Despite the benefit of the memory hierarchy, it is still essential, in order to reduce accesses to higher levels of memory, to have an efficient usage of registers and local memories (also called scratchpad memories) present in most embedded processors, graphical processors (GPUs) and network processors. During the compilation, from a source language to an executable code, there are two optimizations that are of utmost importance: the register allocation and the local memory allocation. In this thesis's report we are interested in decoupled approaches, solving separately the allocation and assignment problems, that helps to improve the quality of the register and local memory allocations. In the first part of this thesis we are interested in two aspects of the register allocation problem: the improvements of the just-in-time (JIT) register allocation and the spill minimization problem. We introduce the split register allocation which leverages the decoupled approach to improve register allocation in the context of JIT compilation. We experimentally validate the effectiveness of split register allocation and its portability with respect to register count variations, relying on annotations whose impact on the bytecode size is negligible. We introduce a new decoupled approach, called iterated-optimal allocation, which focus on the spill minimization problem. The iterated-optimal allocation algorithm achieves results close to optimal while offering pseudo-polynomial guarantees for SSA programs and fast allocations on general programs. In the second part of this thesis, we study how a decoupled local memory allocation can be proposed in light of recent progresses in register allocation. We first validate our intuition for decoupled approach to local memory allocation. Then, we study the local memory allocation in a more theoretical way setting the junction between local memory allocation for linearized programs and weighted interval graph coloring. We design and analyze a new variant of the ship-building problem called the submarine-building problem. We show that this problem is NP-complete on interval graphs, while it is solvable in linear time for proper interval graphs, equivalent to unit interval graphs. The submarine-building problem is the first problem that is known to be NP-complete on interval graphs, while it is solvable in linear time for unit interval graphs. In the third part of this thesis, we propose a heuristic-based solution, the clustering allocator, which decouples the local memory allocation problem and aims to minimize the allocation cost. The clustering allocator while devised for local memory allocation, it appears to be a very good solution to the register allocation problem. After many years of separation, this new algorithm seems to be a bridge to reconcile the local memory allocation and the register allocation problems.

Submitted by Daniella Santos (daniella.santos@fgv.br) on 2010-03-23T12:01:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Jefferson_Donizeti_Bertolai.pdf: 274926 bytes, checksum: a60c8343a27883dd5e7f529f517bc2e8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Andrea Virginio Machado(andrea.machado@fgv.br) on 2010-03-23T12:31:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Jefferson_Donizeti_Bertolai.pdf: 274926 bytes, checksum: a60c8343a27883dd5e7f529f517bc2e8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-03-24T12:48:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Jefferson_Donizeti_Bertolai.pdf: 274926 bytes, checksum: a60c8343a27883dd5e7f529f517bc2e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-08 / The dificulty in characterizing non-stationary allocations or equilibria is one of the main explanations for the use of concepts and assumptions that trivialize the dynamics of the economy. This di¢ culty is especially critical in Monetary Theory, in which the dimensionality of the problem is high even for very simple models. In this context, this paper reports the computational strategy for implementing the recursive method proposed by Monteiro and Cavalcanti (2006), which allows you to calculate the optimal sequence (possibly non-stationary) of distributions of money in an extension of the model proposed by Kiyotaki and Wright (1989). Three aspects of this calculation are emphasized: (i) the computational implementation of the plannerís problem involves the choice of continuous and discrete variables that maximize a nonlinear function and satisÖes nonlinear constraints; (ii) the objective function of this problem is not concave and constraints are not convex, and (iii) the set of admissible choices is not known a priori. The goal is to document the di¢ culties involved, the proposed solutions and available methods and resources to implement the numerical characterization of e¢ cient monetary dynamics under the assumption of random matching. / A dificuldade em se caracterizar alocações ou equilíbrios não estacionários é uma das principais explicações para a utilização de conceitos e hipóteses que trivializam a dinâmica da economia. Tal dificuldade é especialmente crítica em Teoria Monetária, em que a dimensionalidade do problema é alta mesmo para modelos muito simples. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho relata a estratégia computacional de implementação do método recursivo proposto por Monteiro e Cavalcanti (2006), o qual permite calcular a sequência ótima (possivelmente não estacionária) de distribuições de moeda em uma extensão do modelo proposto por Kiyotaki e Wright (1989). Três aspectos deste cálculo são enfatizados: (i) a implementação computacional do problema do planejador envolve a escolha de variáveis contínuas e discretas que maximizem uma função não linear e satisfaçam restrições não lineares; (ii) a função objetivo deste problema não é côncava e as restrições não são convexas; e (iii) o conjunto de escolhas admissíveis não é conhecido a priori. O objetivo é documentar as dificuldades envolvidas, as soluções propostas e os métodos e recursos disponíveis para a implementação numérica da caracterização da dinâmica monetária eficiente sob a hipótese de encontros aleatórios.

