Multi-material structures are increasingly used in vehicle bodies to reduce weight of cars. The use of these lightweight structures is driven by requirements to improve fuel economy and reduce CO2 emissions. The automotive industry has replaced conventional steel components by lighter metals such as aluminium alloy. This is done together with cutting weight of structures using more advanced strength steels. However, sound joining is still difficult to achieve due to differences in chemical and thermal properties.   This research aims to develop a new innovative welding technique for joining aluminium alloy to ultra-high strength steels. The technique is based on friction stir welding process while the non-consumable tool is made of an ordinary tool steel. Welding was done by penetrating the rotating tool from the aluminium side without penetrating into the steel surface. One grade of Al-Mg aluminium alloy was welded to ultra-high strength steels under lap joint configuration. Different types of steel surface coatings including uncoated, hot-dipped galvanised and electrogalvanised coating have been studied in order to investigate the influence of zinc on the joint properties. The correlation among welding parameters, microstructures, intermetallic formation and mechanical properties are demonstrated in this thesis.  Results have shown that friction stir welding can deliver fully strong joints between aluminium alloy and ultra-high strength steels. Two intermetallic phases, Al5Fe2 and Al13Fe4, were formed at the interface of Al to Fe regardless of surface coating conditions. The presence of zinc can improve joint strength especially at low heat input welding due to an increased atomic bonding at Al-Fe interface. The formation of intermetallic phases as well as their characteristics has been demonstrated in this thesis. The proposed welding mechanisms are given based on metallography investigations and related literature. / <p>QC 20170519</p>

La course à l'allègement des aéronefs constitue aujourd'hui l'un des enjeux principaux de l'industrie aéronautique. Le remplacement des rivets par des soudures FSW sur les voilures permettrait de gagner jusqu'à 20% de la masse totale de la voilure. Ce travail réalisé en collaboration avec Dassault-Aviation s'inscrit dans le cadre du projet ADSAM (Assemblage de Structures Aéronautiques Métalliques) visant à fabriquer un démonstrateur de caisson de voilure soudé par FSW. Cette étude traite du comportement mécanique en traction monotone quasi-statique et en fatigue oligocyclique (10⁴ à 10⁵ cycles) d'alliages d'aluminium (séries 2000 et 7000) soudés par FSW. L'objectif est d'étudier l'effet des hétérogénéités microstructurales induites par le soudage sur les hétérogénéités de comportement mécanique dans les joints soudés. La corrélation d'images numériques a été utilisée pour définir la réponse mécanique (σnominale – εvraie) dans chacune des zones constituant ces soudures. En complément, des essais sur des mini-éprouvettes prélevées dans l'épaisseur des joints ont permis d'établir le comportement local (σvraie – εvraie) dans chacune des zones du joint. Sous chargement de traction monotone, la rupture des soudures FSW a été observée dans la zone de localisation des déformations anélastiques située aux minima des profils de microdureté. En revanche, les fissures de fatigue ne démarrent pas nécessairement dans ces zones de localisation. Des analyses microscopiques des faciès de rupture ont permis d'identifier deux mécanismes principaux d'amorçage de fissure : (i) rupture ou (ii) décohésion de particules intermétalliques. D'autre part, les essais cycliques montrent une adaptation élastique des matériaux dans les différentes zones du joint (noyau, ZAT et ZATM) après stabilisation autour d'une déformation moyenne non nulle. En terme de durée de vie, les résultats d'essais sur éprouvettes entaillées traitées OAC (représentative de zones critiques sur structure) montrent que le soudage par FSW réduit jusqu'à 50% la tenue en fatigue de ces alliages. L'amorçage des fissures de fatigue est dû aux piqûres créées par le traitement d'OAC. Les résultats obtenus dans le cadre de ce travail ouvrent des perspectives intéressantes pour modéliser le comportement mécanique des joints soudés par FSW afin d'estimer leur durée de vie en fatigue oligocyclique. / Mass reduction of aeronautic structures is an important challenge for aeronautic industries. FSW is an efficient joining process to replace rivets : the mass reduction using this welding process could reach 20% for aircraft wings. This work carried out in collaboration with Dassault-Aviation was done in the framework of ADSAM project. The FSW process significantly modifies the microstructure and the local material properties, the overall mechanical response of the joint is largely governed by the response of the different zones of FSW joint. In the present study, the global and local mechanical responses under monotonic quasi-static tension and cyclic tension-tension (R=0.1) in low cycle fatigue regime (10⁴ to 10⁵ cycles) were carried out on FSW joints made of aluminum alloys (2000 and 7000 series). Full field strain measurements were carried out on FSW welded specimens using digital image correlation techniques assuming an iso-stress configuration (σlocal = σnominal ). Additionally tension tests parallel to the welding direction have been performed on micro specimens machined in each representative zone of FSW joints. These tests allow us to determine the local mechanical response (σlocal − εlocal) of the joint. Local mechanical properties were determined for each representative weld zone (nugget, TMAZ and HAZ). The full field anelastic strain localization scenario prior to fracture shows a good correlation with the microhardness profile along the FSW joints. Under monotonic loading, fracture was observed at the strain localization zones unlike under cyclic loading. In fatigue, the fracture zones are very dispersed for each weld configuration. SEM observations led to the identification of two crack initiation mechanisms:(i) fracture of intermetallic particles or (ii) decohesion between intermetallic particles and the matrix. Digital image correlation under cyclic loading shows an elastic shakedown of the studied materials in each zone of the joint around a non null mean strain. In terms of number of cycles to failure, fatigue test results on ACO treated notched specimens (representative of structure critical locations) show that the FSW process reduce up to 50% the faigue life of the base materials. The crack initiation was associated to ACO pits. The results of this study open interesting prospects for modelling the mechanical behavior of FSW joints and to assess their fatigue life.

