In this study, aerobic biological treatment of opium alkaloid wastewater and the effect of gamma preirradiation and fenton&amp / #8217 / s oxidation were investigated. First, the biodegradability of alkaloid wastewater was investigated by batch reactors and wastewater was found to be highly biodegradable providing 83 &amp / #8211 / 90 % COD degradation. In order to evaluate the effect of irradiation, original wastewater and irradiated wastewaters (40 &amp / 140 kGy) were compared by means of BOD5/COD values and through aerobic batch experiments. Results indicated that irradiation imparted no further enhancement in biodegradability. Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) studies revealed that the treatment operation was not possible due to sludge settleability problem observed beyond an influent COD value of 2 g/L. Possible reasons for problem were investigated, and the high molecular weight, larger size and aromatic structure of the organic matters present in wastewater was thought to contribute to poor settleability characteristics. Some operational modifications including phosphate buffer addition cured the settleability problem. Influent COD was then increased to 5,000 mg/L. Significant COD removal efficiencies (&gt / 70 %) were obtained in SBRs fed with both original and irradiated wastewaters. Preirradiated wastewater provided a better settling sludge in comparison to original wastewater. Degradation of the complex structure was followed by GC/MS analyses, particle size measurements and enhancement in filterability. Pre-irradiation enhanced the filterability of wastewater more than Fenton&amp / #8217 / s treatment and degradation by irradiation was proved by GC/MS analyses.

A novel application of the Moore rearrangement was successfully developed and applied to the synthesis of 1,4-dioxygenated xanthones that would have been difficult to obtain otherwise. The 1,4-dioxygenated xanthone moiety is found in several naturally occurring, biologically active compounds. Several methods by which to obtain the 1,4-dioxygenated xanthone core have been reported; however, high step counts, low yields, and harsh reaction conditions preclude the use of these methods to complex xanthone natural products. Using the Moore rearrangement as a key step in the synthetic sequence has allowed us to prepare several xanthone natural products quickly and more efficiently than what is possible with the prior art. Using the Martin group’s prior experience with the application of ring closing metathesis (RCM) to the field of alkaloid natural product synthesis, the preparation of lundurine B was undertaken. Key features of the proposed synthesis to lundurine B include the formation of a cyclopropane ring by the formation pyrazoline intermediate via [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition followed by dinitrogen extrusion. A second key step in the proposed sequence to lundurine B is a double RCM to form a five- and eight-membered ring in a single operation. While double RCM strategies have been applied to several elegant natural product syntheses, the formation of a five- and eight-membered ring in a single sequence has not been reported. Should the double RCM strategy prove successful for lundurine B, the conditions could in principle be applied to other structurally related natural products. / text

240f. / Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-04-01T16:40:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 teseErikaVersaoFinal.pdf: 196222025 bytes, checksum: 392c4cd58c8a5d154afc1f1036d99967 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Hilda Fonseca(anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-04-24T17:20:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 teseErikaVersaoFinal.pdf: 196222025 bytes, checksum: 392c4cd58c8a5d154afc1f1036d99967 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-24T17:20:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 teseErikaVersaoFinal.pdf: 196222025 bytes, checksum: 392c4cd58c8a5d154afc1f1036d99967 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / CNPq / Este trabalho descreve o estudo fitoquímico das fases hexânica, clorofórmica e acetato de etila obtidas do extrato metanólico de Erythroxylum rimosum, além da realização de testes de atividade biológicas (atividade antioxidante e o teste da letalidade da Artemia salina) com essas três fases. Descreve também o estudo fitoquímico com a fase clorofórmica obtida do extrato metanólico de E. betulaceum. A partir das folhas de E. rimosum foram isolados e identificados flavonóides tais