The sequence commentary emerged as a new branch of medieval commentary literature in the twelfth century. The sequence itself, sung in the Roman Mass, was a hugely influential genre—several thousands of sequence texts are known today—but the fact that the Middle Ages also produced commentaries on this liturgical poetry has been hitherto practically unknown and very few commentary texts have been edited. The present work is the first attempt at a broader presentation of the sequence commentary genre. It makes available in modern editions seven previously unedited expositions on the sequence Ad celebres rex for the feast of St Michael. Introductions to each edition discuss the motifs interpreted, the commentary technique used and the sources drawn upon. Manuscript interrelations and textual problems are also treated here. Editions of four prologues introducing collections of commentaries are also included. These texts, though not specifically tied to the commentaries on Ad celebres rex, are presented here since they provide useful evidence of the interpretative frameworks chosen by the commentators. The complex textual transmissions of these texts have required three different editorial methods, which are discussed in a separate chapter. A general introduction surveys the sequence commentary material found to date. From these textual witnesses—nearly a hundred manuscripts listed in an appendix—we may conclude that the genre flourished mainly in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Most manuscripts present large collections of commentaries on sequences for the whole liturgical year, generally preceded by a prologue and sometimes accompanied by a corresponding group of hymn commentaries.

Bakgrund Entreprenörer som startar nya företag kommer troligtvis att behöva antingen kapital, eller kompetens i hur ett företag drivs, men mest sannolikt är att de behöver både och. Affärs-änglar är individer som investerar sina privata pengar mestadels i företag som befinner sig i en utvecklingsfas eller en tidig tillväxtfas. Affärsänglar kan också bidra med icke-finansiella resurser till företag såsom kompetens, färdigheter, kunskap och erfarenhet. Problem/Syfte Vad kan entreprenörer som är i behov av både kapital och kompetens göra för att hitta den ”rätta” affärsängeln, hur kan entreprenören attrahera denna, samt vilka faktorer är avgö-rande för att en arbetsrelation med en affärsängel ska bli lyckad? Syftet med denna uppsats är att utifrån entreprenören som investeringsobjekt så väl som kapitalsökare, beskriva olika faktorer som entreprenörer kan beakta för att öka sina möjligheter till att inleda och genomföra ett lyckat samarbete med en affärsängel. Slutsats Vi fann ett antal faktorer som kan påverka utgången av en arbetsrelation med en affärsäng-el. Dessa är den personliga relationen, att entreprenörens behov stämmer överens med vad affärsängeln kan erbjuda, överensstämmande avsikter, och ett väl genomarbetat aktieägar-avtal. / Background Entrepreneurs who start a new venture will probably need either capital, or competence in how to run a business, but most likely they need them both. Business angels are individuals who invest their private money in companies in a start-up or early growth phase. Business angels can also contribute non-financial resources to companies such as competence, skills, knowledge and experience. Problem/Purpose What can entrepreneurs who are in need of both capital and competence do to find the “right” business angel, how can they attract these investors, and which factors are decisive for a successful working relationship with a business angel? The purpose of this thesis is, with a starting point in the entrepreneur as an investment project and capital seeker, to de-scribe a number of factors entrepreneurs can consider in order to increase their possibilities in initiating and carrying out a successful working relationship with a business angel. Conclusion The authors found a number of factors affecting the outcome of a working relationship with a business angel. These are the personal relationship, a match between the entrepre-neur’s needs and the business angel’s competence, an agreed agenda, and a thoroughly worked out shareholder agreement.