La plupart des échangeurs thermiques automobiles sont fabriqués à partir de tôles d’aluminium brasées dont l’épaisseur a été constamment réduite au cours des dernières années à cause de contraintes économiques et environnementales. Dans le même temps, les contraintes subies par les échangeurs thermiques ont également augmenté ce qui a accrue le risque de défaillance par fatigue mécanique, en particulier au niveau des tubes. Dans cette étude, une caractérisation détaillée des mécanismes d’endommagement cyclique à l’œuvre dans les radiateurs de refroidissements automobiles a été effectuée dans le but d’améliorer leur fiabilité. La matière standard utilisée pour la fabrication des échangeurs, utilisée comme référence dans ce travail, consiste en une plaque très fine (plus petit que 0,27mm d’épaisseur) composée de trois alliages d’aluminium co-laminés (4045/3916/4045). Afin d’évaluer l’effet de la structure de ce « sandwich » sur les mécanismes d’endommagement, des matières composées d’une unique couche (3916) ainsi que de 4 couches (4045/3003/3916/4045) ont également été produites. Toutes ces matières, ont été brasées dans le but d’obtenir un état de surface et des propriétés mécaniques représentatives d’un échangeur thermique de série. Des essais de fatigue à amplitude de contrainte constante ont été réalisés à température ambiante, -30°C et 120°C pour i) caractériser l’effet de la structure du sandwich sur la résistance cyclique des différentes matières étudiées et ii) l’effet de la température sur les mécanismes d’endommagement en fatigue. Les phases d’amorçage et de propagation des fissures ont pu être étudiées par la mise en place de techniques de suivi 2D et 3D. Ces techniques, couplées à une caractérisation précise de la microstructure des matières, ont permis de clarifier les mécanismes d’endommagement conduisant à la rupture par fatigue de ces fines plaques et, notamment, de pointer le rôle clé du placage résiduel (issu de la fusion du 4045) sur les mécanismes d’endommagement. / Nowadays, most of the automotive heat exchangers are made of brazed aluminium sheets. Due to economic and environmental issues, the thickness of heat exchanger components have been reduced. Concomitantly, the stress undergone by the heat exchanger increased which raised the risk of fatigue failure, and particularly on tube for radiators. In this work, a detailed characterization of the cyclic damage mechanisms in car heat exchangers has been carried out. The standard material used to make radiator is a very thin (plu petit que 0.27mm) aluminium sheet composed by 3 layers (4045 /3916/ 4045). To assess the effect of the structure of this “sandwich” on the damage mechanisms, materials composed of a single layer (3916) and composed of 4 layers (4045/3003/3916/4045) have also been studied. All materials have been brazed in similar industrial conditions in order to obtain representative metallurgical and surface conditions. Fatigue tests at constant stress amplitude have been performed at room temperature, -30°C and 120°C to i) characterize the sandwich structure effect on the cyclic resistance of the studied materials and ii) to study the effect of temperature on the fatigue damage mechanism.Crack initiation and propagation have been observed by 2D and 3D monitoring techniques. These techniques, in addition to a detailed microstructure characterization of the materials, allowed to clarify the damage mechanisms leading to fracture in fatigue of these thin sheets and, in particular, to point out the key role of the residual clad (left by the 4XXX melting) on the damage mechanisms.

