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The present thesis aims to use novel observations as to the behaviour of anaphoric 'one' when under modification in order to explore more acutely the structure of the nominal phrase. There has been decades of disagreement as to the syntactic nature of anaphoric 'one'. This work highlights novel observations about anaphoric 'one' and offers structural analyses for them. Anaphoric 'one' behaves in a markedly distinct way when modified by a prenominal modifier versus when it is modified by a postnominal modifier. Specifically the indefinite article, numerals, and certain quantifiers are able to be introduced into the structure of the noun phrase only when anaphoric 'one' is modified prenominally. In such cases that is modified postnominally the introduction of such material is not possible. Rather than appealing to rich featural specifications on syntactic objects by way of explanation this thesis offers an account based upon the structure of the nominal. An obligatory movement operation in the nominal projection is proposed, the result of which produces a structural configuration which limits extraction from the moved constituent. It is the two of these factors working together that produces the pattern of behaviour to be captured. Finally I present phenomena that can be found in Spanish, Dutch, Turkish, and Slovenian which can be easily captured using the structural analysis offered in this work. The suggestion being that all of these languages exhibit not only the same movement operation in the nominal projection, but the same limit on what may be extracted from the moved constituent.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Esta dissertaÃÃo tem como escopo a anÃlise das funÃÃes discursivas das anÃforas encapsuladoras e se restringe Ãs que se realizam por meio de sintagmas nominais (tambÃm chamadas de rÃtulos). Adotamos a perspectiva teÃrica de que o fenÃmeno pesquisado situase na atividade discursiva de referenciaÃÃo, concebida como uma (re)construÃÃo do real, advinda da interaÃÃo entre os falantes, de forma intersubjetiva. Propomos uma classificaÃÃo das possÃveis funÃÃes assumidas pelas anÃforas encapsuladoras em diferentes contextos discursivos. Para tal fim, abordamos, inicialmente, a proposta classificatÃria de Cavalcante (2003) dos processos referenciais, entre os quais estÃo inseridas as anÃforas encapsuladoras. Partindo dessa classificaÃÃo, retomamos os pressupostos de Francis (1986;1994) acerca da rotulaÃÃo e discutimos os trabalhos de Carvalho (2005) e Koch (2006), que tambÃm se baseiam nos estudos da autora. Tomamos como base classificatÃria a sugestÃo de Koch (2004) sobre as funÃÃes cognitivo-discursivas das expressÃes nominais referenciais, e propusemos uma reorganizaÃÃo dos critÃrios que envolvem tais funÃÃes. Nosso corpus consta de 70 textos de gÃneros variados: destes, 50 textos pertencem ao banco de dados do grupo de estudos Protexto/UFC, e os demais foram selecionados considerando apenas a ocorrÃncia do recurso coesivo estudado. Com a anÃlise dos dados, verificamos traÃos funcionais das anÃforas encapsuladoras que vieram a compor nossa classificaÃÃo e nos levaram a constatar que estas anÃforas podem ser multifuncionais, atendendo aos propÃsitos discursivos de seus interlocutores. / This dissertation has as a goal the analysis of discoursive functions from anaphoric encapsulation. This work restricts on the analysis of these anaphoras achieved by composed nuclei from nominal group sometimes called rotulation. We adopted the theoretical perspective that the researched phenomenon is situated in the referencing discoursive activity, conceived as a (re)construction of the reality, came from, the interaction between the speakers, in an intersubjective way. We propose a classification of the possible functions took on by anaphoric encapsulation in different discoursive contexts. For such end, we approached, initially, the classifying proposal by Cavalcante (2003) about referential expressions, in which are inserted the anaphoric encapsulation. From this classification, we adopted the perspective by Francis (1986; 1994) about rotulation, denominated in this work as anaphoric encapsulation; we still discuss the works of Carvalho (2005) and Koch (2006) that are based on the studies of the author. It bears emphasis that based on the suggestion of Koch (2004) about the cognitive-discoursive functions from the lexical referential expressions, which were the parameter for our proposal of functions of anaphoric encapsulation and organization of criteria that involved these functions. Our corpus has 70 varied-genre texts: from these, 50 texts belong to the database of Study Group Protexto/UFC; the others were selected, considering just the occurrence of the cohesive resources studied. With the analysis of these samples, we checked functional traits of anaphoric encapsulation may be multifunctional, according to discoursive proposals of their interlocutors.