År 2015 trädde lag (2014:899) om riktlinjer vid kommunala markanvisningar i kraft vilken innebär att samtliga kommuner som använder sig av markanvisningar ska ta fram en policy som ska innefatta grundläggande bestämmelser kring markanvisningar. Lagen tar upp vissa specifika faktorer som ska finnas med i markanvisningspolicyn för att underlätta för allmänheten, byggherrar samt för kommunerna själva. Vid kommunala markanvisningar ska hänsyn även tas till EU:s statsstödsregler, statsstödsreglerna innebär att konkurrensförhållandena på en marknad inte på något vis får snedvridas samt att det ska vara förenligt med den inre marknaden. Detta anpassas av kommunerna genom att de bland annat säljer fastigheten till ett marknadspris. I arbetet görs en kartläggning av nio stycken kommuners markanvisningspolicys i Stockholms län för att kunna avgöra hur kommunerna förhåller sig till EU:s statsstödsregler. En intervju ska även genomföras med kommunerna för att kunna få en klarhet i hur stor förståelse kommunerna har av statsstödsreglerna samt för att förtydliga respektive kommuns markanvisningspolicy. Genom undersökningen i arbetet konstateras det att det inte finns något lagkrav på att EU:s statsstödsregler ska nämnas och förklaras i en kommuns markanvisningspolicy, men att om kommunerna gör detta kommer det att underlätta för samtliga parter och även bidra med kunskap kring statsstödsreglerna i samband med markanvisningar. Samtliga kommuner i undersökningen har anpassat sig genom att följa det som är lagstadgat i lag (2014:899) om riktlinjer för kommunala markanvisningar, vilket bland annat är att förklara hur en kommun prissätter marken vid anvisningar. Kommunerna har kunskap om att försäljning av mark ska ske till ett marknadspris samt att en kommun ska främja god konkurrens. Det som dock diskuteras är om det är tillräckligt tydligt. Majoriteten av kommunerna nämner även i sina markanvisningspolicys att kommunen ska främja god konkurrens och att kommunen ska sälja mark till ett marknadspris, dock framgår det inte varför. Slutsatsen tar upp att ett förtydligande skulle kunna behöva genomföras i respektive kommuns markanvisningspolicy. Förtydligandet skulle kunna omfatta hur kommunerna anpassat sig till EU:s statsstödsregler vid kommunala markanvisningar. Det anses att de flesta kommunerna i undersökningen inte har varit tillräckligt tydliga angående vad statsstödsreglerna innebär och varför kommunerna måste följa dessa. Det finns dock inget krav på att kommunerna måste förklara vad statsstödsreglerna innebär i en markanvisningspolicy. Genom detta förtydligande skulle EU:s statsstödsregler lättare att kunna följas av allmänheten och kommunerna skulle bättre kunna förhålla sig till statsstödsreglerna. Byggherrar skulle även få en bättre förståelse i hur kommunen arbetar och varför kommunerna uttrycker sig på olika vis i deras markanvisningspolicy, som till exempel att kommunerna ska främja god konkurrens och att försäljning av mark ska ske till ett marknadspris. / In January the first, 2015, an act (2014:899) was put into effect which implicates that all the municipalities that uses land allocation shall publish a policy, which should include basic provisions for land allocations. The act addresses certain specific factors that should be included in the land allocation to facilitate the public, builders and the municipalities themselves. The municipalities should also take EU state aid rules into account when they use land allocation, which means that a competition in a market can not be distorted in any way and also that it is compatible with the internal market. This is adapted by the municipalities by selling the property at a market price. In this study, a survey of nine municipalities landmark policy in Stockholm County is made to determine how the municipalities relate to EU state aid rules. An interview is also being conducted with the municipalities in order to get clarity on the understanding of the municipalities in the EU state aid rules and to clarify the respective municipality's land allocation policy. Through the survey in this study it is observed that there is no legal requirement for EU state aid rules to be mentioned or explained in a municipality's land allocation policy, but if the municipalities mentions the EU state aid rules in their land allocation policy, it will facilitate all parties and also contribute knowledge about the rules in connection with land allocations. All the municipalities in the survey have adapted to the act (2014:899), for instance by explain how they price the land when they use land allocations. The municipalities have understood that the sale of land must be at a market price and that they have to promote good competition. What is discussed, however, is whether it is clear enough. The