyst synthesis has been developped in the laboratory from previous studies about nitrones. Using this strategy and different starting nitrones, several α-substituted analogues can be rapidly synthesized in only two steps. Particularly, the use of a chiral nitrone will permit the obtention of enantiopur catalysts that will be able used for the enantioselective oxidations.In the first part of our study, several catalytic systems have been tested with our catalysts with a reference substrate: benzylic alcohol. According to the results, we have been able to determine: (1) the capacity of imidazolidin-4-one nitroxides to behave as catalysts for the aerobic oxidations; (2) the difference of reactivity depending on the α substituents; (3) the more effective catalytic systems for our catalysts; (4) the scope of the reaction in order to determine the suitable substrates for enantioselective reactions.With all these results in hand, diol desymmetrization for the synthesis of atropoisomers has been considered. Dioxygen oxidation of three diols has been tested using different enantiopur catalysts with a copper-based catalytic system. The enantioselectivity obtained proved variable depending on the substrate and the catalyst used. Very encouraging results have been obtained for one of the substrate, with enantiomeric excess of about 60 %.At the same time as the oxidation reactions, cyclic voltammetry and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies have been carried out. Cyclic voltammetry has been useful to explain the difference of reactivity of the catalysts according the α substituents. Using the EPR, we have tried to understand the organisation around copper for the different species from the catalytic system used for the enantioselective oxidations.By means of this study, we have demonstrated that imidazolidin-4-one nitroxides can be used as catalysts for the aerobic oxidation of alcohols. The α substituents play an important role in the stability of the active species that can change the efficacity of each compound. Imidazolidin-4-one nitroxides have also given encouraging results in the enantioselective oxidation of benzylic diols.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:25:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Juliana_Severo_Castelo_Branco.pdf: 7339681 bytes, checksum: 5c86995be26b0fd8b4d1fda6177461ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-01 / Among the cereals, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most important crop reaching the third largest grain production in the world. Wheat is cultivated under many different environmental conditions, presenting high grain yield capacity, nutritional quality and high degree of adaptability. In the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, approximately 5.4 million hectares are considered hydromorphic soils and are mostly used for rice farming and cattle grazing, due to its low drainage capability. Annually, only one million hectares are cultivated with rice, leaving large amounts of land without cropping or cultivated with forage crops. Therefore, there is a strong challenge for breeding programs to develop genotypes capable of tolerating this environment, with a satisfactory cost/benefit ratio for farmers. In order to suppress the energy deficit provoked by hypoxic conditions, several species redirect their metabolic pathways in order to garantee the extra ATP production resulting from an increase in fermentation rates. In those species, a group of proteins that cathalyse glycolisis and phosphate sugar metabolism such as the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), is selectively synthesized. The objective of this work was to verify the possibility of selecting wheat genotypes tolerant to flooding stress, in the greenhouse, by using different periods of flooding conditions alterned with draining periods. Also, to estimate the degree of conservation of the ADH1 gene in some plant species. The results indicate that it is possible to detect genetic variability for the character flooding tolerance in greenhouse. The condition of eight days of flooding revealed that the genotypes BRS 120 and BRS 208 were the most tolerant and the genotypes CD 111 and BRS 194 were the most sensitive. The molecular phylogenetic analysis obtained for the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1), indicates that Poaceae members present a high degree of conservation. The closest species were Saccharum oficinarum and Zea mays, presenting higher nucleotide identity. The model species (Oryza sativa) presented a higher dissimilarity regarding the remaining species of the Poaceae, suggesting that this enzyme has acquired novel functions and or mutations that were selected under the flooding condition. / Entre os cereais, o trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) é