Semanticists, philosophers and logicians have standardly analyzed a range of natural language expressions on the model of the variables of formal languages. This dissertation explores variable- based semantic theories of pronounsand proper names. The first two chapters argue that a variable-based, presuppositional semantics for pronouns proposed by Cooper (1979, 1983) resolves an apparent trilemma arising from the conjunction of three plausible commitments concerning the semantics of pronouns: that some anaphoric pronouns with quantifier antecedents are bound variables, that referential pronouns have context-independent meanings, and that the relation between bound and referential pronouns is not ambiguity or homonymy. The first chapter argues that Cooper’s semantics is descriptively and empirically superior to alternative theories, including Kaplan’s account, which does not resolve the trilemma. The second addresses an important objection to the view that bound and referential pronouns make the same semantic contribution, involving cases where bound pronouns do not appear to trigger semantic presuppositions. I argue that this appearance is misleading: bound pronouns do trigger semantic presuppositions and have the same (Cooper-style) denotations as referential pronouns. The third chapter addresses the phenomenon of non c-command or ‘donkey’ anaphora. These anaphors appear to require a departure from Cooper’s semantics and, more generally, from the view that anaphoric pronouns correspond to (classical) bound variables. I consider D-type accounts of donkey anaphora and argue that these accounts must be revised in ways that bring the denotations of donkey anaphors closer to those of ordinary bound and referential pronouns. The last chapter asks whether proper names require a variable-based semantics. I consider a pair of recent anaphoric theories of proper names, according to which proper names have anaphoric uses and are thus better modeled as variables. I argue that there are important reasons to reject a variable-based model for proper names, in contrast with pronouns.

Tomando como base redações produzidas por candidatos que participaram do processo seletivo realizado em 2012 para o preenchimento a vagas de diferentes cursos de graduação oferecidos na Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, corpus desta pesquisa, tem-se o objetivo de analisar as ocorrências das retomadas de porções textuais produzidas por pronomes demonstrativos e expressões nominais definidas, constituídas por esses pronomes, denominadas encapsulamentos anafóricos, que contribuem para a progressão referencial dos textos. A abordagem proposta fundamenta-se nos estudos de Referenciação, postulados por Koch (2002, 2006,2009, 2010, 2011), Marcuschi (1998, 2008), Cavalcante (2003, 2011, 2012) e Tedesco (2002). Foram levantadas categorias de análise para a observação do fenômeno em estudo, sob três perspectivas: as formas morfossemânticas que podem assumir as expressões de retomadas no texto; as funções semântico-discursivas exercidas por essas expressões e a localização das expressões de retomada na estrutura textual das redações. O corpus desta pesquisa 45 (quarenta e cinco) redações de vestibular UEMA/2012, que corresponde a 10% da amostra de 450 (quatrocentos e cinquenta) redações analisadas constitui-se em textos dissertativo-argumentativos, o que propiciou a discussão teórica dos conceitos de gêneros discursivos e tipos textuais, no que tange à natureza estrutural dos textos analisados, fundamentando-se em Marcuschi (2008), Koch (2002, 2011), Rojo (2012). O estudo nos leva a afirmar que o pronome demonstrativo e as denominadas expressões nominais definidas constituem-se em um recurso discursivo bastante utilizado nas referidas produções de texto, promovendo não só a ligação entre as diferentes partes do texto, mas também contribuindo para a progressão textual por meio da referenciação / Based on essays produced by candidates who participated in the process for selection conducted in 2012 to fill the vacancies for different undergraduate courses offered at the State University of Maranhão - UEMA, corpus of this research, it has been the purpose of analyzing the occurrence of repeated textual portions produced by defined demonstrative pronouns and nominal expressions, constituted by these pronouns, called encapsulations anaphoric, which contribute to the progression of reference texts. The proposed approach is based on studies of referencing, postulated by Koch (2002, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011), Marcuschi (1998, 2008), Cavalcante (2003, 2011, 2012) and Tedesco (2002). Were raised categories of analysis for the observation of the phenomenon under study, under three perspectives: the ways morfossemânticas which may take the expressions of echoed in the text; the functions semantic-discursive practices performed by these expressions, and the location of the expressions of resumed on textual structure of the compositions. The corpus of this research - 45 (forty-five) compositions for the vestibular UEMA/2012, which corresponds to 10% of the sample of 450 (four hundred and fifty) compositions analyzed, are discursive-argumentative, which brought the theoretical discussion of the concepts of genres and discursive textual types, in terms of the structural nature of the texts analyzed, based on Marcuschi (2008), Koch (2002, 2011), Rojo (2012). The study leads us to affirm that the demonstrative pronoun and the so called nominal expressions are defined in a resource discursive rather used in these productions of text, promoting not only the connection between the different parts of the text, but also contributing to the progression textual by means of referencing