majority of the municipalities mention in their land allocation policy that they should promote good competition and that they have to sale land to a market price, without mentioning the reason why. The conclusion of the study states that a clarification might to be carried out in each municipality's land allocation policy. The clarification could include how the municipalities adapted to the EU state aid rules in land allocation policies. It is considered that all the municipalities have not been sufficiently clear about what the rules mean and why the municipalities must follow them. However, there is no requirement that the municipalities have to explain what EU state aid rules mean in a land allocation policy. Through this clarification, EU state aid rules could be easier to follow by the public and municipalities could be better able to comply with the rules. Builders might also get a better understanding of how a municipality works and why the municipalities express themselves in a certain way in their land allocation policy, such as promoting good competition and selling land at a market price.

Legalmente, foi implementado pelo Governo Federal, o Programa Nacional de Produção do Biodiesel (PNPB). Entretanto, sua produção gera o glicerol. Para os pesquisadores, caso disposto indevidamente, esse coproduto poderá acarretar problemas ambientais. Assim, se o intuito é alcançar a sustentabilidade com a implantação do biodiesel na matriz energética, tornase relevante sua adequada gestão, uma vez que não há controle sobre sua produção e destinação. Falhas de mercado geralmente coexistem com as chamadas falhas de regulação. Nesse contexto, o objetivo foi analisar alternativas de destinação do glicerol realizadas por produtores de biodiesel que podem contribuir no âmbito das medidas compensatórias e mitigadoras. Os métodos utilizados foram pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo para se estudar a teoria e a prática que envolvem o tema. A análise de conteúdo foi realizada com o uso do software MAXQDA®. Além das unidades estudadas, compostas por grandes e pequenos produtores de biodiesel, foram entrevistados engenheiros químicos e pesquisadores na área. Como resultados tem-se que as alternativas de destinação do glicerol realizadas pelos pequenos produtores estudados parecem evidenciar alocação eficiente de recursos. Assim, dentre os aspectos sustentáveis, o econômico se destaca na forma de oportunidade de negócios e geração de renda para o pequeno produtor. Ao contrário, nos grandes produtores, uma vez que poderá demandar maiores custos de transação a destinação é ineficiente e transferida para terceiros. Assim, buscando perpetuar o sistema econômico e proteger o meio ambiente, espera-se que os resultados possam fornecer subsídios para a implantação de políticas que visem remediar ineficiências relacionadas à preservação ambiental e sustentabilidade nos negócios. / Legally, the Federal Government implemented the National Biodiesel Production Program (PNPB). However, its production generates glycerol. For researchers, if improperly disposed of, this co-product could lead to environmental problems. Thus, if the intention is to achieve sustainability with the implementation of biodiesel in the energy matrix, it becomes relevant its adequate management, since there is no control over its production and destination. Market failures generally coexist with so-called regulatory failures. In this context, the objective was to analyze which alternatives of destination of glycerol carried out by biodiesel producers can contribute in the scope of the compensatory and mitigating measures. The methods used were bibliographic, documentary and field research to study the theory and practice that involve the theme. Content analysis was performed using MAXQDA® software. In addition to the units studied, composed of large and small biodiesel producers, were interviewed chemical engineers and researchers in the area. As a result, the alternatives of destination of the glycerol carried out by the small producers studied seem to show efficient allocation of resources. Thus, among the sustainable aspects, the economic stands out in the form of business opportunity and income generation for the small producer. On the contrary, in large producers, the destination is transferred to third parties, since it may demand higher transaction costs. Thus, a system is proposed to encourage, discipline and facilitate alternatives that may contribute to the perpetuation of the economic system in conjunction with environmental protection, attributing functionality to compensatory and mitigating measures. It is hoped that the results could contribute to the implementation of policies aimed at increasing subsidies, especially for small producers.