<p>Bakgrund</p><p>Entreprenörer som startar nya företag kommer troligtvis att behöva antingen kapital, eller kompetens i hur ett företag drivs, men mest sannolikt är att de behöver både och. Affärs-änglar är individer som investerar sina privata pengar mestadels i företag som befinner sig i en utvecklingsfas eller en tidig tillväxtfas. Affärsänglar kan också bidra med icke-finansiella resurser till företag såsom kompetens, färdigheter, kunskap och erfarenhet.</p><p>Problem/Syfte</p><p>Vad kan entreprenörer som är i behov av både kapital och kompetens göra för att hitta den ”rätta” affärsängeln, hur kan entreprenören attrahera denna, samt vilka faktorer är avgö-rande för att en arbetsrelation med en affärsängel ska bli lyckad? Syftet med denna uppsats är att utifrån entreprenören som investeringsobjekt så väl som kapitalsökare, beskriva olika faktorer som entreprenörer kan beakta för att öka sina möjligheter till att inleda och genomföra ett lyckat samarbete med en affärsängel.</p><p>Slutsats</p><p>Vi fann ett antal faktorer som kan påverka utgången av en arbetsrelation med en affärsäng-el. Dessa är den personliga relationen, att entreprenörens behov stämmer överens med vad affärsängeln kan erbjuda, överensstämmande avsikter, och ett väl genomarbetat aktieägar-avtal.</p> / <p>Background</p><p>Entrepreneurs who start a new venture will probably need either capital, or competence in how to run a business, but most likely they need them both. Business angels are individuals who invest their private money in companies in a start-up or early growth phase. Business angels can also contribute non-financial resources to companies such as competence, skills, knowledge and experience.</p><p>Problem/Purpose</p><p>What can entrepreneurs who are in need of both capital and competence do to find the “right” business angel, how can they attract these investors, and which factors are decisive for a successful working relationship with a business angel? The purpose of this thesis is, with a starting point in the entrepreneur as an investment project and capital seeker, to de-scribe a number of factors entrepreneurs can consider in order to increase their possibilities in initiating and carrying out a successful working relationship with a business angel.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The authors found a number of factors affecting the outcome of a working relationship with a business angel. These are the personal relationship, a match between the entrepre-neur’s needs and the business angel’s competence, an agreed agenda, and a thoroughly worked out shareholder agreement.</p>

No description available.

Nous entendons, dans ce mémoire, préciser le sens d'actus essendi par l’analyse de l’emploi du terme par Thomas d’Aquin. Bien que la notion d’acte d’être soit sousjacente à nombre de développements philosophiques et théologiques de l’Aquinate, elle n’est considérée pour elle-même dans aucun texte du corpus thomasien. En exposant le cadre théorique des onze unités textuelles dans lesquelles on retrouve nommément l’expression, nous explicitons les distinctions qu’opère Thomas entre l’acte d’être et les notions ontologiques corrélatives (étant, quiddité, être du jugement prédicatif et être commun). Si « actus essendi » désigne en premier lieu un principe constitutif de l’étant, il peut encore désigner le terme abstrait correspondant à cette perfection de l’étant. L’acte d’être est ainsi ce par quoi l’étant est étant; il est cependant, au plan ontologique, propre à chaque étant singulier tandis que, au plan conceptuel, le même terme exprime ce qui est commun à tous les étants. Une traduction des extraits du Scriptum super Sententiis, des Quæstiones de quolibet, de la Summa Theologiæ, des Quæstiones disputatæ De potentia, de l’Expositio libri De hebdomadibus et de la Expositio libri Metaphysicæ a été produite pour les fins de cette étude. / In this paper, we intend to precise the meaning of actus essendi by analyzing how Thomas Aquinas uses this term. If the notion of the act of being underlies a number of Aquinas’ philosophical and theological developments, it is not treated in itself in any of his writings. By exposing the theoretical framework of the eleven textual units in which the expression namely appears, we explicate how he distinguishes between the act of being and the correlative ontological notions (the being, the essence, the predicamental judgment being and common being). If « actus essendi » first designates a constitutive principle of being, it can also designate the corresponding abstract term of this perfection of being. The act of being is that by which being is being; however, it belongs, at the ontological level, to each particular being whereas at the conceptual level, the same term expresses that which is common to all beings. Extracts of the following texts have been translated in French for this purpose: Scriptum super Sententiis, Quæstiones de quolibet, Summa Theologiæ, Quæstiones disputatæ De potentia, Expositio libri De hebdomadibus and the Sententia libri Metaphysicæ.