como, quercetina, kaempferol-3-O-α-L-arabinofuranosídeo, catequina, epicatequina, quercetina-3-O-α-arabinofuranosídeo, quercetina-3-O-α-arabinopiranosídeo, quercetina-3-O-β-arabinopiranosídeo, quercetina-3β-glucopiranosídeo, kaempferol e quercetina-3-O-β-galactopiranosídeo. Foram ainda isolados e identificados nas folhas de E. rimosum, um alcalóide tropânico inédito (2β-acetoxi-3β,6α-dibenzoiloxitropano) e os ésteres de α-amirina e β-amirina, α-amirina, β- amirina e β-sitosterol. A partir do caule de E. betulaceum foram isolados 3-oxo (-)-manool, 3β-hidroxi (-)-manool e ent-2β,19- diidroxibeyer-15-en-1-one, bem como a vanilina. Estas substâncias foram isoladas através de métodos cromatográficos e a identificação estrutural foi realizada através da análise dos dados espectrométricos de RMN de 1H e de 13C uni- e bidimensional (DEPT, gHMQC, gHMBC, gCOSY 1H-1H, gTOCSY 1D, gNOESY 1D, HOMODEC), EM e IV, propriedades físicas (pf. e [α]D), e pela comparação desses dados com aqueles disponibilizados na literatura. / Salvador

Ocotea puberula (Lauraceae) is a brazilian native tree, known in the South regions as canela guaicá or canela amarela. Its phytochemical composition includes several alkaloids of aporphinic type, some of them with biological activities already reported. Fruits collected in Curitiba, state of Paraná, were submitted to extraction and fractioning processes, allowing the isolation of an alkaloid identified as dicentrine, present as the majoritarian substance. In the present work we investigated the antinociceptive potential of the organic fractions obtained from O. puberula fruits extract and dicentrine (DCTN) isolated from the chloroform fraction (CF). Both CF and DCTN, given by oral route, were able to reduce the nociception induced by formalin and acetic acid with similar ID50, suggesting that the CF effect is due to the presence of DCTN. Hexanic (HF) or ethyl acetate (EAF) fractions had no antinociceptive effect. DCTN also presented antinociceptive effects in chronic models such as inflammatory (induced by intraplantar injection of Freund s complete adjuvant) and neuropathic (induced by partial sciatic nerve ligation), being able to reduce mechanical and cold hypersensitivity,with no changes in the response to heat. When evaluated against the thermo-receptors activation, DCTN administered either systemically (by oral route) or locally (by intraplantar route) reduced the nociception induced by cinnamaldehyde, a TRPA1 activator, but did not alter the response induced by capsaicin, a TRPV1 activator. The antinociceptive effect of DCTN was not affected by the pretreatment with antagonists of opioid, adrenergic or cannabinoid receptors, and neither by the pretreatment with an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis, suggesting that these descending mechanisms of pain control are not involved in the DCTN mechanism of action. On the other hand, DCTN was able to prevent the hypersensitivity induced by cAMP/PKA pathway activators, forskolin and PGE2, and it also reduced PKA activation, demonstrated by western blotting analysis, suggesting that DCTN may act by interaction with this signaling pathway. On the other hand, DCTN presented few or none action on the hypersensitivity induced by bradikinin or PMA, respectively, suggesting that the PLC/PKC pathway is not involved in DCTN antinociceptive action. Additionally, DCTN did not cause any sedative effect, neither alterations on motor activity or body temperature, and although daily treatment caused a slight increase in liver relative weight, alterations on AST, ALT or γ-GT levels were not observed. Together, these results demonstrate that DCTN has an important antinociceptive effect in acute and chronic models of pain, mainly of inflammatory origin, and its mechanism of action seems to involve an interaction with TRPA1 channels and the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. In this way, DCTN may be considered a potential candidate to further pre-clinical and even clinical investigations for development of analgesic drugs. / A Ocotea puberula (Lauraceae) é uma árvore nativa brasileira, conhecida nos estados da região sul por canela guaicá ou canela amarela, cuja composição fitoquímica inclui diversos alcaloides do tipo aporfínicos, alguns dos quais com atividades biológicas já demonstradas. Frutos coletados na região de Curitiba, Paraná, foram submetidos a processos de extração e fracionamento, permitindo isolar um alcaloide identificado como dicentrina, presente como componente majoritário. Neste trabalho, foi investigado o potencial antinociceptivo das frações orgânicas obtidas a partir do extrato dos frutos de O. puberula e da dicentrina (DCTN) isolada da fração clorofórmica (FC). Tanto a FC quanto a DCTN, administradas por via oral, foram capazes de reduzir a nocicepção induzida pela formalina e pelo ácido acético, com DI50 semelhantes, sugerindo que o efeito de FC seja devido à presença da DCTN. As frações hexânica (FH) e acetato de etila (FAE), por sua vez, não apresentaram efeito antinociceptivo. A DCTN também apresentou efeito antinociceptivo em modelos crônicos, tanto inflamatório (injeção intraplantar de Adjuvante Completo de Freund) quanto neuropático (ligadura parcial do nervo ciático), sendo capaz de reduzir a hipersensibilidade mecânica e ao frio, porém sem alterar a resposta ao calor. Quando avaliada frente à ativação de termo-receptores, a DCTN administrada tanto por via sistêmica (via oral) quanto local (via intraplantar) reduziu a nocicepção induzida pelo cinamaldeído, um ativador de canais TRPA1, mas não alterou a resposta induzida pela capsaicina, um ativador de canais TRPV1. O efeito antinociceptivo da DCTN não foi revertido pelo pré-tratamento com antagonistas de receptores opióides, adrenérgicos ou canabinóides e nem pelo prétratamento com um inibidor da síntese de serotonina, sugerindo que estes sistemas descendentes de controle da dor não estão envolvidos no mecanismo de ação da DCTN. Por outro lado, a DCTN foi capaz de prevenir a hipersensibilidade induzida pelos ativadores da via AMPc/PKA, forscolina e PGE2, e também foi capaz de reduzir a ativação da PKA, demonstrada por análise de western blotting, sugerindo que a DCTN possa agir por interação com essa via de sinalização. Por outro lado, a DCTN apresentou pouca ou nenhuma ação frente à hipersensibilidade mecânica induzida pela bradicinina ou pelo PMA, respectivamente, o que sugere que a via PLC/PKC não está envolvida no seu efeito antinociceptivo. A DCTN não causou efeitos sedativos, alteração motora ou alteração na temperatura corporal dos animais e, embora o tratamento diário durante 14 dias tenha aumentado o peso relativo do fígado, não foram observadas alterações nos níveis sanguíneos de AST, ALT ou γ-GT. Coletivamente, os dados deste trabalho demonstram que a DCTN apresenta um importante efeito antinociceptivo em modelos de dor agudos e crônicos, principalmente de cunho inflamatório, e seu mecanismo de ação parece envolver interação com canais TRPA1 e com a via de sinalização AMPc/PKA. Desta forma, a DCTN constitui-se como uma potencial candidata para a continuidade de estudos pré-clínicos aprofundados, e futuramente clínicos, visando o desenvolvimento de fármacos analgésicos.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2147842 bytes, checksum: 4096aadcaa77b162c3d6533c50132e36 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The genus Piptadenia Benth. part of the Mimosoideae subfamily which is included to the Fabaceae family, the third largest family of angiosperms, widely distributed, being one of the largest in dicotyledonous and economic importance. Piptadenia stipulacea is widely distributed in the caatinga biome, and is used in popular medicine to treat inflammation, activity that has been proven pharmacologically. This paper aims to continue the chemical knowledge of P. stipulacea. The chemical compounds were identified using analysis of data obtained by spectroscopic methods, such as 1H and 13C NMR uni- and bidimensional. The phytochemical study of chloroform phase resulted in the isolation of two flavonoids: 3,3',5,7-tetrahydroxy-4 ,6-dimethoxyflavone and 4 ,5,7- trihydroxy-3 ,6-dimethoxyflavone, both previously described in the species, of ethyl acetate phase resulted in the isolation of a mixture of two novel flavonoids in the species (5,7,4 -trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone e 3,5,7,4 -tetrahydroxyflavonol), whereas the remaining hydroalcoholic phase resulted in the isolation of an indolic alkaloid: methyl(2-{3-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}ethyl)amine, firstly described in the literature. / O gênero Piptadenia Benth. faz parte da subfamília Mimosoideae a qual pertence à família Fabaceae, a terceira maior família das angiospermas, de ampla distribuição geográfica, sendo uma das maiores em dicotiledôneas e de importância econômica. Piptadenia stipulacea apresenta ampla distribuição no bioma da caatinga nordestina, sendo utilizada na medicina popular no tratamento das inflamações, atividade esta, já comprovada farmacologicamente. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de dar continuidade ao conhecimento químico de P. stipulacea. Os contituintes químicos isolados foram identificados por meio da análise de dados obtidos por métodos espectroscópicos, tais como RMN de 1H e 13C uni e bidimensionais. O estudo fitoquímico da fase clorofórmica resultou no isolamento de dois flavonoides: 3,3 ,5,7-tetrahidroxi-4 ,6-dimetoxiflavona e 4 ,5,7-trihidroxi-3 ,6-dimetoxiflavona, ambos já descritos na espécie, da fase acetato de etila uma mistura de dois flavonoides inéditos na espécie (5,7,4 trihidroxi-6-metoxiflavona e 3,5,7,4 -tetrahidroxi-6-flavonol) enquanto que, da fase hidroalcoolica remanescente resultou no isolamento de um alcaloide indólico: N-metil-indol-1,3-etanamina, descrito pela primeira vez na literatura.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-13T13:29:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose de Castro Souza Neto Junior.pdf: 703541 bytes, checksum: 3ed13bbfae81442d4bddd813c36f8ade (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T13:29:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose de Castro Souza Neto Junior.pdf: 703541 bytes, checksum: 3ed13bbfae81442d4bddd813c36f8ade (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-13 / The ingestion of toxic plants is an important cause of problems related to health status of herds cattle, goat and sheep, affecting different areas of animal health, one of the playback. Many plants are capable, when ingested to cause diseases in ruminants, affecting many different organs and systems, including the reproductive system. This experiment aimed to evaluate the ability to change reproductive crude extract alkaloids of Aspidosperma pyrifolium in pregnant wistar rats. We used 18 pregnant rats were divided into three experimental groups of 06 animals each, according to treatment received by gavage from the first until the twentieth day of pregnancy, namely: Group I (EP) - treated animals with the placebo extract (01 ml of water / day); Group II (ECA1) – treated animals with concentrated extract alkaloids of Aspidospema pirifolium at a concentration of 0.002 mg / ml; Group III (ACE2) - treated animals with concentrated extract alkaloids of Aspidospema pirifolium at a concentration of 0.004 mg / ml. Significant increase in weight in the animals of group (I) and a relative increase in the animals of group (II), whereas the amines of the group (III) showed no significant change in weight during pregnancy. At 20 days of pregnancy on the number of fetuses, were observed the following results: Group I: average of 4.33 fetuses / female: Group II: average of 1.33 fetuses / female and Group III: average of 0.00 fetuses / female (females without fetuses). It is concluded that the concentrated extract alkaloids of Aspidospema pirifolium modifying reproduction of rats when administered from 1st to 20th day of pregnancy, causing weight loss in rats and decrease the number of fetuses (concentration 0.002 mg / ml) and weight loss and absence of fetuses (concentration 0.004 mg / ml). / A ingestão de plantas tóxicas representa uma importante causa de problemas relacionados ao estado sanitário de rebanhos bovino, caprino e ovino, afetando diferentes áreas da saúde animal, sendo uma delas a reprodução. Várias plantas são capazes, quando ingeridas, de causar dano à saúde dos ruminantes, afetando os mais diferentes órgãos ou sistemas, inclusive o reprodutivo. Este experimento teve o objetivo de avaliar a capacidade de alteração reprodutiva do extrato bruto alcaloídico de Aspidosperma pyrifolium em ratas wistar prenhes. Para isto foram utilizadas 18 ratas prenhes divididas em três grupos experimentais de 06 animais, conforme tratamento recebido por via endoesofágica do primeiro ao vigésimo dia de prenhez, a saber: Grupo I (EP) - animais tratados com Extrato Placebo (01 ml de água/dia); Grupo II (ECA1) - animais tratados com Extrato Concentrado Alcaloídico de Aspidospema pirifolium a 0,002 mg/ml; Grupo III (ECA2) - animais tratados com Extrato Concentrado Alcaloídico de Aspidospema pirifolium a 0,004 mg/ml. Foi observado aumento significativo de peso nos animais do grupo (I) e aumento relativo nos animais do grupo (II), enquanto que os animas do grupo (III) não apresentaram alteração significativa de peso no período da prenhez. Aos 20 dias de gestação, quanto ao número de fetos, foram observados os seguintes resultados: Grupo I, média de 4,33 fetos/fêmea; Grupo II, média de 1,33 fetos/fêmea e Grupo III média de 0,00 fetos/fêmea (fêmeas sem fetos). Conclui-se que o extrato concentrado alcaloídico de Aspidospema pirifolium altera a reprodução de ratas, quando administrado do 1º ao 20º dia de prenhez, provocando perda de peso nas fêmeas e diminuição no número de fetos (concentração de 0,002 mg/ml) e perda de peso e ausência de fetos (concentração de 0,004 mg/ml).