Réseaux locaux. Le mécanisme de communication par bus série auto-alloué. Recoupleur. L'analyseur : outil de mise au point et d'évaluation des systèmes bâtis autour du bus série auto-alloué. Sureté de fonctionnement d'un système reparti bâti autour du mécanisme de communication par bus série auto-alloue.

L’objectif général de la thèse consistait à mieux comprendre les difficultés vécues par les chômeurs et les locataires en Belgique ainsi qu’à déterminer les moyens à mettre en œuvre pour les aider à les surmonter. Pour pouvoir répondre de manière adéquate à cette problématique relativement vaste, la thèse a été scindée en deux parties. La première partie avait pour objectif d’analyser les entraves rencontrées par les chômeurs en Belgique lors de leur réinsertion, qu’elle soit professionnelle et sociale. A partir du Panel Démographie Familiale, on peut observer qu’il n’y a pas réellement de rotation dans le phénomène du chômage en Belgique. Au contraire, ce sont souvent les mêmes individus qui y retournent régulièrement. Le premier chapitre de cette thèse a donc eu pour objectif d’étudier les causes de cette récurrence du chômage. A partir d’un modèle probit à effets aléatoires, on a montré que le phénomène est expliqué à hauteur de 57-82% par les caractéristiques des individus (observables ou non). La différence serait issue de la présence d’une dépendance d’état. Ainsi, par rapport à une personne identique en emploi, un individu qui aurait connu une expérience de chômage fera face à un risque accru (compris entre 11 et 33 points de pourcentage) de revivre cette expérience un an plus tard. Ces résultats montrent l’importance qu’il y a à concentrer les efforts sur la prévention du chômage. Le deuxième chapitre a, quant à lui, plutôt étudié les conditions salariales auxquelles était confrontés le chômeur une fois réemployé. Pour ce faire, on a estimé une équation de salaires sur laquelle on a appliqué un modèle à effets fixes. Cette analyse s’est faite sur base du PSBH pour une période courant de 1994 à 2002. Les résultats démontrent qu’une expérience de chômage engendre une pénalité salariale de l’ordre de 6%. En outre, cette dernière s’accroît de manière linéaire à mesure que la période de chômage s’allonge dans le temps. Enfin, on a démontré que le chômeur peut recouvrir partiellement le différentiel de salaire si tant est qu’il reste suffisamment longtemps dans son nouvel emploi. Néanmoins, la présence de dépendance d’état dans le chômage implique qu’il y a un risque que certains individus n’arrivent jamais à créer une relation d’emploi durable dans le temps. Dans ce cas, la pénalité perdurera. Si une expérience de chômage mène effectivement à des emplois moins bien payés ou plus instables, cela aura des implications en termes de conditions de vie. L'objectif du troisième chapitre a donc consisté à mesurer l’impact d’évènements dit « déclencheurs » (transitions sur le marché du travail des différents membres du ménage, bouleversement dans la structure familiale) sur les probabilités d’entrée dans et de sortie de la pauvreté en Belgique. La notion de pauvreté est approchée à l’aide de trois concepts recouvrant des réalités différentes : la pauvreté monétaire, la pauvreté subjective et la pauvreté des conditions de vie. L’étude montre qu’il n’y a pas de trajectoire unique qui mène ou qui permet de sortir de la pauvreté, tous les évènements déclencheurs ayant un rôle à jouer. Cependant l’ampleur et le sens des effets peuvent varier en fonction de l’approche considérée. Ainsi, les flux d’entrée et de sortie