a mais importante cultura, alcançando a terceira maior produção de grãos no mundo sobrepujado apenas pelo milho e arroz. O trigo é cultivado sob diversas condições ambientais, apresentando alta capacidade de produção de grãos, qualidade nutricional e alto grau de adaptabilidade. No Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, aproximadamente 5,4 milhões de hectares são considerados solos hidromórficos e são principalmente utilizados para cultivo de arroz e pastagem, devido a sua baixa capacidade de drenagem. Anualmente, apenas um milhão de hectares está sendo utilizado para o cultivo de arroz, deixando grandes quantidades de terras para o cultivo de culturas forrageiras. Portanto, existe um forte desafio para programas de melhoramento no desenvolvimento de genótipos capazes de tolerar esse ambiente, com uma boa relação custo/benefício para os agricultores. A fim de suprimir o déficit energético provocado pelas condições de hipoxia, várias espécies redirecionam suas vias metabólicas, a fim de garantir a produção extra ATP resultantes do aumento das taxas de fermentação. Nessas espécies, um grupo de proteínas que catalisam a glicólise e metabolismo de açúcares, como a enzima álcool desidrogenase (ADH), é sintetizada seletivamente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a possibilidade de seleção de genótipos de trigo tolerantes ao estresse por alagamento, em casa de vegetação, utilizando diferentes períodos de alagamento intercalados com drenagem. Além disso, estimar o grau de conservação do gene ADH1 em algumas espécies de plantas. Os resultados indicam que é possível a detecção de variabilidade genética para o caráter tolerância ao alagamento em casa de vegetação. A condição de oito dias de alagamento revelou que os genótipos BRS 120 e BRS 208 foram as mais tolerantes e os genótipos CD 111 e BRS 194 foram as mais sensíveis. A análise filogenética molecular obtida para o álcool desidrogenase (ADH1), indica que os membros Poaceae apresentaram um elevado grau de conservação. As espécies mais próximas foram Saccharum oficinarum e Zea mays, apresentando maior identidade de nucleotídeos. A espécie modelo para plantas monocotiledôneas (Oryza sativa) apresenta uma maior dissimilaridade quanto ao restante das espécies de Poaceae, sugerindo que esta enzima tenha adquirido níveis de funções ou mutações que foram selecionadas sob a condição alagamento.

Orientadores: Anibal Eugenio Vercesi, Nadja Cristhina de Souza Pinto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T03:45:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ravagnani_FelipeGustavo_D.pdf: 7335132 bytes, checksum: 7043cdada57a4c0242520d7fcb95daeb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O número de indivíduos que sofrem com patologias associadas ao consumo abusivo de etanol tem aumentado significativamente no último século. Como consequência desse fato, os custos associados ao tratamento do alcoolismo, bem como das doenças associadas a ele também têm aumentado, onerando o sistema de saúde e se tornando um problema de saúde pública de grande relevância atualmente. Os mecanismos moleculares que desencadeiam muitas dessas doenças não estão completamente esclarecidos. O tecido hepático é o mais afetado pelo etanol e as mitocôndrias têm sido apontadas como alvos cruciais na toxicidade hepática induzida pelo álcool. Logo, o objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar como o consumo de etanol afeta o estado redox e o metabolismo mitocondriais no fígado. Ratos Wistar machos adultos jovens e de meia-idade receberam ad libitum solução alcoólica 25% (v/v) como única fonte de líquido. Os grupos controle receberam somente água. Ambos os grupos receberam ração ad libitum. Mitocôndrias hepáticas foram isoladas usando técnicas padrão. O consumo de ração e de líquidos foi significativamente menor em animais que ingeriram álcool, resultando em menor ganho de massa corpórea nos protocolos utilizados. As mitocôndrias dos animais que consumiram etanol apresentaram menores níveis de respiração em condição basal e quando energizadas com substratos respiratórios. A atividade e os níveis protéicos de citocromo c oxidase foi menor nos grupos tratados com etanol. Independente da duração do período de tratamento, mitocôndrias hepáticas de animais que ingeriram álcool foram menos susceptíveis à transição de permeabilidade mitocondrial induzida por cálcio, quando comparadas às mitocôndrias dos animais do grupo controle. Esse efeito foi revertido pela adição de oxidantes de nucleotídeos de piridina (acetoacetato, diamida ou tert butil-hidroperóxido) ou em mitocôndrias desacopladas. Também houve aumento em nucleotídeos de piridina na forma reduzida e aumento na razão NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ em mitôndrias hepáticas de ratos