Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Committee on the History of Culture, December 2000. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

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The purpose of this study is to present and analyze the translation of seven selected concessive conjuncts – anyway, however, although, though, still, nonetheless and yet – in Dan Brown’s novel Angels and Demons translated by Ola Klingberg, by means of a comparative method combined with a qualitative analysis. Background and theory are mainly based on Altenberg (1999, 2002) for the conjuncts and Ingo (1991) for translation strategies. The aim is fulfilled by answering the three research questions: 1. How does Klingberg translate the seven selected concessive conjuncts into Swedish? 2. What factors influence the choice of translation alternative? 3. What kinds of strategies does Klingberg use? The main result is that the conjuncts translate into many different alternatives, although most frequently into the Swedish adversative men, followed by a Swedish concessive like ändå. However, the analysis of anyway is inconclusive because there were not enough tokens. The main conclusion is that translation is a difficult area to be involved in since numerous aspects affect the choice of translation alternative, even though it is shown that it is definitely possible to translate more or less ‘correctly’. A second conclusion is that some words are more likely to be translated with a particular word than others.

Problemställning Samtidigt som svenskt entreprenörskap ökar (Bolagsverket, 2016) förefaller det finnas ett tydligt problem för nystartade företag att hitta finansiering till sin verksamhet (Svensson, 2011). Affärsänglar är individer som investerar pengar, och ibland tid i nystartade företag. Medan den formella riskkapitalmarknaden, som består av institutionella aktörer, är restriktiva när det kommer till investeringar i nystartade företag (Svensson, 2011) är affärsänglar mer benägna att investera i nystartade företag (Silver, 2008). Således argumenterar vi för att affärsänglar är en viktig stöttepelare för Sveriges entreprenörer som i sin tur är viktiga för den ekonomiska utvecklingen. Det saknas dock tidigare forskning som undersöker affärsänglarnas professionalisering. Professionalisering innebär att ett yrke utvecklas mot en profession. En professionalisering kan leda till ett mer effektivt yrkesutövande, varpå det är relevant att undersöka. Syfte Studiens syfte är att undersöka professionaliseringen av affärsänglar i Sverige. Detta görs mot bakgrund av flertalet faktorer som talar för att en professionalisering i viss mån har skett. Forskningsfråga Studien presenterar två stycken forskningsfrågor: Har affärsänglar professionaliserats i Sverige? Om så är fallet, hur har affärsänglar i Sverige professionaliserats? Resultat Studien tar en kvalitativ ansats där intervjuer, dokument och deltagande observationer ligger till grund för den empiriska studien. Resultatet av studien pekar på att det finns fyra olika grupper av affärsänglar, som alla har professionaliserats olika mycket. Resultatet uppnåddes genom att identifiera 14 stycken professionaliseringskrav som respektive grupp jämfördes mot. Kunskapsbidrag Studiens resultat bör sättas i relation till forskning från två områden; professionalisering samt affärsänglar. För det förstnämnda forskningsområdet bidrar studiens resultat med ett teoretiskt bidrag i form av en teoretisk modell som öppnar upp för möjligheten att undersöka professionalisering av yrken som inte än klassas som renodlade yrken i en traditionell bemärkelse. För det sistnämnda bidrar studien med ny empirisk kunskap om en annars relativt outforskad grupp individer. / Problematization At the same time as Swedish entrepreneurship increases (Bolagsverket, 2016), there appears to be a clear issue for newly started companies to find funding for their business (Svensson, 2011). Business angels are individuals who invest money, and sometimes their time in new businesses. While the formal venture capital market, which consists of institutional players, is restrictive when it comes to investments in start-ups (Svensson, 2011), business angels are more likely to invest in start-up companies (Silver, 2008). Thus, we argue that business angels are an important player for Swedish entrepreneurs, which in turn are important for the economic development. However, there is no prior research investigating the professionalization of business angels, which comprises the journey of becoming a profession. A professionalization process can lead to a more efficient profession, and it is therefore relevant to further investigate. Purpose The purpose of the study is to investigate the professionalization of business angels in Sweden. This is done considering several factors that indicate that a professionalization process has to some extent taken place. Research questions The study presents two research questions: Have business angels in Sweden been professionalized? If that is case, how have they professionalized? Results The study takes a qualitative approach in which interviews, documents and participatory observations form the basis of the empirical data. The result of the study indicates that there are four different groups of business angels, all of which have professionalized to different degrees. The result was achieved by identifying 14 professionalization requirements for which each group was tested against. Knowledge contribution The results of the study should be related to research from two areas; professionalization and business angels. For the former research area, the results of the study contribute with a theoretical contribution in the form of a theoretical model that opens the possibility of studying professionalization of professions not yet classified as pure professions in a traditional sense. For the latter, the study contributes with new empirical knowledge of an otherwise relatively unexplored group of individuals.