à partir des indicateurs subjectif et d’existence sont influencés plus fortement par les changements dans la situation conjugale des individus. Les pauvretés monétaires sont, quant à elles, plutôt affectées par l’arrivée ou le départ de personnes à charge. Enfin, les transitions sur le marché du travail affecteront de manière plus importante les flux d’entrée et de sortie de la pauvreté lorsque celle-ci est approchée par l’indicateur de privation relative. Dès lors, l’utilisation de l’approche subjective et de l’indicateur des conditions de vie nous ont apporté un éclairage nouveau quant à l’impact de certains évènements déclencheurs sur la situation de précarité vécue par les individus. La deuxième partie s’est concentrée sur les solutions existantes qui permettraient d’améliorer les conditions de vie des locataires aux revenus les plus bas pour la Région spécifique que constitue Bruxelles. Plus spécifiquement, le quatrième chapitre de la thèse a analysé les effets de la mise en place du Plan pour l’avenir du logement (construction de 5000 logements publics endéans les cinq ans) sur le cycle immobilier à Bruxelles. Pour ce faire, un modèle économétrique déterminant l’investissement privé et l’indice du prix immobilier pour les appartements et les maisons individuelles a été estimé. A partir des résultats obtenus, nous avons été à même d’effectuer des simulations de l’effet attendu de la construction de 5.000 à 10.000 logements publics sur les prix immobiliers ainsi que sur l’investissement privé sur une période courant de 20 à 30 ans. Les résultats indiquent que l’investissement public dans la construction de logements sociaux a des effets positifs en termes d’encouragement de l’investissement résidentiel privé (9.000 logements supplémentaires dans l’hypothèse de 5.000 logements publics construits) et de baisse du prix immobilier (de l’ordre de 1 à 2% après une dizaine d’années). A Bruxelles, l’explication résiderait dans un assainissement de la concurrence dans le « bas de gamme » du marché immobilier et un ralentissement du « filtering down ». A très long terme, le différentiel de prix se résorberait (dissipation du choc) mais l’effet multiplicateur de l’investissement public initial sur l’investissement résidentiel privé cumulé serait de l’ordre de 1,8. Le reproche fait au Plan pour l’avenir du logement est que la construction de 5.000 logements sociaux ne suffira pas à aider la totalité des ménages en difficulté à accéder à un logement décent. Or, à côté de cette politique d’offre, il existe, à disposition du gouvernement, un deuxième outil pour améliorer les conditions d’habitation des ménages devant se loger sur le marché locatif privé, qui cette fois agit du côté de la demande: l’attribution d’allocations-loyers, qui existe actuellement dans une grande majorité de pays européens. Le cinquième chapitre de la thèse a donc étudié la faisabilité de l’implémentation d’un programme d’allocation en RBC et les conséquences qu’il engendrerait sur le marché immobilier bruxellois. Face au double constat d’un déficit excessif de l’offre de logements décents dans le segment « faibles revenus » à Bruxelles et de danger d’inflation des loyers, nous ne recommandons pas la mise en œuvre d’un programme d’allocations-loyers dans cette ville. Avant d’y envisager une telle politique de stimulation de la demande, il faudrait d’abord accroître l’offre de logements sociaux et/ou subventionner la construction en général. L’idée est d’assainir d’abord la concurrence dans ce segment de marché pour y stabiliser les prix.