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-11-13T17:25:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Raquel Ferreira Naves - 2014.pdf: 4267508 bytes, checksum: bf2a0d1194ed1d13ea37554849f1df54 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-11-14T19:01:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Raquel Ferreira Naves - 2014.pdf: 4267508 bytes, checksum: bf2a0d1194ed1d13ea37554849f1df54 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-14T19:01:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Raquel Ferreira Naves - 2014.pdf: 4267508 bytes, checksum: bf2a0d1194ed1d13ea37554849f1df54 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-11 / Psychotria hoffmannseggiana (Wild. ex Roem. & Schult.) Müll. Arg. is a subshrub of the Rubiaceae family, which belongs to the genus Psychotria L. and to the subgenus Heteropsychotria. In this genus there is several indole alkaloids, recognized by their many bioactive properties. Furthermore, these alkaloids are used as chemotaxonomic markers in the classification and delimitation of the Psychotria genus. Up to this moment, no phytochemical study has been reported for the P. hoffmannseggiana species. Therefore, in the continuous searching for secondary metabolites, the crude ethanol extract (PHF-EB) from P. hoffmannseggiana leaves has been submitted to an acid-base fractionation, and the resultant fractions were subject to column chromatography. The methyl sinapate (PH-01) and the isoscopoletin (PH-02) were identified from the acid chloroform extract (PHFA-C). In the basic chloroform extract (PHFB-C), three indole alkaloids were isolated and identified: harman (PH-03), N-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro--carboline (PH-04), N-methyltryptamine (PH-05); as well as one polyindolic alkaloid, (+)chimonantine (PH-06). Besides, a great amount of monoterpenic indole alkaloid, the strictosidinic acid (PH-07), was isolated from the basic nbutanolic extract and ethyl acetate, PHFB-n-BuOH and PHFB-AcOEt, respectively. The -ethylglucose (PH-08) was isolated from the basic nbutanolic extract (PHFB-n-BuOH). The evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the extracts PHF-EB, PHFA-C, PHFB-C, PHFB-AcOEt and n-PHFB-nBuOH showed a 50% inhibition of DPPH radical at concentrations of 176,58 ± 1 35, 105.47 ± 0.88, 77.60 ± 0.36, 191.30 ± 0.68 and 271.96 ± 0.57 g.mL1, respectively. / Psychotria hoffmannseggiana (Wild. ex Roem. & Schult.) Müll. Arg. é um subarbusto da família Rubiaceae, pertencente ao gênero Psychotria L. e ao subgênero Heteropsychotria. Nesse gênero há uma diversidade de alcaloides indólicos, conhecidos pelas diferentes propriedades bioativas. Além disso, esses alcaloides são usados como marcadores quimiotaxonômicos na classificação e delimitação do gênero Psychotria. Até o presente momento, nenhum estudo fitoquímico foi descrito para a espécie P. hoffmannseggiana. Portanto, na busca contínua dos metabólitos secundários, o extrato bruto etanólico das folhas da P. hoffmannseggiana (PHEt-EB) foi submetido a um fracionamento ácido-base e as frações resultantes foram submetidas a coluna cromatográfica. No extrato ácido clorofórmico (PHFA-C), identificou-se o sinapato de metila (PH-01) e a isoescopoletina (PH-02). No extrato básico clorofórmico (PHFB-C), foram isolados e identificados três alcaloides indólicos: harmano (PH-03), N-metil1,2,3,4-tetrahidro--carbolina (PH-04), N-metiltriptamina (PH-05) e um alcaloide polindólico, (+)-quimonantina (PH-06). Além desses, uma grande quantidade do alcaloide indólico monoterpênico, ácido estrictosidínico (PH07), foi isolado do extrato básico n-butanólico e acetato de etila, PHFB-nBuOH e PHFB-AcOEt, respectivamente. A -etilglicose (PH-08) foi isolada do extrato básico n-butanólico (PHFB-n-BuOH). A avaliação da atividade antioxidante dos extratos PHF-EB, PHFA-C, PHFB-C, PHFB-AcOEt e PHFBn-BuOH mostrou a inibição de 50% do radical DPPH nas concentrações de 176,58 ± 1,35, 105,47 ± 0,88, 77,60 ± 0,36, 191,30 ± 0,68 e 271,96 ± 0,57 g.mL-1, respectivamente

