Thesis advisor: James F. Keenan / The dissertation will contribute not only to an appreciation and critical evaluation of fortitude in the Philippine context, but has a wider significance for the practice of virtue ethics. The thesis is that (a) virtue must be analyzed contextually, in specific social contexts, as well as (b) in dependence upon the Aristotelian-Thomistic tradition of the virtues, that (c) social virtue as well as individual virtue exists, and that (d) this social, contextual, Aristotelian-Thomistic approach to virtue provides a basis for a social-ethical critical evaluation and prescription for particular societies. If virtue ethics is to generate sound social normative claims, its argument needs to be based not merely upon the classical tradition, but also on a socially, historically and culturally aware analysis of the way virtues are fleshed out in context. This dissertation will argue that the Aristotelian-Thomistic tradition still has much to teach us about courage or fortitude, and in dialogue with contemporary social science still provides legitimate moral insights into fortitude today. Second, it will argue that virtue takes on a particular color or texture in specific social contexts, and will argue this in relation to the Filipino context: Philippine fortitude is Thomistic, with unique attributes of resilience and joy. Third, it will argue that it is necessary to engage in a social-ethical critique of social virtue, arguing that there are deficiencies in Philippine fortitude in that it lacks a crucial link with justice. This critical evaluation will lead to the elaboration of an ethical and social imperative for the Filipino people to develop good anger to fuel a less passive, more assertive fortitude that is ordered to justice. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2015. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Theology.

Os acidentes de trânsito representam uma das principais causas de mortes violentas no Brasil e no mundo. O estado emocional do motorista é um importante aspecto da direção segura. A emoção raivosa é uma das causas dos acidentes, pois prejudica a percepção, a tomada de decisão e a psicomotricidade. O objetivo geral foi comparar a emoção raivosa de motoristas através de dois instrumentos. Participaram 400 motoristas de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Houve cinco tipos de motoristas (todos com 80 participantes): (1) de automóvel, (2) de caminhão, (3) de motocicleta (4) de ônibus e (5) de táxi. Os instrumentos aplicados foram: (1) o STAXI (State Trait Anger Expression Inventory), composto por 44 itens e o (2) SRT (Situações de Raiva no Trânsito), composto por 20 itens. Foram estabelecidas seis hipóteses. O propósito da hipótese 1 foi verificar se nos motoristas existe correlação significativa entre a emoção raivosa, sentida na vida em geral, com a emoção raivosa sentida no contexto do trânsito. Nas outras cinco hipóteses compararam-se os índices médios de emoção raivosa entre: faixas etárias, homens versus mulheres, níveis de escolaridade, não infratores versus infratores e profissionais versus amadores. Os resultados demonstraram que: (1) os motoristas que apresentam menor emoção raivosa na vida em geral tendem a apresentar menor emoção raivosa quando dirigem, e vice-versa, (2) as médias de emoção raivosa foram significativamente mais baixas nos motoristas de mais idade, (3) não houve diferença significativa na emoção raivosa média de homens e mulheres que dirigem automóveis, (4) não houve diferença significativa na emoção raivosa dos cinco tipos de motoristas, quanto ao grau de escolaridade, (5) os motoristas não infratores apresentaram emoção raivosa média significativamente mais baixa que os motoristas infratores e (6) os motoristas amadores (automóvel) apresentaram emoção raivosa média significativamente mais alta que os motoristas profissionais de caminhão e de ônibus, e mais baixa do que motoristas de táxi e de motocicleta. Determinou-se uma ordem decrescente para as 20 situações de raiva no trânsito (SRT), da maior até a menor geradora de emoção raivosa (1ª a 20ª), para os motoristas em geral e para cada um dos cinco tipos de motoristas. Os resultados demonstraram que existem diferenças significativas nos níveis médios de emoção raivosa entre os cinco tipos de motoristas. Finalmente, os resultados sugeriram ser importante avaliar os níveis de emoção raivosa nos motoristas experientes e nos candidatos a motorista, quando esses realizam a Avaliação Psicológica, visto que a emoção raivosa pode ser uma importante causa de infrações e acidentes de trânsito. / Traffic accidents are one of the main causes of violent death in Brazil and in the World. The emotional state of the driver is important for safe driving. The emotion of anger is an important aspect of the causes of accidents, since it prejudices attention, decision making and psychomotor function. The general objective of this thesis was to compare the emotion of anger in drivers by way of two instruments. Four hundred drivers from Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil took part in this survey and there were five types of driver (each with 80 participants): (1) car; (2) truck; (3) motorbike; (4) bus; and (5) taxi. The instruments applied to the 400 drivers were: (1) the STAXI (State Trait Anger Expression Inventory), composed of 44 items, and (2) TAS (Traffic Anger Situations), composed of 20 items. Six hypotheses were established. Hypothesis 1 proposed to verify the possibility of a significant correlation between the emotion of anger felt by the driver in his daily life and that felt in the traffic context. The other five hypotheses compared the mean indices of the emotion of anger between: age ranges, men versus women, scholastic levels, non-violators versus violators and professionals versus amateurs. The results showed that: (1) in general drivers showing less anger in their daily life tended to show less anger when driving and vice versa; (2) the means of the emotion of anger were significantly lower in older drivers; (3) there was no significant difference between the mean anger felt by men and women who drive cars; (4) there was no significant difference in the anger of emotion between the five types of driver with respect to scholastic level; (5) the non-violator drivers presented a mean emotion of anger significantly lower than that of violator drivers; and (6) amateur drivers (cars) showed a mean emotion of anger significantly higher than that of professional truck and bus drivers, but lower than that of taxi and motorbike drivers. A decreasing order for the 20 traffic anger situations (TAS) was determined, from the greatest to the least generator of the emotion of anger (1st to 20th) for drivers in general, and for each of the five types of driver. The results showed that there are significant differences in the mean levels of anger between the five types of driver. Finally the results suggest it is important to evaluate the levels of the emotion of anger in experienced drivers and in learner drivers when they carry out their Psychological Assessment, considering that the emotion of anger could be an important cause of traffic violations and accidents.

