Given the presumed importance of cardiovascular reactivity and the role of anger in the development of hypertension and coronary heart disease, this study is the first to jointly examine three related areas (i.e. gender effects, anger direction preference, and opportunity/no opportunity to aggress following an anger Inducing situation). The present study tested the following hypotheses: a) that cardiovascular reactivity would vary as a function of subjects' gender and direction preference; b) that the rate of cardiovascular recovery would vary as a function of anger direction preference and opportunity/no opportunity to aggress; c) that the subjective feelings of anger after harassment would vary as a function of gender, anger direction preference, and opportunity/no opportunity to aggress; and d) that the evaluation of experimenter's competency and performance would vary as a function of anger preference. 56 females and 49 males executed a math task while being harassed for "poor performance". Next, they were randomly assigned to either write a negative evaluation of the frustrator or to copy a neutral paragraph and then to circle some letters in another paragraph. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured intermittently throughout. Subjects' preferred mode of anger expression (i.e. anger-in versus anger-out) had been previously assessed and cross validated by self as well as peer evaluations. Results indicated that gender was a better predictor than anger direction preference for cardiovascular reactivity to harassment. Complex patterns of recovery were detected with Intriguing sex differences. Results on male diastolic recovery were consistent with a matching hypothesis of anger direction preference but only for anger-out males. In addition, subjective anger for males was related to opportunity/no opportunity conditions, whereas females did not show such a relationship. Female anger-ln's showed quicker systolic recovery than anger-out's. Lastly, the evaluation of experimenter's competency and performance did not vary as a function of anger preference. Therapeutic implications of the findings within the context of anger control as well as trends for future research are discussed. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

Relationships of negative psychological conditions with general status of cell-mediated and humoral immune systems were investigated. A unique approach was utilized in that indexes representing multiple aspects of each branch of the immune system were employed to better indicate general immunological status. Differences in emotion-immune interactions between males and females were demonstrated. Results indicated a positive relationship between Trait Anger and Cell-Mediated Immunological Index. Particular criticisms of previous psychoneuroimmunological research were met by addressing sex differences and differences in various conditions of anger and depression, as well as through assessment of cumulative effects of negative emotions on immune system status. Directions for future research in eddressing similar issues are suggested. In general, results provide support for validity of mindbody interactionism and imply the need for revision of standard medical and psychological treatment.

The present investigation evaluated the efficacy of a Cognitive-Behavioural Therapeutic Approach for the anger management of three adolescent males. The study is noteworthy because it utilised essential features of Beck's Cognitive Therapy in the cognitive restructuring phase of treatment. Previous studies have commonly employed Rational Emotive Therapy's disputation of irrational beliefs for this phase. For this reason it is considered to be an original contribution to the literature. A multiple (three) single-case study research design was employed. The three adolescents, aged 13 to 17 years, attended seven to nine one-hour counselling sessions over a two to three month period. Pre-, post-treatment and long-term followup psychometric measures of aggression and anecdotal reports of anger-control were obtained from parents and teachers. Self-reports in the affective and cognitive domain, progress in therapy, psychometric measures (aggressive behaviour subscale of the Child Behaviour Checklist, Adapted Novaco Anger Inventory and Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale) and continuous (including pre-, post-treatment and long-term follow-up) assessments of the frequency of angry outbursts were obtained. Counsellor assessments of cognitive homework and behaviour in therapy were also made. Results reveal marked reductions in the average daily frequencies of angry outbursts in all cases by post-treatment and treatment effects were maintained throughout the three-month follow-up period. It was concluded that the cognitive-behavioural therapeutic approach warrants further investigation as it is proposed that it is a comprehensive and efficacious treatment for male adolescent anger problems.

Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti, pacientų, patiriančių lėtinį veido skausmą, pykčio išgyvenimo, skausmo įveikos strategijų ir skausmo intensyvumo sąsajas. Tyrime dalyvavo LSMUL Kauno Klinikose gydomi pacientai, sergantys trišakio nervo neuralgija. Tyrime dalyvavo 15 vyrų, 27 moterų, tiriamųjų amžiaus vidurkis – 64,9 metai (SD=12,13). Tyriamieji buvo apklausiami anketavimo būdu. Tiriamų reiškinių įvertinimui naudoti: Skausmo intensyvumo klausimynas (Von Korff ir kt., 1992); Įveikos strategijų klausimynas (Rosenstiel ir Keefe, 1983); Asmenybinio ir būsenos pykčio klausimynas (Spielberger, 1999). Rezultatai parodė, kad padidėjusio aktyvumo strategijos taikymas yra susijęs moterų skausmo intensyvumu. Meldimosi ir tikėjimo bei katastrofizavimo naudojimas yra susijęs su vyrų skausmo intensyvumu. Nenustatytos pykčio sąsajos su pykčio išgyvenimo aspektais: asmenybiniu pykčiu, situaciniu pykčiu bei pykčio išraiškos ir kontrolės indeksu. Vyrų, pykčio išraiškos ir kontrolės indekas yra susijęs su aktyviomis įveikos strategijomis. Moterų, situacinis ir asmenybinis pyktis susijęs su pasyviomis skausmo įveikos strategijomis. Lytis nuspėja pasyvias skausmo įveikos strategijas. Skausmo intensyvumas nuspėja aktyvias skausmo įveikos strategijas. Pacientų patiriamą skausmo intensyvumą nuspėja aktyvių ir pasyvių skausmo įveikos strategijų naudojimas. Vyrams mažesnė tikimybė rinktis pasyvias įveikos strategijas nei moterims. Esant stipriam skausmo intensyvumui, tikimybė naudoti aktyvias skausmo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the study was to assess relationships between pain coping strategies, anger and pain intensity among patients suffering from trigeminal neuralgia. The subjects of the study were 15 men and 28 women undergoing treatment in Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Clinics. General age mean equal to 64,9 (SD=12,13) years. Participants were asked to complete Grading the Severity of Chronic Pain Questionnaire (Von Korff ir kt., 1992), The Coping Strategies Questionnaire (Rosenstiel ir Keefe, 1983) and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (Spielberger, 1999). Results indicated that increased activity is related to woman pain intensity. Prayer and faith and catastrofizing are associated with man pain intensity. Findings didn’t provide evidence to support relationships between trait anger, state anger and anger expression and control index. Nevertheless, anger expression and control index of man is associated with active coping strategies. State and trait anger of woman is associated with passive pain coping strategies. Furthermore, there evidence to support that sex predicts passive pain coping strategies. Pain intensity predicts active pain coping strategies. Active and passive pain coping strategies predicts pain intensity. Men are less likely to choose passive coping strategies than woman. With the strong pain intensity probability of the use of active pain coping strategies decreases. With the increasing use of passive coping strategies... [to full text]

Currently, researchers are more likely to use mindfulness techniques. These practices have a beneficial effect on anger perception, experience, understanding, expression, and anger control. There has not yet been research on the influence of mindfulness on anger management in the Czech Republic. This thesis concerns the question, of whether it is possible to better manage and understand anger with the help of an 8week mindfulness course (MBSR). The literature-overview part summarizes current knowledge about mindfulness and anger, possible mechanisms of mindfulness on anger and methods of measuring anger. The research part includes the translation of the self-assessment inventory of anger STAXI-2 into the Czech language and the verification of its psychometric properties. It also covers the pilot use of STAXI-2 supplemented by FFMQ-15 in quantitatively focused research. The research design consists of a pretest-posttest control-group design plus a third measurement after one month. The experimental group participates in the eight-week mindfulness course, whereas the active control group participates in walks. The research is complemented by a qualitative analysis using semi-structured interviews. The main result of the research part is that completing an eight-week mindfulness course can lead to a...