Submitted by Franciele Moreira (francielemoreyra@gmail.com) on 2017-08-24T18:58:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcos Daniel Filgueiras Gomes - 2017.pdf: 1627510 bytes, checksum: 4f9bbc1cf7e9457ee3eb0b398bfffc42 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Rejected by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com), reason: subtituir PDF on 2017-09-01T17:18:15Z (GMT) / Submitted by Franciele Moreira (francielemoreyra@gmail.com) on 2017-09-05T14:58:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcos Daniel Filgueiras Gomes - 2017.pdf: 1627510 bytes, checksum: 4f9bbc1cf7e9457ee3eb0b398bfffc42 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Rejected by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com), reason: on 2017-09-05T17:01:40Z (GMT) / Submitted by Franciele Moreira (francielemoreyra@gmail.com) on 2017-09-05T17:03:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcos Daniel Filgueiras Gomes - 2017.pdf: 1628086 bytes, checksum: 7ab87fcdc18cfc95d88131b8b9272ecc (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-09-15T15:11:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcos Daniel Filgueiras Gomes - 2017.pdf: 1628086 bytes, checksum: 7ab87fcdc18cfc95d88131b8b9272ecc (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-15T15:11:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcos Daniel Filgueiras Gomes - 2017.pdf: 1628086 bytes, checksum: 7ab87fcdc18cfc95d88131b8b9272ecc (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-09 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The current study investigated the virulence of Metarhizium spp., Beauveria bassiana and Isaria javanica against Musca domestica larva; it also compared the virulence of different propagules, and evaluated the efficacy of matrine, a plant alkaloid, and the association of matrine and entomopathogenic fungi against larvae of Musca domestica. In addition, the study reports the conidial viability and radial growth of different fungal isolates in culture medium supplemented or not with matrine. Conidia produced on BDAL medium were suspended in Tween 80 0.01% and adjusted to 1 × 108 conidia / mL, and spread on filter paper for indirect treatment of third-instar larvae of M. domestica. The efficacy of treatment ranged from 77,44% (IP 119) to 87,35% (IP 146) among Metarhizium spp. isolates. The efficacy of treatment ranged from 39,37% (ARSEF 9588) to 70,60% (IP 361) among the isolates of B.bassiana; variations between 26,75% (CG 1316) and 53,28% (CG 1283) was reported in groups treated with isolates of I. javanica. Conidia and blastospores of fungi were produced on Adamek medium, and suspensions were prepared and adjusted to 1 × 108 propagules/mL. Aliquots were used in indirect treatments by spreading the suspension to sterile filter paper or to comminuted ration to evaluate virulence in third or second instar larvae, respectively. Only the treatment with IP 146 blastospores in ration was effective against M. domestica larva. Larvae were immersed on matrine solutions (direct treatment) or exposed to sterile-filter paper treated with matrine (indirect treatment) in different concentrations (1, 5, 10 and 20 mg/mL). Ten larvae were assayed in each treatment and control group. Matrine concentrations higher than 1 mg/mL were effective against M. domestica larva in both treatments. Germination of conidia of Metarhizium spp., B. bassiana and I. javanica isolates was assessed at 24 and 48 honto BDAL medium plus chloramphenicol and benomyl, supplemented or not (control) with matrine. All isolates had germination around 100%, in both incubation times evaluated. In addition, the radial growth of isolates was evaluated on BDAL medium supplemented or not (control) with matrine. The isolates of Metarhizium spp. and B. bassiana, with the exception of CG 138, had a reduced radial growth on medium containing matrine. Isolates of I. javanica did not reduce their growth when exposed to matrine. The association of entomopathogenic fungi [IP 119 (Metarhizium anisopliae s.s.), CG 307 (Beauveria bassiana) or CG 1285 (Isaria javanica)] with matrine (1; 0,5; 0,1; 0,05; 0,01 mg/mL), was investigated against larva of M. domestica in indirect tests on sterile filter paper. The association of fungal conidia and matrine was more efficient against M. domestica larva than conidia, and the association was more efficient than matrine alone. All experiments were incubated at 27 ± 1 oC and RH ≥ 80%. In conclusion, Metarhizium sp. is indicated as a promising microbial agent to control larva of M. domestica; also, IP 146 blastospores applied