Tomando como base redações produzidas por candidatos que participaram do processo seletivo realizado em 2012 para o preenchimento a vagas de diferentes cursos de graduação oferecidos na Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, corpus desta pesquisa, tem-se o objetivo de analisar as ocorrências das retomadas de porções textuais produzidas por pronomes demonstrativos e expressões nominais definidas, constituídas por esses pronomes, denominadas encapsulamentos anafóricos, que contribuem para a progressão referencial dos textos. A abordagem proposta fundamenta-se nos estudos de Referenciação, postulados por Koch (2002, 2006,2009, 2010, 2011), Marcuschi (1998, 2008), Cavalcante (2003, 2011, 2012) e Tedesco (2002). Foram levantadas categorias de análise para a observação do fenômeno em estudo, sob três perspectivas: as formas morfossemânticas que podem assumir as expressões de retomadas no texto; as funções semântico-discursivas exercidas por essas expressões e a localização das expressões de retomada na estrutura textual das redações. O corpus desta pesquisa 45 (quarenta e cinco) redações de vestibular UEMA/2012, que corresponde a 10% da amostra de 450 (quatrocentos e cinquenta) redações analisadas constitui-se em textos dissertativo-argumentativos, o que propiciou a discussão teórica dos conceitos de gêneros discursivos e tipos textuais, no que tange à natureza estrutural dos textos analisados, fundamentando-se em Marcuschi (2008), Koch (2002, 2011), Rojo (2012). O estudo nos leva a afirmar que o pronome demonstrativo e as denominadas expressões nominais definidas constituem-se em um recurso discursivo bastante utilizado nas referidas produções de texto, promovendo não só a ligação entre as diferentes partes do texto, mas também contribuindo para a progressão textual por meio da referenciação / Based on essays produced by candidates who participated in the process for selection conducted in 2012 to fill the vacancies for different undergraduate courses offered at the State University of Maranhão - UEMA, corpus of this research, it has been the purpose of analyzing the occurrence of repeated textual portions produced by defined demonstrative pronouns and nominal expressions, constituted by these pronouns, called encapsulations anaphoric, which contribute to the progression of reference texts. The proposed approach is based on studies of referencing, postulated by Koch (2002, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011), Marcuschi (1998, 2008), Cavalcante (2003, 2011, 2012) and Tedesco (2002). Were raised categories of analysis for the observation of the phenomenon under study, under three perspectives: the ways morfossemânticas which may take the expressions of echoed in the text; the functions semantic-discursive practices performed by these expressions, and the location of the expressions of resumed on textual structure of the compositions. The corpus of this research - 45 (forty-five) compositions for the vestibular UEMA/2012, which corresponds to 10% of the sample of 450 (four hundred and fifty) compositions analyzed, are discursive-argumentative, which brought the theoretical discussion of the concepts of genres and discursive textual types, in terms of the structural nature of the texts analyzed, based on Marcuschi (2008), Koch (2002, 2011), Rojo (2012). The study leads us to affirm that the demonstrative pronoun and the so called nominal expressions are defined in a resource discursive rather used in these productions of text, promoting not only the connection between the different parts of the text, but also contributing to the progression textual by means of referencing

Cohesive devices such as anaphoric reference play an important role in written discourse. This thesis investigates the extent to which the anaphoric demonstratives this and these are used as determiners (‘attended’) or pronouns (‘unattended’) by first-year undergraduate students from four different academic disciplines. Data extracted from the British Academic Written English (BAWE) corpus were analysed quantitatively to determine the frequency of use of attended and unattended this/these across disciplines, as well as qualitatively to examine the types of nominal and verbal structures that follow the demonstratives. When compared to findings from previous studies, novice student writers were found to employ this/these as pronouns to a larger extent than both students at a more advanced level and research article writers. It was also observed that the determiners this and these pattern differently, selecting distinct attending nouns to a great extent. In addition, comparison of the results for each subcorpus shows that even though there are some differences between the four disciplines, these differences are not as great as might be expected and do not indicate a clear distinction between ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ sciences. While the influence of genre has not been scrutinised, other possible explanations proposed relate to the educational context and level of study in association with the range of lexical choices available to novice student writers.