The aim of this thesis is the real representation of the company's business Auqa Angels EUROPE s.r.o. - a brief description of each area inside the company, know-how, product description, pricing and insight into the distribution system and the importance of sales personnel in the company. The author is concerned with the individual marketing activities of this small company and evaluate their effectiveness. Furthermore, this work aims at a competitive comparison in the Czech market with bottled water and evaluate the awareness of the brand and its positioning among consumers. The basic hypothesis is low Aqua Angels brand awareness among consumers thanks non wholesale marketing activities and narrow target group and pessimistic view of the drinking regime of Czech population. Part of this thesis is also the overall assessment of the current situation of Aqua Angels EUROPE s.r.o. and recommendation of appropriate workable solutions in areas where deficiencies are determined.

Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2018-06-13T18:18:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Ok_marcelo_leonardo_ximenes.pdf: 1180579 bytes, checksum: 6053465b2ae0e146ec0dbbbc3384a24b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-13T18:18:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Ok_marcelo_leonardo_ximenes.pdf: 1180579 bytes, checksum: 6053465b2ae0e146ec0dbbbc3384a24b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-28 / This project has the purpose of analyzing the relationship which exists between specific biblical texts and the Watchers tradition in Enochic Judaism. The Enochic tradition was born from reflections about the problem of evil, and attribute its origin to the rebellion of angelic beings against God. These angels corrupted themselves by teaching forbidden secrets to men, and by both taking women as their wives and having sexual relations with them. From these unnatural relations were born hybrid beings, the Nephilim, who in turn polluted the earth. By means of both the spirits of the Nephilim dead and fallen angels, we encounter the development of a theology of demonology. In order to reach the purpose of this project, we will reflect on the biblical arguments for the problem of evil, then we will investigate the enochic tradition, and, finally, we will specifically analyze the relation between some biblical texts and the Watchers tradition. By means of this analysis, we will be able to perceive that there is in fact a literary relationship between these biblical texts and the Watchers tradition, originating from Enochic Judaism. / Este trabalho teve como finalidade a análise da relação existente entre alguns textos bíblicos e a tradição dos Vigilantes do judaísmo enoquita. A tradição enoquita nasceu dentro da reflexão sobre o problema do mal, e atribuiu a origem do mesmo à rebeldia de seres angelicais contra Deus. Estes anjos se corromperam ao ensinar segredos proibidos aos homens, e ao terem se entregado a relações sexuais com as mulheres. Desta relação antinatural, foram originados seres híbridos, os Nephilins, que macularam a terra. Através das narrativas dos espíritos dos Nephilins mortos, e também dos anjos caídos, tem-se o desenvolvimento de uma demonologia. A fim de alcançar o objetivo deste trabalho, realizou-se uma reflexão sobre os argumentos bíblicos para o problema do mal, depois se pesquisou sobre a tradição enoquita, e por fim, analisou-se especificamente a relação existente entre alguns textos bíblicos e a tradição dos Vigilantes. Através dessa análise, foi possível perceber que de fato alguns textos bíblicos provavelmente estão relacionados com a tradição dos Vigilantes, oriunda do judaísmo enoquita.

This dissertation focuses on understanding and modeling how contracts function in practice. The existing principal-agent literature usually involves two players: a principal (investors) provides capital to an agent (managers or entrepreneurs) on a project subject to asymmetric information. However, many real financing arrangements between firms and investors are intermediated by another agent - a bank, a venture capitalist, or a fund family, etc. In these three-tier settings, there are two contracts to deal with two conflicts of interest - a framework that simply hasn't been studied thoroughly in the principal-agent literature. The first chapter is co-authored with my Ph.D. advisors Prof. Andrea M. Buffa and Prof. Lucy White. In this chapter, we consider a general economic setting in which a principal has all the bargaining power, and she has to hire two agents exerting complementary efforts on her project. The principal chooses from two contracting schemes - direct contracting and delegated contracting - whether to contract directly with both agents or instead to contract with one agent alone and delegate this agent to contract with the other agent. We find that delegated contracting can be optimal when contracts are private. With direct contracting, each agent fears that the principal will opportunistically reduce the other agents' bonus, muting incentives to exert effort. With delegated contracting, one agent observes the contract of the agent he hires, alleviating effort concerns, but allowing rent extraction. In delegating, the principal trades off the losses of control and rent extraction by the hiring agent against the gains from improved observability and effort. We find that it is optimal for the principal to delegate when the hiring agent is sufficiently skilled or the effort complementarity is sufficiently strong. The second chapter considers an entrepreneurial finance setting in which an entrepreneur needs two things - expert advice and capital - in addition to her own idea and effort. The entrepreneur has all the bargaining power, and she chooses to finance her project from two sources: angels and venture capitalists. Venture capitalists are different from angels in two aspects. First, angels are individuals investing their own capital, while venture capitalists are intermediaries investing on behalf of limited partners (LPs). Second, venture capitalists provide expert advice while angels don't. With angel financing, the entrepreneur obtains expert advice from a consultant who is independent of the angels. With venture capital financing, the entrepreneur obtains expert advice bundled together with capital from a venture capitalist only. I show that when contracts are private, raising capital directly from angels is more expensive because the entrepreneur has the incentive to cut down on expert advice to save money. Angels optimally set a higher cost of capital to be compensated for the lack of verifiability. On the other hand, LPs are able to infer the amount of expert advice through the venture capitalist's shares in the venture. I show that venture capital financing is optimal for the entrepreneur in competitive labor and capital markets. Moreover, convertibles arise endogenously as the optimal security held by the venture capitalist. Convertible securities have features of both debt and equity, allowing the entrepreneur to provide enough incentives to the venture capitalist while minimizing the cost of capital from the LPs. The third chapter further analyzes the entrepreneur's optimal financing problem in which venture capital is scarce relative to angel capital. Compared with competitive venture capital, the venture capitalist's compensation stays the same while the LPs demand a higher return. The entrepreneur and the venture capitalist share the extra cost of financing, and their expected payoffs and the project's profitability decrease in the scarcity level of venture capital. With venture capital financing, the entrepreneur trades off the loss due to the scarcity of venture capital against the gains from the improved transparency in contracting. I find that angel financing is optimal when venture capital is sufficiently scarce. Compared with angel financing, the investors as LPs demand a higher return than angels only when venture capital is scarcer than what it makes angel financing optimal.

