Alors qu'Anatole France (1844-1924) est considéré comme écrivain sceptique et ironique, un de ses contes intitulé " Le Jongleur de Notre-Dame " échappe à une telle définition. Le ton pieux et sincère de ce conte, fondé sur une légende du Moyen Âge, semble aller à l'encontre du scepticisme, de l'anticléricalisme, et du classicisme déclarés de l'auteur. Au lieu de tenir pour exceptionnels ce type de textes qui mettent en scène une forme de " pureté " dans un sens religieux, tenter de les intégrer dans l'œuvre d'A. France permettra de découvrir une nouvelle facette de l'écrivain, et d'appréhender son idée et son œuvre dans une complexité et une profondeur qui sont cachées sous une apparence simple. Dans un premier temps, on mettra en relation les thèmes médiévaux chez A. France et la mode du médiévisme au XIXe siècle, tant dans le domaine scientifique que dans le courant littéraire, afin d'éclairer l'influence de son époque sur son image médiévale, et la signification de cette image. Dans un deuxième temps, on traitera de la pratique de la réécriture. Par une comparaison, d'une part, entre les textes d'A. France et leurs hypotextes, et d'autre part, entre la réécriture francienne et la réécriture chez les écrivains contemporains, on précisera les caractéristiques et les procédés de la réécriture de notre écrivain. En outre, on montrera que la mise en cadre, ainsi que la réécriture, s'impose dans ses textes, soulignant ainsi la modestie de l'auteur, et la diminution de l'autorité auctoriale. Toutes ces analyses révèleront l'importance de la " simplicité " qui apparaît à plusieurs niveaux dans les textes franciens, et qui peut donner accès à une " pureté " harmonieuse.

Orientador: Norma Wimmer / Banca: Giséle Manganelli Fernandes / Banca: Regina Maria Salgado Campos / Abstract: This thesis analyzes Book VI of L’ Île des pingouins (1908), by Anatole France (1884-1924). In the novel, French society is satirically represented by a group of penguins metamorphosed into men after having being mistakenly baptized by the old apostle Mael, who mistook the birds for short men. The novel is divided into eight sections called "books", in order to make them look like the sacred books. The sixth book is about the Dreyfus Case (1894-1906), a case of espionage known as one of the greatest judicial errors of modern history. Capitan Alfred Dreyfus, accused of having handed in military secrets belonging to the French artillery army to the German army, was arrested and deported to the Devil’s Island, where he stayed for five years, until his process was reviewed and the real spy was found out. In L’ Île des pingouins, the Dreyfus Case is represented in a parodical way by the "Pyrot Case", in which a penguin official is unfairly accused of having handed in eighty thousand bales of hay to the porpoise enemy army. Through laughter, the reader realizes the narrator’s disenchantment: the presentation of the characters as caricatures, the satire in relation to history and the positive method shows, however, a pessimistic view of the origin of the universe, of mankind and its history. Therefore, the objectives of this thesis are: i) to verify how the Dreyfus Case is recovered in Book VI of the novel, whose title is "Modern Times - The Case of the Eighty Thousand Bales of Hay", by studying the effects of the usage of parody, hyperbole, and caricature in order to satirize historical figures, social institutions (such as the Church, the army, the government) and even the end of the Case; ii) to analyze the means used by the novelist to give his critical rereading of history an aesthetic feature, by examining how the writer gives literariness to historical facts, transforming them into parts of his novel. / Mestre

Nous menons une analyse des forces qui structurent l'œuvre littéraire d'Anatole France sous le jour original d'un concept-clé, le Désir. Celui-ci, central, renégocie catégoriquement le sens et l'architecture des textes franciens : cette instance encore peu étudiée organise toute la pensée de l'auteur, rendant une nouvelle cohérence à son œuvre. Le Désir détermine par l'écriture une morale, une herméneutique et une interprétation du monde particulières, qui engendrent une philosophie pressentant l'inconscient freudien et la phénoménologie de Husserl. La contribution francienne à l'histoire littéraire du XXème siècle demeure donc fondamentale. Par une poétique inédite, malgré son apparent classicisme, et structurée par les finalités existentielles, sociopolitiques et éthiques issues du Désir, cette philosophie du monde est directement issue d'une écriture qui replace l'homme au centre de l'univers par la phénoménologie. L'entropie du temps, l'immensité de l'espace, la mort ainsi que tous les dogmes inébranlables et terrorisants, entraînent une révolte ontologique de notre auteur. Anatole France, par le Désir de connaître le sens de l'existence humaine au-delà des voiles mensongers du monde, va recréer un univers signifiant et analysable par le mythe. Dialectiquement, cet univers dépassera les désespoirs issus de l'évolution darwinienne et donnera naissance à une philosophie du monde. Par un scepticisme lucide issu du Désir, et non l'inverse comme il est traditionnellement admis, Anatole France nous emmène au cœur du monde par l'écriture d'un logos original et rendant à l'homme son honneur d'exister.