We examine the effect of joint custody on marriage, divorce, fertility and female employment in Austria using individual-level administrative data, covering the entire population. We also use unique data obtained from court records to analyze the effect on post-divorce outcomes. Our estimates show that joint custody significantly reduces divorce and female employment rates, significantly increases marriage and marital birth rates, and leads to a substantial increase in the total money transfer received by mothers after divorce. We interpret these results as evidence against Becker-Coase bargains and in support of a mechanism driven by a resource redistribution that favors men giving them greater incentives to invest in marriage specific capital. (authors' abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

Denna studie har gjorts i syfte att utreda vilka effekter som kommun, byggherre och bank upplever då en exploateringsfastighet överlåts till en byggherre först efter att byggnationer påbörjats inom ramen för en kommunal markanvisning. Studien har gjorts på förslag av Gävle kommun som sökt svar på om en överlåtelsetidpunkt efter byggstart kan vara ett instrument att uppnå rätt resultat då exploatering görs på kommunalt ägd mark.   För att belysa effekterna har studien gjorts genom jämförelse av hur aktörer upplever förfarandet som tillämpas av Örebro kommun med hur aktörer upplever förfarandet som tillämpas av Gävle kommun. I Örebro kommun genomförs marköverlåtelsen till byggherren först efter att byggnationer påbörjats på fastigheten. I Gävle kommun sker normalt överlåtelsen innan byggstart även om svävarvillkor ibland förekommer vilket fördröjer byggherrens möjlighet att erhålla lagfart.   För att förstå hur aktörerna kommun, byggherre och bank upplever effekterna har (1) semi-strukturerade, kvalitativa telefonintervjuer gjorts med aktörer på respektive orter. (2) Avtal om markanvisning har granskats för att förstå hur kommunerna reglerar sina respektive överlåtelsetidpunkter.   Resultatet visar att tidpunkten för exploateringsfastighetens överlåtelse kan användas som instrument att förhindra spekulation med kommunalt ägd mark. Resultatet visar också att mindre byggherrar behöver mer egna medel för att klara ökade kostnader i exploateringsprocessens tidiga skeden som följd av att byggnationer behöver påbörjas innan finansiering genom byggnadskreditiv finns på plats. Av de svar som erhållits från banker indikeras att tidpunkten som sådan inte har någon betydelse för bankens möjlighet att ställa ut ett byggnadskreditiv, så länge banken kan erbjudas tillräcklig säkerhet. Utöver panträtt i fast egendom kan vissa banker godta en moderbolagsborgen som säkerhet.   Som medel att förhindra markspekulation kan också köpets bestånd göras beroende av att byggnationer påbörjas på exploateringsfastigheten. I det fallet påbörjas överlåtelseprocessen innan byggstart med ett giltigt köpekontrakt och panträtt kan upplåtas i fastigheten med den lagfarna ägarens medgivande. Det kommunala målet att säkerställa rätt resultat förefaller snarare vara beroende av kommunala förvaltningars samordning och hur exploateringsprocessen bedrivs i sin helhet. / This study has been conducted to investigate how municipalities, developers and banks perceive the effects of having to commence construction as a prerequisite for vesting of the real estate to be developed, within the scope of municipal land allocations. The municipality of Gävle suggested the study as they sought to establish if the time of vestment, as an activity in the land developing process, could be used as an instrument to ensure the correct results of such a process.   The study was conducted as a comparison between the municipalities of Gävle and Örebro and how stakeholders in the respective areas perceive the effects. In the municipality of Örebro real estate is vested to the developer once construction work on the property has commenced. In the municipality of Gävle the real estate is normally vested prior to commencement of construction work. In some cases, however, full ownership rights are delayed by means of contractual conditions requiring the developer to commence construction work for the contract to become fully valid, and thus allowing the developer to receive the title deed.   To understand how the stakeholders municipality, developers and banks perceive the effects, (1) semi-structured qualitative telephone interviews have been conducted across the mentioned stakeholder groups in both locations. (2) Contracts of land allocation have been studied to understand how the time of vesting is regulated by both municipalities.   The results show that the time of vesting of the real estate to be developed can be used as an instrument to prevent speculation with publicly owned property. The results also show that small scale land developers require more funds to cope with increased costs that result from the inability to receive building loans using the real estate as security for such funding. Interview answers from banks imply that the time of vesting the real estate to be developed is of no importance to them as long as sufficient security can be offered towards building loan funding. Apart from liens in real estate, parent company guarantees were mentioned as a possible alternative.   As a means to prevent land speculation, contract clauses delaying the title deed to be transferred until commencement of construction, may be used. In this case the vesting process is initiated prior to commencement of construction using a valid contract, and a lien in the real estate to be developed can be offered to the bank with the permission of the municipality as the title deed holder. The aim of the municipality to ensure the correct results of the development process appears to be more dependent on how the council boards interact and how the land development process is carried out in its entirety.