Democratic theorists have influentially argued that inclusive deliberation, where citizens voice their concerns and exchange justifications, is crucial to democracy. However, this deliberative ideal has come under sustained attack for being excessively utopian. As a result, to make this ideal more relevant and action-guiding, the present thesis investigates what norms should govern deliberation in political settings marked by severe social divisions. After motivating this project (Chapter 1), I defend the following account of deliberation. Although the requirement that deliberators appeal to shared reasons is morally attractive, even the weakest variant of this norm risks excluding too many considerations from the public deliberation of divided societies. To offset these exclusionary tendencies, I argue that public deliberation should give a greater role to emotionally-charged forms of speech, such as narrative (Chapter 2). Now, this last suggestion might seem overly inclusive, by opening the door for intensely angry narratives and for narratives expressing degrading or disrespectful views. In response to this 'overinclusiveness' concern, I argue 1) that degrading or disrespectful public speech is best countered through state-backed counterspeech, rather than through coercive legal norms that forcibly eliminate it from public discourse (Chapter 3) and 2) that narratives expressing anger in fact have a crucial epistemic role to play in divided societies, by enhancing our understanding of persisting injustices (Chapter 4). The final two chapters address a pressing worry: that the deliberative norms I advance demand too much of actual citizens. One might think that if citizens distrust each other and are highly ignorant about politics, they will be unable to deliberate fruitfully. But these problems are not decisive against my account. Chapter 5 investigates how the kind of public dialogue I defend offers important resources for rebuilding trust and goodwill in divided societies. As for political ignorance, Chapter 6 demonstrates that it is equally problematic for other political systems, democratic and non-democratic. Since this ignorance threatens all accounts, the solution is not to abandon inclusive deliberation, but rather to tackle political ignorance itself.