Les Hells Angels (HA) sont un groupe de motards qui surprennent par leur longévité. Implantés dans la province en 1977, ils sont toujours présents et actifs. Pourtant, ils ont évolué dans un contexte où les risques endogènes et exogènes furent croissants : conflits internes chez les motards, hostilités et rivalités inter groupes, opérations policières, incarcérations massives et changements législatifs sont autant d’obstacles qui se sont dressés devant eux. Que signifie être un motard et comment sont-ils demeurés résilients? Bien que différentes forces matérielles et organisationnelles aident les HA à surmonter les difficultés, nous avançons que l’élément clé de cette continuité réside dans leur réputation. En ce sens, nous adhérons à la thèse de Gambetta (2009) qui affirme que la persistance de la croyance en l’immortalité de la mafia provoque un phénomène de self-fulfilling prophecy qui rend l’organisation effectivement résiliente. Cet argument est ici appliqué aux Hells du Québec. Des entrevues auprès de motards incarcérés et non incarcérés, de délinquants non motards et de membres du personnel du Service correctionnel du Canada, ont permis de constater que l’étiquette de « Hells Angels » influence la vie des individus qui la portent. Les résultats supportent l’hypothèse que la réputation d’être une organisation dangereuse offre au groupe une valeur économique et symbolique. Néanmoins, la réputation des Hells Angels engendre des aspects négatifs pour les individus qui endossent ce nom. Il devient intéressant de comprendre l’impact d’une telle étiquette à travers différentes phases d’une carrière collective. / Regardless of the intense public focus, members of the Hells Angels organization in Quebec continue to be active in illegal markets. What does it means to be a Hells Angels and how has the organization remained resilient to law enforcement and internal conflicts in the criminal underworld? Although financial and organizational strengths help the members overcome difficulties, the main argument in this study places a focus on the Hells Angels reputation as the key element accounting for their continuity. I embrace Gambetta’s thesis (2009) which states that the persistence of belief in the immortality of the criminal group generates a self-fulfilling prophecy that renders the organization increasingly resilient. This thesis is extended to the Hells Angels context and applied to interviews conducted with bikers, non-biker inmates and staff members in Quebec penitentiaries. Findings support the main thesis in that the organization’s reputation for being dangerous offers that group an effective economic and symbolic value. However, there is a drawback of this reputation that has to be considered. The Hells Angels label in Quebec generates negative aspects for individuals who endorse it. It is interesting to understand the impact of such a labelling phenomenon, through different phases of their collective career.

Zugl.: Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 2006.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Technological entrepreneurs have played an important role in economic development, assisting in growth sectors and boosting the gross domestic product. The emergence and perpetuation of technology-based companies may be favored by capture of adequate financial resources, whether in the traditional financial market, either through development institutions to strengthen research and development or through new forms of these funds. Technology companies are facing difficulties in accessing a number of prerequisites in lending in traditional financial institutions, such as transaction assurance, the organization's lifetime, terms and interest rates on loans. These companies usually do not have a very long history, or a grand past, but have prospects for a future that can be very promising. Given the importance of technology-based companies for economic development, as well as on the difficulties these companies finance their activities, the aim of this study is to investigate which sources of financing used by technology entrepreneurs in the state of Sergipe to capture the resources to develop their activities. To this end, have been held six interviews with managers of technology-based companies in the state of Sergipe in order to analyze the financing mechanisms used by them. This study is characterized as qualitative, in which the exploratory research strategy used for data collection a script for semi-structured interviews. From the analysis of the data it was possible to verify that the Sergipe TBC making little use of traditional sources of credit, and between alternative is the subsidy the most used to develop innovation projects. Angel investors are desired, but not used, may not be interested or for disagreement with the proposals received. Crowdfunding and venture capital are not part of the prospects of the companies surveyed, either through unfamiliarity as their ability to use or using the projection in the distant future, respectively. It was observed that the approval of a grant announcement allows approval in other lines of credit as working capital, financing and credit cards. It was also noted that in projects financed with subsidy there is little concern about its commercial and financial success, while also having the desire to succeed, but the product coming from this project can not receive adequate attention, and be replaced by another project of that same TBC, perhaps funded by a new of a subsidy funding. The subsidy offers the opportunity for a rapid formation of a professional team but