When Anatole France died 1n 1924, he had the satisfaction of knowing that he had lived long enough to enjoy the honors which are not usually bestowed upon men until their death. His long life filled with years of labor and earnest endeavor to improve the lives of his fellow-men, through a better adjustment to society, culminated in his election to the French Academy. By some critics he has been called the greatest writer of today. It is difficult to tell exactly upon what merits this distinction is based. Anatole France was not content to simply call himself a skeptic. On the contrary we find in him a curious combination of novelist, historian and critic. His works show an interest in many literary activities. In La Vie Litteraire he reveals himsel as a lover of ancient literation. In L'histoire Contermporaine and L'eglise et la Republique he is an anti-clerical and supporter of the seperation of Churcn and State; a bitter critic of all dogma. In Crainquebille we see him as the Socialist and champion of the rights of the people, and in Vere Les Tempa Mellicum and Sur La Pierre Blanche he is the optimist, strongly confident in a future Utopia. Probably it is in the realm of social satire that he can make his greatest claim to fame. So elusive is France in his feelings that his readers are not certain whether his is an intense interest in society or a context for it. Whatever we may think, we cannot deny that it is a strong feeling against what he calls evils of the day -- the church, politics, class inequalities, and many others which gave birth to such novels as L'Histoire Contemporaire, Sur La Pierre Blanche, and the little story Crainquebille. The strange combination of feelings which France arouses added to the fact that he is still a contemporary, makes it difficult to assign him any definite place in literature. So strong are his feelings that they dominate the contents of his work, and his satire is abundant in contradictions. Difficult as it may be to assign him a niche in literature, it cannot be denied that as a sincere disciple of justice and liberty, he has left a deep influence on France.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-02-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:20:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fraga_d_me_sjrp.pdf: 2495044 bytes, checksum: a863d74cd7df7dec8496157ee14ed1b8 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / This thesis analyzes Book VI of L Île des pingouins (1908), by Anatole France (1884-1924). In the novel, French society is satirically represented by a group of penguins metamorphosed into men after having being mistakenly baptized by the old apostle Mael, who mistook the birds for short men. The novel is divided into eight sections called books, in order to make them look like the sacred books. The sixth book is about the Dreyfus Case (1894-1906), a case of espionage known as one of the greatest judicial errors of modern history. Capitan Alfred Dreyfus, accused of having handed in military secrets belonging to the French artillery army to the German army, was arrested and deported to the Devil s Island, where he stayed for five years, until his process was reviewed and the real spy was found out. In L Île des pingouins, the Dreyfus Case is represented in a parodical way by the Pyrot Case, in which a penguin official is unfairly accused of having handed in eighty thousand bales of hay to the porpoise enemy army. Through laughter, the reader realizes the narrator s disenchantment: the presentation of the characters as caricatures, the satire in relation to history and the positive method shows, however, a pessimistic view of the origin of the universe, of mankind and its history. Therefore, the objectives of this thesis are: i) to verify how the Dreyfus Case is recovered in Book VI of the novel, whose title is Modern Times - The Case of the Eighty Thousand Bales of Hay, by studying the effects of the usage of parody, hyperbole, and caricature in order to satirize historical figures, social institutions (such as the Church, the army, the government) and even the end of the Case; ii) to analyze the means used by the novelist to give his critical rereading of history an aesthetic feature, by examining how the writer gives literariness to historical facts, transforming them into parts of his novel.

The subject of this diploma thesis is the French national heroine Joan of Arc and her portrayal and reflection in literary works throughout the centuries. The diploma thesis mentions the historical personality of Joan of Arc in the context of the time she lived in, reconstructs the life of this French saint and deals with the rehabilitation process that completes the myth of the French national heroine. This diploma thesis summarizes the important European literary works that Joan of Arc is the most important theme. The diploma thesis deals more with literary works in which Joan of Arc is the main character but each author writes her story and describes her personality from a different point of view. And precisely these differences of the thesis are analyzed. The diploma thesis focuses more on the literary works of various authors such as Voltaire, Jules Michelet, Anatole France and Stéphen Coubé. The diploma thesis deals also with the portrayal of Joan of Arc in the 20th and 21st centuries.