Welding, as one of the most effective joining methods for metals, has been extensively applied in engineering usage for a long time. When cracks occur in the vicinity of weldments, weld repairs are frequently considered for crack repair to extend service life. In order to evaluate to what extent the weld repair has improved the fatigue life of a cracked welded structure, it is necessary to be able to determine the residual life of the cracked welded joint, as well as the life of the weld repaired joint. Both these assessments require that the fatigue crack growth data be available. The determination of crack propagation rates of welded and weld repaired structures is thus of paramount importance to implement a damage tolerant approach to structural life extension. However, since most studies on welded joints so far have concentrated on fatigue life evaluation, at the present time only limited information is available on crack propagation rates in welded joints, and virtually none on fatigue behaviour and crack propagation in weld repaired joints. This thesis has focused on examination of fatigue and crack propagation behaviour in as welded and weld repaired aluminium alloy 5083, a weldable marine grade alloy extensively used in construction of high speed ferries and aerospace structures. Crack growth rates were measured during constant amplitude fatigue testing on unwelded, as-welded and weld repaired specimens of 5083-H321 aluminium alloy. A 3-D finite element analysis was conducted to determine the stress intensity factors for different lengths of crack taking into account the three-dimensional nature of the weld profile. The effects of crack closure due to weld residual stresses were evaluated by taking measurements of the crack opening displacements and utilised to determine the effective stress intensity factors for each condition. Metallurgical examinations and fractography of the fracture surface were conducted using an optical microscope and SEM. It was found that crack growth rates in welded plates are of the same order of magnitude as those of parent material when effective stress intensity factors were applied. However weld repaired plates exhibit higher crack growth rates compared to those of unwelded and once-only welded plates.

Hot cracking is a serious problem that encounters during welding of aluminium-magnesium alloys. In the present study, solidification and liquation type of hot cracks in weld metal and the heat-affected zones of 5086-H32 aluminium alloy were investigated by using Modified Varestraint Test (MVT) with TIG-AC and TIG-DC welding. With determining the size, type and number of cracks, a relation was established between welding line energy and strain on the hot crack formation. This information was used to determine the hot crack safe parameter ranges. The hot cracking tendency as a function of applied parameters were discussed in the frame of temperature fields around the moving heat source. Moreover, the characteristic hot crack locations on the 5086-H32 MVT specimens were generalized. The results of the study indicated that the increase in line energy and strain increased the hot cracking tendency of the specified aluminium alloy. In the low line energy range, the main hot cracking mechanism is the solidification cracking which could be overcome by the use of a suitable filler material. At high line energy range, due to the increased amount of interdendritic liquid, the amount of solidification cracking decreases by healing mechanism. However, because of the enlarged-temperature-field around the weld zone, fraction of HAZ cracking increases. The comparison between the hot cracking tendencies in low and high line energies indicates that the low line energy ranges with low augmented strains resulted in hot crack safer parameters.

Master's thesis deals with the experimental determination of process parameters reaching densities >99 % for scandium modified aluminium alloy (Scalmalloy®) processed by SLM. The alloy achieves higher mechanical properties than the AlSi10Mg aluminum alloy commonly used. The theoretical part deals mainly with the results of Scalmalloy® alloys. Experimental bodies, testing methodology and evaluation method were designed on the basis of the theoretical parts,. The practical part is divided into four main stages: experimental determination of process parameters, a description of the effect of the parameters used on the relative density achieved, examination of the influence of process parameters on surface quality and mechanical testing. The mechanical properties were determined for the best parameters.

This diploma thesis is elaborated on the specific assignment of AB Komponenty Ltd. The core of this thesis features the technology of manufacturing of component BASE CROSSBAR of aluminium alloy EN AW 2017 on the vertical machining center. CNC control program for the suggested technology is developed in the CAM software PowerMill 2010th. To complete the work it also includes a brief introduction to the issues and analysis of aluminum, aluminum alloys and coatings. From the perspective of the practice is probably the most beneficial and interesting final technical economic evaluation of selected solution of the given problem. The suggested technology can be a significant saving in production costs.