consumidores de etanol. Em concordância a esses dados, houve aumento na capacidade de retenção de cálcio, processo que é dependente do estado redox intramitocondrial. Por outro lado, não houve diferença na produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio entre os grupos controle e tratados com álcool. A atividade de glutationa peroxidase e as quantidades de GSH e de GSSG também não sofreram alterações. Entretanto, houve redução nos níveis de DNA mitocondrial nos tratamentos agudos, porém com tendência para retornar aos níveis normais nos tratamentos crônicos, indicando uma resposta adaptativa à injúria induzida pelo etanol. Em conjunto, nossos resultados indicam que o consumo de etanol modula o estado redox mitocondrial e de sistemas antioxidantes, prevenindo a abertura do poro de transição de permeabilidade mitocondrial. A presença desse xenobiótico no fígado também altera significativamente os níveis de NADP reduzido, agente redutor final para o sistema glutationa redutase/peroxidase que detoxifica H2O2 na matriz mitocondrial. Além disso, a resposta adaptativa ao álcool observada no DNA mitocondrial pode contribuir para compreender melhor os mecanismos envolvidos no reparo de lesões a biomoléculas e os estágios iniciais de adaptação a esse xenobiótico, etapas que precedem a morte celular, hepatite alcoólica ou carcinogênese em tecido hepático exposto cronicamente ao etanol / Abstract: The number of people suffering from alcoholism has increased significantly over the last century. As a result, costs associated with treating the addiction itself as well as the associated pathologies have also increased, such that this is considered as public health issue. Furthermore, the molecular events leading to several of these diseases are not yet clearly understood. Hepatic tissue is the most affected by alcohol, and mitochondria have been suggested to be a crucial target in alcohol-induced liver toxicity. Thus, the aim of our study was to investigate how ethanol consumption affects the redox state and mitochondrial metabolism in the liver. Young adult and middle-aged male Wistar rats were given a 25 % (v/v) ethanol solution as the only source of drinking water. Control groups received water only. Liver mitochondria were isolated using standard techniques. Food and water intake was significantly lower in alcohol-drinking rats, resulting in lower weight gain during the treatment regimes. Mitochondria from the alcohol-drinking group had lower respiration under levels in basal condition, when energized by substrates feeding electrons into complexes I and IV. Cytochrome c oxidase activity and protein levels were lower in the alcohol group as well. Additionally, regardless of the length of the treatment, liver mitochondria from the alcohol-treated animals were more resistant to Ca2+-induced mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), when compared to mitochondria from control animals. This effect was abrogated by oxidizing agents of pyridine nucleotides (acetoacetate, diamide or tert butylhydroperoxide) or in uncoupled mitochondria. We also found that liver mitochondria from the alcohol-drinking rats had a more reduced pyridine nucleotide pool and higher NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ ratios. In addition, Nampt (an enzyme of the NAD+ synthetic pathway) protein levels did not differ after alcohol consumption. Accordingly, the calcium retention capacity of the isolated mitochondria, which is dependent upon intramitochondrial redox state, was higher in the alcohol group. On the other hand, levels of reactive oxygen species showed no differences between the control and alcohol groups, both in mitochondria and in splenic lymphocytes. Glutathione peroxidase activity and the amounts of GSH and GSSG were also not changed. However, mitochondrial DNA levels were decreased in the short term treatments, but tended to go back up to normal levels in the chronic treatments, indicating an adaptative response to ethanol-induced injury. Together, our results indicate that ethanol consumption modulates the mitochondrial redox state and the antioxidant systems, protecting against Ca2+-induced mitochondrial pore transition permeability opening. The presence of this xenobiotic can significantly change the levels of reduced NADP, the ultimate reducing agent in the gluthatione reductase/peroxidase system that detoxifies H2O2 in the mitochondrial matrix. In addition, the adaptative response to ethanol, seen in mitochondrial DNA, may contribute to further understand the mechanisms related to lesions in biomolecules and the initial steps that preceed cell death, alcoholic hepatitis or carcinogenic process in hepatic tissue exposed chronically to ethanol / Doutorado / Biologia Estrutural, Celular, Molecular e do Desenvolvimento / Doutor em Fisiopatologia Medica