This study examines self-talk within a communication framework and context. The effects of different types of self-talk on emotion are explored. Specifically, this research looks at different types of self-talk based on the language and message aspects of the self-talk including: valence of self-talk (negative vs. positive), and self-talk content (using name vs. second-person pronoun [you] for self-reference). The relative effects of these different types of self-talk on emotion are investigated within the context of interpersonal anger. For control, the study contrasts the effects of self-talk with the effects of thought. Additionally, this study looks at the effects of the different types of self-talk and thought on subsequent interpersonal communication outcomes (perceived satisfaction and effectiveness of written interpersonal communication as well as willingness to communicate interpersonally). Results indicated that valence of self-talk and thought has significant impact on emotional outcomes. Results also indicated an interaction effect between valence and the self-talk/thought manipulation on negative affect. Positive self-talk decreased negative affect more than positive thought. Further results demonstrated a mediated effect of self-talk on subsequent interpersonal communication outcomes. Positive self-talk led to less anger after interpersonal communication which led to greater perceptions of interpersonal communication effectiveness and satisfaction and increased willingness to communicate interpersonally.

published_or_final_version / Social Work and Social Administration / Master / Master of Social Sciences

<p>The main purpose of this study was to compare the levels of anger and aggression between male and female Police Academy students (N=106) and male university students (N=100), using 2 psychometric anger instruments; Novaco Anger Scale-1998-S (NAS-1998-S) and Aggression Questionnaire-S (AQ-S). Another aim was to examine if there was a difference in anger and aggression between male and female Police Academy students. Questionnaires were handed out to Police Academy students in Växjö and the result was compared to university students from a previous study by Lindqvist, Dåderman & Hellström (2003). Analyses using a series of Independent sample t-tests showed a significantly lower level of anger and aggression in the Police Academy sample. There were no significant difference in anger and aggression between males and females with the exception of two subscales of the NAS-1998-S and AQ-S; females scored significantly higher on NAS Arousal and males scored significantly higher on AQ Physical aggression.</p>

Enemyship is an important but understudied interpersonal phenomenon. Prior research on this topic has focused on enemyship's cognitive, control-maintenance function following a threat. The present studies advance theory and research by showing the role of emotion, particularly anger, in this process. Using appraisal theory as a framework, we draw on recent research into approach and avoidance motivational dynamics during threat We propose an interaction between anxiety-inducing threat and enemy-directed anger on perceptions of control and certainty, and motivation. More specifically, we expect that when an anxiety-inducing threat is present, perceptions of control and certainty will be significantly higher when enemy-directed anger is also present than when it is not Additionally, we sought to demonstrate the consequences of these processes for motivation. Perhaps counterintuitively, we propose that individuals who experience anger at an enemy following an anxiety-inducing control threat will experience a boost in motivation, an effect mediated by perceptions of control and certainty. We find support for our moderated mediation model across three studies with undergraduate and working adults (Total N = 673).

The perception of human faces is affected by different facial features. For example, older faces are processed differently to younger ones and faces expressing diverse emotions are also processed differently. Research shows that angry faces are more attended to compared to neutral or other expressive faces, which is known as the ‘threat advantage’. This is evidenced by research on the late positive potential (LPP). The LPP is an event-related potential (ERP) component associated with affective processing, which seems to strongly respond to threats. The literature has indicated that older faces can elicit larger LPPs compared to young and neutral faces, and the LPP is more sensitive to emotional faces. The current experiment investigated subjective ratings in addition to the LPP in response to neutral and angry faces of young and old individuals, to examine how facial age influences the perception of anger. In a facial rating task, both the young and the old angry faces were rated as threatening faces, while old neutral faces were indicated to be more threatening than young neutral faces. Similarly, participants had a higher LPP for old angry faces. This data, in combination, suggests a higher emotional salience of old angry faces compared to either young angry or (young or old) neutral faces.