Motor-Vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for teens and young adults. Research and public interventions have primarily examined the impact of external factors related to driving; however, less work has examined internal factors. Limited research has shown a negative association between trait forgiveness of others and both driving anger and driving aggression. The current study replicates previous findings and expands to include multiple dimensions of forgiveness and adverse driving outcomes as a dependent variable. It was predicted that multiple dimensions of forgiveness would be directly and indirectly related to adverse driving outcomes through the mediators of anger rumination, stress, and dangerous driving. Undergraduate students (N=759) at a regional university completed a series of self-report questionnaires online examining driving anger, driving aggression, multiple dimensions of forgiveness, adverse driving outcomes, anger rumination, stress, and dangerous driving behaviors. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to replicate previous findings (analysis 1) and multiple serial mediations as expansion (analysis 2). In replication, trait forgiveness of others was shown to have a negative bivariate correlation with driving anger and driving aggression and to be a significant predictor of driving aggression above that of driving anger (analysis 1). Multiple serial mediation demonstrated an indirect only effect of multiple dimensions of forgiveness on adverse driving outcomes through the various mediators (analysis 2); however, varied relationships were observed. As a result, forgiveness of self and of uncontrollable situations demonstrated a significant negative effect on adverse driving outcomes through the various mediators. However, although, forgiveness of others was found to have a significant negative effect through anger rumination and dangerous driving behaviors in serial, it demonstrated a positive effect with stress as a mediator. The results support and replicate previous research and demonstrate a significant indirect only effect of multiple dimensions of forgiveness on adverse driving outcomes through the current mediators. The relationships were varied, however. Therefore, multiple dimensions of forgiveness continue to be meaningful variables related to driving anger, driving aggression, and adverse driving outcomes.

The goals of this study were to evaluate anger, depression, and anxiety in children and adolescents with aggressive/homicidal (A/H) and depressive/suicidal (D/S) problems and to compare these clinical groups with each other and a normal control group. The State Trait Anger Expression Inventory for Children and Adolescents (STAXI C/A), the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), and the Pediatric Anxiety Scale (PANX) were administered to the Clinical (N=114) and Normal (N=353) groups ranging from 9-18 years of age. The Clinical group was comprised of 18 A/H, 87 D/S, and 18 Comorbid children with both problems. The Clinical group had significantly higher scores on the STAXI C/A State and Trait Anger and Anger-Out scales, and higher scores on the CDI Total scale and Interpersonal Problems, Negative Mood, and Negative Self-Esteem subscales. They also had higher PANX State Anxiety scores. These differences were primarily due to substantially higher Clinical Comorbid group scores. Similarly, the Clinical Comorbid scores on most of the anger, depression, and anxiety scales were higher than the Normal and Clinical scores. The D/S group had significantly higher scores than the A/H group on the STAXI C/A Anger-Out scale, the CDI Negative Mood subscale and the PANX State Anxiety scale. The D/S group has significantly higher scores than the Normals on the CDI Negative Mood, Interpersonal Problems, and Negative Self Esteem subscales, and a higher State Anxiety score. Although not statistically significant, the A/H group had noticeably higher Anger-In and Anger-Control/Out scores than the D/S group. In contrast, the scores of the A/H group on State and Trait Anger were somewhat lower than those of the other clinical groups, as well as the Normals. This pattern of findings for the A/H group was interpreted as possibly due to the operation of psychological defense mechanisms. The findings indicated the procedure for assignment into the A/H group was unrelated to the mean level of anger that they reported. Since assignment to clinical groups guided inpatient treatment planning, these results suggest that administration of anger, depression, and anxiety measures assessing both state and trait features would likely facilitate better assignment and more effective treatment.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2005. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 242-256)