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O presente trabalho conta com cinquenta redações de alunos do curso Pré - vestibular do Sintuperj, que já concluíram o Ensino Médio e, agora, se preparam para fazer o exame de acesso ao ensino superior - vestibular. A abordagem proposta se baseia na análise da referenciação, forma de organização coesiva do texto, especificamente, o encapsulamento anafórico. Para verificar a função discursiva desse fenômeno argumentativo nas redações, a análise foi dividida em duas perspectivas: por um lado, foram investigados os tipos de cadeias de referenciação, designadas como específica, rotulando e contribuindo para a progressão referencial no texto; ou como não específica, simplesmente, retomando e resumindo o conteúdo antecedente, evitando repetições. De outro lado, ampliou-se a análise para os elementos que constituem essas cadeias, verificando como foi realizada a menção ao referente através da manutenção temática. Além disso, foi possível notar como essa manutenção dos dados no texto possibilita a coesão textual e enriquece a argumentação que o aluno faz para defender a sua tese. Portanto, pode-se afirmar que a principal contribuição que esse trabalho oferece para o ensino de língua materna concerne na abordagem do texto a partir de uma perspectiva dos processamentos cognitivos, revelando como os elementos vão sendo construídos nas redações, a partir de componentes culturais e conhecimentos diversos dos alunos, que proporcionam a progressão referencial / This work features fifty essays from students of Sintuperj preparation course - who have graduated from high school and now are preparing to take the entrance exam. The approach is based on the cohesive organization of these texts through referencing, examining the use of the articulator termed anaphoric encapsulation. To check the function of this phenomenon argumentative discourse in Essays, the analysis was divided in two perspectives: first, the types of referral chains were investigated, designated as specific, labeling and contributing to the progression reference in the text, or as non-specific, simply retrieving and summarizing the previous content, avoiding repetitions. On the other hand, the analysis was expanded to the elements of these chains, as was done by checking the reference to the referent. With this, was possible to note that this maintenance of the data in the text allows for text cohesion - evaluation criteria for college - and consistently enriches the argument that the student makes to defend his thesis. Therefore, it can be stated that the main contribution that this work provides for the teaching of native language concerns of the text from the perspective of cognitive processing, revealing how the elements are constructed in the essays, from the cultural components and knowledge of diverse students, providing the reference progression

Cette recherche vise à étudier deux procédés textuels : la reprise anaphorique et la reformulation textuelle, dans des écrits en FLE, produits par des étudiants Malaisiens à l'Institut de formation des formateurs de langues étrangères ou connu comme IPG KBA à Kuala Lumpur, Malaisie. La problématique générale s'inscrit dans le cadre de la didactique du texte écrit, relevant d'une linguistique textuelle qui permet de mieux comprendre la qualité du texte. Il s‟agit à la fois des caractéristiques observables à la surface du texte et des choix opérés pour construire et organiser la matière textuelle. La question fondamentale que nous nous sommes posée est de savoir comment aider les apprenants en FLE à se rendre compte de l'importance de l'articulation des deux niveaux local et global de l'organisation du texte, de sorte qu'ils arrivent à comprendre où se situent les dysfonctionnements dans leurs textes, de quels types de dysfonctionnements il s‟agit et de quelle manière ils peuvent y remédier. La méthodologie de recherche est basée sur une expérimentation auprès du public visé, conjuguant de facteurs textuels et extratextuels. L'analyse des textes d'apprenants a pour objectif de repérer, classer et interpréter les difficultés non seulement en fonction d'un cadre théorique d'analyse de textes mais en fonction d'une démarche comparative entre écrits d'un public en milieu d'apprentissage exolingue et celui d'endolingue. Les résultats atteints montrent que la sensibilisation des apprenants