that does not turn into a hold that team. It was noticed that one of the main difficulties of entrepreneurs is the lack of skills in commercial and administrative aspects, which are aggravated by insufficient support of incubators and technology parks. One of the most important and common difficulties for the surveyed entrepreneurs is the delay in the release of funds approved which entails the loss of the ideal time for the development and subsequent launch of innovative product. / Os empreendedores tecnológicos exercem um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento econômico, auxiliando no crescimento de setores e impulsionando o produto interno bruto do país. O surgimento e a perpetuação das empresas de base tecnológica pode ser favorecido pela captação de recursos financeiros adequados, seja no mercado financeiro tradicional, seja através de instituições de fomento para o fortalecimento da pesquisa e desenvolvimento, ou ainda através de novas formas de captação destes recursos. Empresas de base tecnológica se deparam com dificuldades de acesso a uma série de pré-requisitos na concessão de crédito em instituições tradicionais, como por exemplo, garantias de operação, tempo de vida da organização, prazos e taxas de juros nos financiamentos. Essas empresas geralmente não têm um histórico muito longo, ou um passado grandioso, mas têm perspectivas de um futuro que pode ser muito promissor. Diante da importância das empresas de base tecnológica para o desenvolvimento econômico, assim como diante das dificuldades destas empresas financiarem suas atividades, o objetivo deste trabalho é investigar quais as fontes de financiamento usadas pelos empreendedores tecnológicos do Estado de Sergipe para captarem os recursos necessários para desenvolverem suas atividades. Para tal, foram realizadas seis entrevistas com os gestores de empresas sergipanas de base tecnológica com o objetivo de analisar os mecanismos de financiamento utilizados por eles. Este estudo se caracteriza como de natureza qualitativa, no qual a estratégia de pesquisa exploratória utilizou para a coleta dos dados um roteiro de entrevistas semiestruturado. A partir da análise dos dados foi possível verificar que as EBT de Sergipe pouco utilizam as fontes tradicionais de crédito, e entre as fontes alternativas, a de subvenção é a mais utilizada para desenvolver projetos de inovação. Investidores anjos são desejados, mas não utilizados, seja por não haver interessados ou pela discordância com as propostas recebidas. Crowdfunding e capital de risco não fazem parte das perspectivas das empresas pesquisadas, seja por desconhecimento quanto a sua possibilidade de uso ou pela projeção de utilizar em um futuro distante, respectivamente. Foi possível observar que a aprovação em um edital de subvenção possibilita a aprovação em outras linhas de crédito como capital de giro, financiamentos e cartões de crédito. Também foi observado que em projetos financiados com subvenção há pouca preocupação quanto ao seu sucesso comercial e financeiro, apesar de também haver o desejo de sucesso, mas o produto oriundo desse projeto pode não receber a devida atenção e ser substituído por outro projeto daquela mesma EBT, financiado talvez por uma nova verba de subvenção. A subvenção oferece a oportunidade de uma formação rápida de uma equipe de profissionais mas que não se transforma em uma retenção dessa equipe. Foi percebido que uma das principais dificuldades dos empreendedores é a falta de habilidades em aspectos comerciais e administrativos, que são agravados pelo insuficiente apoio de incubadoras e parques tecnológicos. Uma das dificuldades mais relevantes e comuns para os empreendedores pesquisados é a demora na liberação de recursos aprovados que acarreta a perda do momento ideal para o desenvolvimento e o consequente lançamento de produto inovador. / São Cristóvão, SE

The following study is about business angels financing small business start-ups. It explores the aspect of starting up an entrepreneurial venture in which the entrepreneur seeks to secure start-up finance from lenders, raising the various issues that are known to characterise this engagement between the entrepreneur and the lender. Using the phenomenological paradigm, the study seeks to determine the awareness of small scale financing by entrepreneurs in South Africa, to determine the most commonly used source of start-up business funding in South Africa, to assess the extent to which business angel financing could be used to finance businesses in South Africa and to determine the factors impacting the use of business angel financing in South Africa. From these objectives, the study will also seek to determine the extent to which business angel networks could facilitate the financing of business start-ups. Small businesses invariably come up in different policy spheres as the main avenues to social and economic construction across national and regional lines. The importance of a successful business start up to a growing economy should not be underestimated. In line with this is the particular factor of gaining access to start up capital, which continues to emerge as a leading contributor to the success or failure of business start ups. Studies continue to verify that the most common challenge faced by most emerging entrepreneurs is start-up capital, either in the lack of this capital, the unfavourable conditions surrounding its availability, the lack of assets to serve as collateral for its use or the ambiguous flow of crucial information between lenders and providers of finance in the funding relationship (Abor and