This study investigated the relations between teacher-rated reactive and proactive aggression and self-ratings of peer intimacy, peer group integration, inhibition of anger and coping with anger in children in grade 4 to grade 6 (n = 519). Grade and gender differences in the study variables were also examined. Although not significant, as predicted, there was a trend towards significance where proactive aggression increased by grade; however, contrary to predictions, the occurrence of reactive aggression did not decrease by grade. The two functions of aggression were strongly correlated with one another. Males were reported more aggressive than females and self-reported lower anger management and less peer group intimacy than females. Further, females who were rated as more reactively aggressive reported less peer group integration and peer intimacy. Males who were reported as reactively aggressive also reported less peer group integration. Reactive and proactive aggression in males was related to coping with anger.

Organizations have to understand the customer very well if they want to exist in business. Thisunderstanding of the customer will help organizations to act accordingly. More specifically hotelservices are characterized by frequent interaction with the customers. Thus, these frequentcontacts with the customers may lead to experience dissatisfaction/ frustration when things gowrong. Accordingly, it is important to find out the reasons for such negative emotions andmeasures to be taken to mold these behaviors.For this reason, the aim of our master‟s thesis is to identify reasons for customer aggression andconsiderable mechanisms to put in place for, how customer service employees mold the behaviorof aggressive customers through emotional labor while delivering services in hotels. This impliesthat major motives are mentioned based on some of the routine interactions, from the serviceitself and others outside the service delivery process. In addition, customer service employees‟(CSEs) key mechanisms used to react positively to such emotions due to customers‟dissatisfaction/ frustrations are assessed. Moreover, to fulfill the aim of the research, the hotelindustry has been chosen from which sample customers and service employees are also selected.In this regard, survey questions from a sample of customers and interviews held with selectedcustomer service employees (CSEs) were used as data collection tools from one of the hotelslocated in Umeå. The result of the findings helps to identify the most common types of reasonsfor customer aggression during interaction; lack of assistance from CSEs, noisy customeraround, lack of punctuality and billing errors are the common reasons for customer aggressionfrom the respondents‟ point of view. While interview results revealed that customer‟s ownpersonal reasons due to the prior emotional state of the customer (Antecedent State) are causes ofaggression during service provision. On the other hand, in molding such behaviors, emotionallabor is found to be fundamental tool in services, where surface acting emotional labor is themost widely used mechanism while delivering services to mold the customer aggression, angerand dissatisfaction into happier and more satisfying situations for the customers.We believe the study complements the existing research by extending and bridging on customeraggression and in response emotions to be applied to mold such behavior in hotel services. Keywords: Hotel industry, Emotional labor, Aggression, Anger, Customer serviceEmployees (CSE)

The main purpose of this study was to compare the levels of anger and aggression between male and female Police Academy students (N=106) and male university students (N=100), using 2 psychometric anger instruments; Novaco Anger Scale-1998-S (NAS-1998-S) and Aggression Questionnaire-S (AQ-S). Another aim was to examine if there was a difference in anger and aggression between male and female Police Academy students. Questionnaires were handed out to Police Academy students in Växjö and the result was compared to university students from a previous study by Lindqvist, Dåderman & Hellström (2003). Analyses using a series of Independent sample t-tests showed a significantly lower level of anger and aggression in the Police Academy sample. There were no significant difference in anger and aggression between males and females with the exception of two subscales of the NAS-1998-S and AQ-S; females scored significantly higher on NAS Arousal and males scored significantly higher on AQ Physical aggression.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the connection between anger, personality, stress and gender in 165 students from Växjö University. Previous research has shown that anger is a common negative emotion that occurs in every human being, regardless gender. Anger correlates positively with neuroticism and affects physical and psychological well-being. The questionnaire contained State-Trait Anger Scale (STAXI-2-S), Eysenck´s Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and the Demand-Control-Support model (DCS). The result showed that there was a significant relation between neuroticism and anger. Anger also correlated positively with support but there were no gender differences in any level of anger.