Legalmente, foi implementado pelo Governo Federal, o Programa Nacional de Produção do Biodiesel (PNPB). Entretanto, sua produção gera o glicerol. Para os pesquisadores, caso disposto indevidamente, esse coproduto poderá acarretar problemas ambientais. Assim, se o intuito é alcançar a sustentabilidade com a implantação do biodiesel na matriz energética, tornase relevante sua adequada gestão, uma vez que não há controle sobre sua produção e destinação. Falhas de mercado geralmente coexistem com as chamadas falhas de regulação. Nesse contexto, o objetivo foi analisar alternativas de destinação do glicerol realizadas por produtores de biodiesel que podem contribuir no âmbito das medidas compensatórias e mitigadoras. Os métodos utilizados foram pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo para se estudar a teoria e a prática que envolvem o tema. A análise de conteúdo foi realizada com o uso do software MAXQDA®. Além das unidades estudadas, compostas por grandes e pequenos produtores de biodiesel, foram entrevistados engenheiros químicos e pesquisadores na área. Como resultados tem-se que as alternativas de destinação do glicerol realizadas pelos pequenos produtores estudados parecem evidenciar alocação eficiente de recursos. Assim, dentre os aspectos sustentáveis, o econômico se destaca na forma de oportunidade de negócios e geração de renda para o pequeno produtor. Ao contrário, nos grandes produtores, uma vez que poderá demandar maiores custos de transação a destinação é ineficiente e transferida para terceiros. Assim, buscando perpetuar o sistema econômico e proteger o meio ambiente, espera-se que os resultados possam fornecer subsídios para a implantação de políticas que visem remediar ineficiências relacionadas à preservação ambiental e sustentabilidade nos negócios. / Legally, the Federal Government implemented the National Biodiesel Production Program (PNPB). However, its production generates glycerol. For researchers, if improperly disposed of, this co-product could lead to environmental problems. Thus, if the intention is to achieve sustainability with the implementation of biodiesel in the energy matrix, it becomes relevant its adequate management, since there is no control over its production and destination. Market failures generally coexist with so-called regulatory failures. In this context, the objective was to analyze which alternatives of destination of glycerol carried out by biodiesel producers can contribute in the scope of the compensatory and mitigating measures. The methods used were bibliographic, documentary and field research to study the theory and practice that involve the theme. Content analysis was performed using MAXQDA® software. In addition to the units studied, composed of large and small biodiesel producers, were interviewed chemical engineers and researchers in the area. As a result, the alternatives of destination of the glycerol carried out by the small producers studied seem to show efficient allocation of resources. Thus, among the sustainable aspects, the economic stands out in the form of business opportunity and income generation for the small producer. On the contrary, in large producers, the destination is transferred to third parties, since it may demand higher transaction costs. Thus, a system is proposed to encourage, discipline and facilitate alternatives that may contribute to the perpetuation of the economic system in conjunction with environmental protection, attributing functionality to compensatory and mitigating measures. It is hoped that the results could contribute to the implementation of policies aimed at increasing subsidies, especially for small producers.