The purpose of this study is to frame the cinematic male prostitute as a "fallen angel" to demonstrate that the evolution of the cinematic hustler has paralleled historicized ideological definitions of male homosexuality. Because cultural understandings of male homosexuality frequently reflect Judeo-Christian ideological significations of sin and corruption, the term "fallen angel" is utilized to describe the hustler as a figure who has also succumbed to sin due to his sexual involvement with other men. This study constructs an epochal analysis of eight films that explores the confluence of the social understanding of homosexuality with the cinematic image of the hustler from the mid 1960s through the present. In doing so, this study shows that the image of the cinematic hustler is intricately tied to the image of the male homosexual in material cultures and eras that produce them. A filmography is included.

Belief in angels and their intervention in the material world is prevalent in the United States. Theoretically, the concept of folk religion offers an instructive lens into the popularity of these beliefs, which exist inside, outside, and across official religious doctrines, and are therefore able to transcend the boundaries of specific religious traditions by appealing to a diverse array of believers. Empirical analyses from a recent national survey support the application of the concept of folk religion, demonstrating that these beliefs are present in substantial proportions across disparate subgroups. Belief in angelic intervention is prevalent among conservative and "mainline" Protestants, Catholics, those with high levels of conventional religious practice, biblical literalists, and even those who strongly believe in "paranormal" phenomena such as Bigfoot and ESP. Belief in angels and claims of angelic protection provide compelling and flexible narratives, ready cognitive attributions, and emotional comfort. Consequently, these views have strong memetic appeal and are transposable into multifarious subcultures.

För företag som är i behov av externt kapital och extern kompetens med ett stort kontaktnät, kan en affärsängel vara till stor hjälp. I utbyte mot kapital och egen kompetens får affärsängeln delar av det investerade företaget, som den i sin tur förväntar sig få finansiell avkastning på.Författarna har genomfört en kvalitativ undersökning genom att intervjua affärsänglar med syftet att undersöka de investeringsmotiv och investeringsstrategier som de har vid sina investeringar. Författarna ger även en grundläggande sammanfattning av vad affärsänglarna beaktar vid en investering och vad de generellt har för uppfattning av vad det innebär att vara en affärsängel. Slutsatserna som analysen låg till grund för var att det inte alltid är avkastningen som är det viktigaste investeringsmotivet. Att vara delaktig och medverka till de investerade företagens utveckling var ett mer förekommande svar på frågan om affärsängelns syn på investeringsmotiv. Affärsänglarnas investeringsstrategier är att de vill delta aktivt i de investerade företagen och bidra med den kompetens och erfarenhet de besitter. Relationen med entreprenören var lika viktig som företagets produkt. / For companies that are in need of external capital and external expertise with a large network, a business angel can be very helpful. In exchange for capital and self-competence the business angel gets a share of the invested company, which it in return expects to get financial returns. The authors have conducted a qualitative study by interviewing business angels with the aim to examine the investment motive and investment strategies that they have on their investments. The authors also give a basic summary of what business angels account for in an investment and what they generally have the perception of what it means to be a business angel. The conclusions of the analysis was based on that it is not always the return of the investment that is the most important investment motive. Being involved and help the invested companies’ development was a more appropriate response to the question of the business angels approach to investment motives. The business angels investment strategies are that they want to participate actively in the invested companies and help with the skills and experience they possess. The relationship with the entrepreneur was as important as its product.