Biekpe, 2006: 69;Hernandez-Trillo, Pagan and Paxton, 2005: 435, ISPESE, 2005: 7, CDE, 2004: 5; Musengi 2003: 11). Roger Sorheim (2005: 179) refers to business angels as private individuals who offer risk capital to unlisted companies that are struggling to obtain start up capital to finance their business ideas. Business angels are further defined as high net-worth bearers of substantial private capital who predominantly invest in the early stage of high risk high potential return business ventures with a positive further growth potential. Business angel finance is typically a ‘once-off’ early stage form of small firm financing compared to the more frequent later stage venture capitalist funding. Studies show that business angels represent an underutilised wealth creation mechanism when it comes to small firm start-ups as most business angels contribute expertise in addition to finance to the start-ups they get involved in. This brings valuable business insight to the commercialisation of a good business idea. The business angel network exposes a range of potentially viable business prospects to willing investors by facilitating the flow of information about entrepreneurs and their businesses, thereby eliminating ambiguity, information asymmetry and transaction costs (Aernoudt and Erikson, 2002: 178; Van Osnabrugge and Robinson, 2000:374; Macht, 2006:1; Ehlrich, De Noble, Moore and Weaver, 1994:70; Sorheim, 2005:179). To achieve a holistic approach to a phenomenon which appears to be relatively new in South African business circles, the study will follow a qualitative approach in which two categories of populations will be used, one of small business operators and the other of business angels in South Africa. In the study, 20 small business operators and five business angels in Grahamstown will be approached using the convenience and snowballing sampling methods respectively. Face-to-face semi-structured interviews will be used as a data collection method and content analysis will be used as a data analysis tool (Collis and Hussey, 2003:156, Driver, Wood, Segal and Herrington, 2001:32, National Small Business Act ). There has been very limited research on business angels in the South African context, therefore the study would significantly contribute in entrepreneurship, government and small business development circles as it brings about attention to what the researcher predicts is an underutilised business start-up financing option.

L’ange n’a jamais été aussi présent qu’à l’heure de la modernité, c’est-à-dire à l’époque où le religieux, en son expression, sa forme et sa substance, ses objets, se trouvait remis en question par l’intense réflexion philosophique et par les découvertes scientifiques et techniques issues des Lumières. C’est ce constat fondé sur l’omniprésence des anges tant dans l’art que dans la littérature du dix-neuvième et du vingtième siècles qui nous a conduit à nous poser une question simple : de quoi l’ange fait-il signe ? Que symbolise-t-il ? Quel sens donner à cette présence ?Nous avons décidé, pour le savoir, de remonter aux sources de l’ange afin de mettre au jour les fondements de ce qui, de toute évidence, s’affirme comme l’un des mythes les plus importants de notre imaginaire contemporain. Nous avons également décidé de montrer comment ce passage d’une figure biblique à un mythe profane avait été rendu possible et quels mécanismes cette métamorphose avait empruntés ;nous avons aussi cherché à savoir quels enjeux ce processus mettait en jeu.Cette étude se propose d’étudier les représentations des anges dans l’art et la littérature de 1850 à 1950 afin de découvrir comment l’on passe d’une figure traditionnelle à un véritable mythe moderne. En quoi les représentations modernes de l’ange témoignent-elles des nouveaux rapports qui se tissent au divin ? Il s’agit ensuite d’étudier ses deux symboliques majeures : celle de l’ange inspirateur et celle de l’ange gardien, en mettant au jour les procédés qui permettent à l’ange de devenir un mythe personnel de l’individu et du créateur en particulier. / The angel was never as present as during the modernist era, that is at a time when thereligious figure, in its expression, its form, and even in its substance, its objects, waschallenged by the intense philosophical reflection and by the scientific and technicaldiscoveries stemming from the Enlightenment era. It is this acknowledgement basedon an omnipresence of angels, in nineteenth and twentieth art and literature alike,which led us to ask a simple question – what is the angel a sign of? What does itsymbolize? What meaning may be given its large presence?We have decided, to understand it, to get back to the sources of the angel in order toshed light onto the foundations of that which, quite obviously, establishes itself asone of the most important myths in the present-day imagination. We have alsodecided to show how the mutation from a biblical figure to a profane myth hadmanaged to happen and what were the mechanisms through which thismetamorphosis had taken place; we have also tried to know what was at stake in thisprocess.This study proposes to examine the representations of angels in art and literaturefrom 1850 to 1950 in order to discover how these traditional figures came to becomemodern myths. How can their contemporary representations testify of a newrelationship with the divine ? We'll try to answer this question by studying two majorsymbolics - the inspiring angel and the guardian angel - and by revealing the processin which the angel becomes a personal myth of the individual and especially of thecreator.