Malgré la hiérarchie mémoire utilisée dans les ordinateurs modernes, il convient toujours d'optimiser l'utilisation des registres du processeur et des mémoires locales gérées de manières logicielles (mémoires locales) présentes dans beaucoup de systèmes embarqués, de processeurs graphiques (GPUs) et de multiprocesseurs. Lors de la compilation, d'un code source vers un langage machine, deux optimisations de la mémoire revêtent une importance capitale : l'allocation de registres et l'allocation de mémoires locales. Dans ce manuscrit de thèse nous nous intéressons à des approches découplées, qui traitent séparément les problèmes d'allocation et d'assignation, permettant d'améliorer les allocations de registres et de mémoires locales. Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous nous penchons sur le problème de l'allocation de registres. Tout d'abord, nous proposons dans le contexte des compilateurs-juste-à-temps, une allocation de registres fractionnées (split register allocation). Avec cette approche l'allocation de registres est effectuée en deux étapes: une faite durant la phase de compilation statique et l'autre pendant la phase de compilation dynamique. Ce qui permet de réduire le temps d'exécution des programmes avec un impact négligeable sur le temps de compilation. Ensuite Nous introduisons une allocation de registres incrémentale qui permet de résoudre d'une manière quasi-optimale le problème d'allocation. Cette méthode est pseudo-polynomiale alors que le problème d'allocation est NP-complet même à l'intérieur d'un « basic block ». Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse nous nous intéressons au problème de l'allocation de mémoires locales. Au vu des dernières avancées dans le domaine de l'allocation de registres, nous étudions dans quelle mesure le problème d'allocation pourrait être séparé de celui de l'assignation dans le contexte des mémoires locales. Dans un premier temps nous validons expérimentalement que les problèmes d'allocation et d'assignation peuvent être résolus séparément. Ensuite, nous procédons à une étude plus théorique d'une approche découplée de l'allocation de mémoires locales. Cela permet d'introduire de nouveaux résultats sur le « submarine-building problem », une variante du « ship-building problem », que nous avons défini. L'un de ces résultats met en évidence pour la première fois une différence de complexité (P vs. NP-complet) entre les graphes d'intervalles et les graphes d'intervalles unitaires. Dans la troisième partie de la thèse nous proposons une nouvelle heuristique, appelée « clustering allocator » fondée sur la construction de sous-graphes stables d'un graphe d'interférence, permettant de découpler aussi bien le problème d'allocation pour les registres que pour les mémoires locales. Cette nouvelle heuristique se veut le pont qui permettra de réconcilier les problèmes d'allocations de registres et de mémoires locales. / Despite the benefit of the memory hierarchy, it is still essential, in order to reduce accesses to higher levels of memory, to have an efficient usage of registers and local memories (also called scratchpad memories) present in most embedded processors, graphical processors (GPUs) and network processors. During the compilation, from a source language to an executable code, there are two optimizations that are of utmost importance: the register allocation and the local memory allocation. In this thesis's report we are interested in decoupled approaches, solving separately the allocation and assignment problems, that helps to improve the quality of the register and local memory allocations. In the first part of this thesis we are interested in two aspects of the register allocation problem: the improvements of the just-in-time (JIT) register allocation and the spill minimization problem. We introduce the split register allocation which leverages the decoupled approach to improve register allocation in the context of JIT compilation. We experimentally validate the effectiveness of split register allocation and its portability with respect to register count variations, relying on annotations whose impact on the bytecode size is negligible. We introduce a new decoupled approach, called iterated-optimal allocation, which focus on the spill minimization problem. The iterated-optimal allocation algorithm achieves results close to optimal while offering pseudo-polynomial guarantees for SSA programs and fast allocations on general programs. In the second part of this thesis, we study how a decoupled local memory allocation can be proposed in light of recent progresses in register allocation. We first validate our intuition for decoupled approach to local memory allocation. Then, we study the local memory allocation in a more theoretical way setting the junction between local memory allocation for linearized programs and weighted interval graph coloring. We design and analyze a new variant of the ship-building problem called the submarine-building problem. We show that this problem is NP-complete on interval graphs, while it is solvable in linear time for proper interval graphs, equivalent to unit interval graphs. The submarine-building problem is the first problem that is known to be NP-complete on interval graphs, while it is solvable in linear time for unit interval graphs. In the third part of this thesis, we propose a heuristic-based solution, the clustering allocator, which decouples the local memory allocation problem and aims to minimize the allocation cost. The clustering allocator while devised for local memory allocation, it appears to be a very good solution to the register allocation problem. After many years of separation, this new algorithm seems to be a bridge to reconcile the local memory allocation and the register allocation problems.