The thesis focuses on the technology of production of the turbine-type component in Edwards company. It specifically focuses on the part of the turning production, in which in the first part an analysis of the component and the technologicity of its construction is created. Problematic aspects are analysed in terms of material structure and procedure technology. An evaluation of the former and the new supplier is made in terms of rationalization of material structure and their statistical evaluation of rationalization improvement towards keeping to geometrical tolerances. Grooving tools greatly influence the overall machining time during turning. An experiment is made to find out the measured values of the radial forces, the process of chip formation and surface roughness during grooving. The technology of procedure further deals with rationalization of the current machine OKUMA LU25-M and purchase of a new machine Mori Seiki NTX 2000, for which new tool equipment is made in cooperation with Walter company. The final technical-economical evaluation sums up all findings from the research of the given issue. In the discussion, further continuation is suggested for the research in the development and for the continuously controlled component productivity.

Saab Surveillance in Järfä̈lla constructs complex products, such as radars and electronic support measures. Saab sees an advantage in manufacturing details with additive manufacturing as it enables a high level of complexity. Additive manufacturing is relatively new in the industry and consequently there are uncertainties regarding the process. The purpose of this bachelor thesis was to improve the knowledge of the repeatability of additive manufactured parts as well as compare additive manufactured test rods in two different directions, horizontally and vertically, to subtractive manufactured test rods with a vibration test. The vibration test was conducted to simulate the operative environment where the additive manufactured parts might be implemented in the future. Before the vibration test could be performed, the test rods were designed in a 3D-modeling program and analysed with a finite element method to achieve the required natural frequency range of 100 - 200 Hz and a maximal bending stress of 60 - 80 MPa in the notched area of the test rod. It was concluded that the subtractive manufactured test rods had the highest repeatability. The horizontally additive manufactured test rods had a higher repeatability than the vertically additive manufactured test rods, but the vertically additive manufactured test rods had the highest overall strength. It was also concluded that more studies are needed to ensure that additive manufactured parts can be produced with high repeatability while maintaining the structural integrity. / Saab Surveillance i Järfä̈lla konstruerar komplexa försvarsprodukter som till exempel radarsystem. Additiv tillverkning i metall möjliggör tillverkning av produkter med hög komplexitet, men då tillverkningsprocessen är relativt ny i industrin finns det en stor osäkerhet kring processen. Syftet med detta kandidatexamensarbete var att få en bättre förståelse för repeterbarheten hos additivt tillverkade delar samt att jämföra additivt tillverkade provstavar konstruerade i två olika riktningar, horisontellt och vertikalt, med svarvade provstavar med hjälp av ett vibrationstest. Vibrationstestet genomfördes för att simulera den operativa miljön där de additivt tillverkade detaljerna skulle kunna implementeras i framtiden. Innan vibrationstestet kunde utföras simulerades provstavarnas design i en mjukvara för 3D-modellering. En finit element-analys utfördes även fö̈r att få en egenfrekvens inom intervallet 100 - 200 Hz och en maximal böjspänning mellan 60 - 80 MPa i anvisningen på provstaven. Slutsatsen drogs att de traditionellt bearbetade stavarna hade den högsta repeterbarheten. De horisontellt additivt tillverkade stavarna hade högre repeterbarhet än de vertikalt additivt tillverkade stavarna, men att de vertikalt additivt tillverkade stavarna hade ett längre utmattningsliv. Det kunde även konstateras att fler studier inom ämnet behövs för att kunna säkerställa repeterbarheten hos additivt tillverkade delar utan att behöva kompromissa med hållfastheten.

No / The transient liquid phase bonding process has long been dealt with as a pure diffusion process at the joint interface, that is, as a mass phenomenon. In spite of the advances in the application of this technique to bond complex engineering alloys, the available models have failed to incorporate the effect of surface phenomena on the joining process. In this work, a new reaction–controlled diffusion formulation model is proposed, and the observation of experimental results of joining Al6061 alloy using thin single (50, 100 micron) and double Cu foils is recorded. This work directly unveils the unique role played by surface reaction–controlled diffusion rather than purely mass diffusion bonding process. Our experimental and modeling results reveal a conceptually new understanding that may well explain the joint formation in TLP bonding process.