et le travail de réflexion avec eux, sur desf acteurs extratextuels, peuvent les aider à améliorer la qualité de leur production écrite. Il est aussi démontré qu‟en matière de connaissances textuelles, tout ce qui est intériorisé et maîtrisé en langue maternelle (langue première) et en anglais pourrait être exploitable de façon positive en français. Mais le français et l'anglais, deux langues étrangères, ne peuvent pas non plus être mises sur pied d'égalité, en ce qui concerne les difficultés rencontrées par les apprenants Malaisiens, du simple fait de leur « étrangeté ». Les propositions didactiques que nous avons suggérées s'inspirent de notre méthode d'analyse et reposent sur le souci d'améliorer la qualité de la production écrite en français chez le public allophone Malaisien. / This research aims at the study of two textual procedures notably the anaphoric rephrasing and the textual reformulation in the written texts in French as a Foreign Language, produced by the Malaysian students in the Institute of Teacher Training, International Languages Campus, Kuala Lumpur. The overall issue is embedded in the framework of the teaching of writing within the domain of textural linguistics. The latter enables us to understand better the quality of the text. This study deals with the observation of characteristics at the surface level as well as the choice of operations to construct and organise the textual matter. The fundamental question which confonts us is to know how to help foreign learners in French to be conscious of the importance of the global and local articulation of organising a text, leading to a better comprehension of where the textual defauts are situated. It's also more crucial to identify the types of defauts or textural disfonctionnings concerned and the remedial methods to these problems. The research methodology is based on an experiment conducted on a group of learners targetted, on a topic governed by the textual and extratextual factors. Analysis of the learners' written productions is for the objective of retrieving, regrouping and interpreting the difficulties from not only the theorical point of view but also responding to a comparative study between the written productions of a public in an exolingual and endolingual learning situations. The results achieved show that the consequences of writing on a topic bound byt he extratextual factors on the learners and the post-period of reflexion with them could help them in improving the quality of their written production. It attested also that the textual content knowledge and all that is interiorised and acquired in the first language as well as in English could be exploited in a positive way in French. However, French and English, two foreign languages cannot be put a long side equally when it comes to difficulties confronting the Malaysian learners, from the simple factual reason of their « alienicity ». The didactic propositions, which are suggested, are inspired by our method of analysis with the sole aim of improving the quality of written production in French among the Malaysian foreign learners of French.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-05-14T13:36:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Nordélia Costa Neiva.pdf: 302197 bytes, checksum: 5dee3c56fd2fc5307f483b18500c98f7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alda Lima da Silva(sivalda@ufba.br) on 2013-05-16T18:07:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Nordélia Costa Neiva.pdf: 302197 bytes, checksum: 5dee3c56fd2fc5307f483b18500c98f7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-16T18:07:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nordélia Costa Neiva.pdf: 302197 bytes, checksum: 5dee3c56fd2fc5307f483b18500c98f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / A presente dissertação analisa as formas recorrentes para o objeto direto anafórico na fala culta de Salvador, buscando focalizar o desaparecimento do clítico e o conseqüente crescimento do registro da categoria vazia e dos SNs anafóricos, observando também a pouca freqüência de uso do pronome lexical pleno, neste tipo de discurso. Ressalta-se o quanto o português do Brasil mostra-se distinto do português de Portugal, em que o uso do ele, como objeto direto é uma construção agramatical e o uso da categoria vazia ocorre, mas de forma bastante tímida, como mostra Galves (2001). O corpus básico utilizado neste trabalho é constituído de 24 inquéritos do Projeto da Norma Lingüística Urbana Culta (Projeto NURC), na cidade do Salvador, selecionados, segundo variáveis sociais (sexo, faixa etária, nível de formalidade do discurso e época de realização dos inquéritos), levando em conta que a variação lingüística é condicionada por fatores estruturais e sociais. Nesse aspecto, defendemos uma análise do uso real da língua, em detrimento da visão idealizada, presente nas gramáticas normativas. A proposta, ora apresentada, pauta-se nos princípios teóricos da Sociolingüística Variacionista que tem como precursor o americano William Labov, como bem explicita Tarallo (1985). / Salvador