to ration were effective in the control of second instar larvae. In addition, the alkaloid matrine was effective to control M. domestica larva; it did not affect the viability of the conidia of the fungi investigated in this study, but it slowed down the growth of most of the Metarhizium and Beauveria isolates tested. Radial growth of isolates of Isaria sp. was not affected by supplementation of medium with matrine. No increased efficiency against M. domestica larva was detected when fungi was associated with matrine. / O presente estudo investigou a virulência de Metarhizium spp., Beauveria bassiana e Isaria javanica contra larvas de Musca domestica; comparou também a virulência de diferentes propágulos fúngicos, e avaliou a eficácia de matrine, um alcaloide vegetal, e sua associação com fungos entomopatogênicos contra larvas de M. domestica. Além disso, o estudo relata a viabilidade conidial e o crescimento radial de diferentes isolados fúngicos em meio de cultura suplementado ou não com matrine. Nesse sentido, conídios produzidos em meio BDAL foram suspensos em Tween 80 a 0,01% e ajustados a 1 × 108 conídios/mL e espalhados em papel filtro para o tratamento indireto de larvas de terceiro ínstar de M. domestica. A eficácia do tratamento dos isolados de Metarhizium spp. variou entre 77,44% (IP 119) e 87,35% (IP 146). A eficácia do tratamento variou de 39,37%(ARSEF 9588) e 70,60% (IP 361) entre os isolados de B.bassiana, e variações entre 26,75% (CG 1316) e 53,28% (CG 1283) foram observadas em grupos tratados com isolados de I. javanica. Conídios e blastosporos de IP 146 (Metarhizium robertsii) e IP 361(Beauveria bassiana) foram produzidos em meio Ádamek, em seguida foram preparadas suspensões e estas ajustadas para 1 × 108 propágulos/mL. Tratamentos indiretos foram conduzidos espalhando-se a suspensão em papel filtro estéril ou em rações para avaliar a virulência em larvas de terceiro ou segundo ínstar de M. domestica, respectivamente. Apenas o tratamento com blastosporos IP 146 em ração foi eficaz contra larva de M. domestica. Larvas de M. domestica também foram imersas em soluções contendo matrine (tratamento direto) ou expostas a papel filtro estéril tratado com matrine (tratamento indireto) em diferentes concentrações (1, 5, 10 e 20 mg / mL); dez larvas foram utilizadas em cada tratamento e grupo de controle. Para ambos tratamentos concentrações de matrine superiores a 1 mg/mL foram eficazes contra larvas de M. domestica. A germinação de conídios dos isolados de Metarhizium spp., B. bassiana e I. javanica foi avaliada em 24 e 48 horas sobre meio BDAL acrescido de cloranfenicol e benomil, e suplementado ou não (controle) com matrine (2%). Todos os isolados tiveram germinação em torno de 100%, em ambos os tempos de incubação avaliados. O crescimento radial de isolados também foi avaliado em meio BDAL suplementado ou não (controle) com matrine. Nesse estudo, os isolados de Metarhizium spp. e B. bassiana, com exceção de CG 138, tiveram crescimento radial reduzido em meio contendo matrine. Os isolados de I. javanica, no entanto, não reduziram seu crescimento quando expostos à matrine em meio de cultura. Foi investigada a associação de fungos entomopatogênicos [IP 119 (Metarhizium anisopliae s.s.), CG 307 (Beauveria bassiana) ou CG 1285 (Isaria javanica)] com matrine (1; 0,5; 0,1; 0,05; 0,01 mg/mL) contra larvas de M. domestica. Em testes indiretos em papel filtro estéril, a associação de conídios fúngicos e matrine foi mais eficaz contra larva de M. domestica do que conídios apenas, e a associação foi mais eficiente do que matrine sozinho. Todos os experimentos foram incubados a 27 ± 1 oC e UR ≥ 80%. Concluindo, Metarhizium sp. é indicado como um agente microbiano promissor para controlar larvas de M. domestica; também, blastosporos do isolado IP 146 aplicados à ração foram eficazes no controle de larvas de segundo instar. Além disso, o alcaloide matrine foi eficaz para controlar larvas de M. domestica; não afetou a viabilidade dos conídios dos fungos investigados neste estudo, mas retardou o crescimento da maioria dos isolados de Metarhizium e Beauveria testados. O crescimento radial de isolados de Isaria sp. não foi afetado pela suplementação de meio com matrine. Não houve aumento da eficácia contra larva de M. domestica quando fungos foram associados ao matrine.

Les alcaloïdes de la pipéridine sont des composés présents à la fois dans le règne animal et végétal. L'approche générale que nous avons développée au cours de ce travail de thèse est basée sur l'utilisation de différents -aminonitriles qui ont été préparés soit par réduction de sels de pyridinium chiraux soit par cyanation anodique d'amines tertiaires dérivées de l'-phényl-éthylamine. Dans le premier cas, la modification de la réaction de Fry nous a permis de préparer les deux énantiomères de la coniine qui constitue l'agent toxique de la grande cigüe (Conium maculatum). En combinant cette méthode avec la métallation de Beak, nous avons pu accéder à la (+)-solénopsine A qui est l'un des constituants du venin des fourmis tropicales Solenopsis invicta. La seconde méthode qui utilise la voie électrochimique, a permis de synthétiser la (+)-myrtine qui est une indolizidine isolée de Vaccinium myrtillis et l'alcaloïde (+)-241D qui est extrait de sécrétions cutanée des grenouilles tropicales Dendrobates speciosus. Enfin, une nouvelle synthèse de la (–)-perhydrohistrionicotoxine (isolée de Dendrobates histrionicus) a été mise au point et cette dernière est basée sur l'alkylation diastéréosélective d'un α-aminonitrile chiral non racémique préparé par voie électrochimique. / Piperidine alkaloids are found in both animal and vegetal kingdoms. In this work, we have developed the synthesis and the utilization of several -aminonitrile systems which have been prepared either from the reduction of chiral non racemic pyridinium salts or from the anodic cyanation of piperidine ring system. In the first case, the modification of the Fry cyanation allowed the synthesis of both enantiomers of coniine which is the toxic component of hemlock (conium maculatum). By virtue of the Beak's lithiation–alkylation procedure, we have been able to synthesize the trans 2,6-piperidine (+)-solenopsin A which is one of the constituents of the venom of fire ant solenopsis invicta. As an alternative process, the anodic cyanation of piperidone derivatives allowed us to prepare the quinolizidine alkaloid (+)-myrtine (vaccinum myrtillis) and the all cis-2,4,6-piperidine alkaloid (+)-241D which is extracted from the skin of brightly colored neotropical frog dendrobates speciosus. Our final synthetic approach has been devoted to the stereoselective construction of spiropiperidine (–)-perhydrohistrionicotoxin whose tertiary chiral center was elaborated through the diastereoselective alkylation of an α-aminonitrile system which has been prepared by electrochemical means.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination of grain destined for animal feeds is a major toxicological risk to monogastrics and is suspected of restricting productivity in ruminants. Whereas bacterial additives have been developed that can detoxify DON in the rumen and lower intestine, there are currently no commercial inoculants able to perform this task in crimped grain (CG) silage, a regionally important method of moist grain preservation based on homo- and heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria or chemical additives. Determining whether this ensiling process alongside the action of detoxifying bacteria has the potential to remove DON in CG prior to ingestion, was explored in mini-silo ensiling experiments. CG was heat treated (100 °C, 60 min) or ensiled fresh in triplicate 50 g silos, spiked with 5 mg/kg DON and inoculated with lactic acid bacteria derived from wild birds, natural epiphytic inoculants and commercially sourced silage additives (21 d). DON recovery was only significantly reduced (31.2 ± 14.4% recovery, p < 0.001, n= 30) by heat treatment, as determined by IAC-RP-HPLC-UV. Bacterial assemblage analysis by 16S rRNA PCR-DGGE-SEQ identified Weissella cibaria, Pantoea agglomerans, Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis and Hafnia alvei as candidate detoxification agents, of which W. cibaria and H. alvei decreased DON recovery in vitro (11.3 and 6.2% recovery respectively, p < 0.05, n = 18), which translated to inoculated W. cibaria yielding a decrease in DON recovery (67.2± 14.4%, 28 d) in naturally contaminated crimped wheat (13.5 ± 1.0 mg/kg, 35-40% moisture, p < 0.05, n =15). As W. cibaria is a lactic acid bacteria already associated with fermented CG by default it has promise as a novel DON detoxification agent in CG silage. DON is however just one of many hepatotoxic co-contaminants. Retrorsine, a DNA-crosslinking pyrrolizidine alkaloid derived from Ragwort (Senecio sp.) was investigated for interactive toxicity with DON in an in vitro co-exposure experiment. HepG2 cells were exposed to Log10 multifactorial binary exposures for 48 h followed by a suite of assays to elucidate mechanisms of interactive cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and modulation of the proteome. Retrorsine was tentatively confirmed to form DNA/protein crosslinks in the comet, micronucleus and crosslinking assays, whilst DON was found to potently induce cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Co-exposure yielded a complex toxicity response, with low doses yielding antagonistic effects and high doses trending towards additive effects, although DON dose was generally the principle component. The difficulties associated with undertaking an interactive toxicity study where both toxins have multiple metabolic and cellular targets are highlighted.