In the 1980s, in the discipline of Classical studies in the field of Greco-Roman philosophy, the scholars showed renewed interest in the subject of the emotions. The outcome of their research reinstated the cognitive function in emotions. The research also recognised that the values and beliefs in the emotions are culturally conditioned. This outcome opened the possibility of discovering the values of a culture by analysing the emotions. Another outcome of the research showed that the interpretation of a lexical term, designating an emotion, did not necessarily imply the same meaning universally. The knowledge of the emotions in this discipline influenced numerous branches of academic study. It was noted that this did not apply to New Testament studies and therefore became an opportunity for a research subject, namely: An Analysis of Emotions of Anger and Fear in the Undisputed Pauline letters. The purpose was to determine their meanings within the context of Imperial Roman values. The analysis was based on Aristotle's definition of anger and fear. This approach also required a study of social conditions in the provincial Roman cities in which Paul had formed communities. The study was dependent on the emotional language used by Paul in his undisputed letters. Louw-Nida New Testament Greek-English Lexicon based on Semantic Domains was used to locate the words that expressed the emotional concepts of anger and fear. The essence of the research problem was to discover the meaning of the emotions in the undisputed Pauline letters in the first century CE. / Religious Studies and Arabic / D. Litt. et Phil. (Religious Studies)

Text in Afrikaans / The Gestalt Play Therapeutic approach is used as contextual frame in this research where-in music is applied as an aid for the aggressive emotions of the primary learner. Emotional and behavioral problems in children in primary and secondary schools and even in pre-primary schools, are assuming alarming proportions. From the holistic approach of the Gestalt theory, it has an influence on the development of areas such as the emotional, physical, cognitive and social in the phase of middle childhood. There is a lack of research findings on the effect of music during support to the aggressive primary learner within a Gestalt Play Therapeutic frame. The experimental single system design was used as research method as part of the quantitative investigation. The conclusion is that music was used successfully in the handling of rage and aggressive emotions in the group of child respondents within the context of the Gestalt approach. / Social Work / M.Diac. (Play Therapy)

This thesis operates, unashamedly, from the premise that every act of criticism involves a self-reflexive gesture of one's own concerns and ideological imprintings. For this reason Chapter One establishes the writer's own involvement - both autobiographical and theoretical - in notions of male rage and the 'working through' of these concerns. Chapter Two conducts an overview of male rage and the extant systemic literature on the subject. It sets out the various positions on the subject and posits the importance of gender (over generation) in the praxis of therapy. Furthermore, it explores the possibility that the male is equally, but differently, troubled by the hegemonic forces of patriarchy as is the woman. Without diminishing the legitimacy of the woman's experience in the face of male rage, the argument is forwarded that the male is caught in a similar struggle but without the feminine articulatory resources. This chapter details the lack of male power in the face of his supposed muscular omnipotence. Seminal analytic approaches to the question of gender are raised in Chapter Three. Working through Freud, Klein, Lacan and Masters and Johnson an attempt is made to plot the 'evolution' of the feminine and the masculine. Central to this debate is the bi-polarization of gender relations within the same sex (biology/construction) and without (phallic/vaginal, clitoral, passive/active). What emerges is that femininity is bi-focal and that the woman has more resources at her disposal that hitherto acknowledged. While the woman is always double - as both clitoral and vaginal, as lover and mother- it appears that male sexuality is far more precarious than generally perceived. It is this dis-ease on the part of the male that translates itself into envy and, with it, the need to denigrate and belittle woman as the object of that envy. In Chapter 4 an attempt is made to overlap the seemingly divergent fields of analytic and systemic methodologies via the involvement of the therapist in the eco-system of analysis. The substantial role of the therapist -- and the coercive forces placed on him/her by the couple -- is used to modify Elkaim's model and to introduce the need for a telling of the particular stories that concentrate on the unique narratives of the warring couple rather than the patriarchal regime under which these stories are constrained. Before encountering these narratives an essay is made at establishing a methodology of sorts. Newton's scientific formulations are used in order to question the binary opposition that has been, historically, established between quantitative (male) and qualitative (female) methodologies. In the process of questioning this binary opposition it becomes clear that any form of objectifying approach constitutes a refuge from the messiness that is intrinsic to the therapeutic process. The experimental methodology that is posited is precisely one that engages in the narratives of male violence - four extracts are considered, each exposing different articulations of male violence. The question of female subjectivity (and the attendant power of the sorority) is returned to in light of these stories. Central to this section is the notion that male subjectivity is far more convoluted - perhaps more that the feminine counterpart - than initially conceived. The original identification with the (m)other forever displaces him in that the later identification with the father remains distant and contrived. For the purposes of maintaining the dialogic nature of this work, a feminist appraisal of the rage narratives concludes the thesis. Don Quixote is used, by way of an Epilogue, to offer three representations of male subjectivity and to look towards alternative subject positions for the male under patriarchy. / Psychology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Chronic pain, defined as pain lasting more than 3 months, is a common and costly health condition. Thirty-three percent of adults and upwards of 35% of children report experiencing pain due to various diseases, disorders, or accidents. Recent research has identified perceived injustice and anger as important constructs in an adult’s pain experience and a possible focus for intervention efforts. The present study explored the extent to which perceived injustice and anger expression operate similarly in children with chronic pain as in adults. This was a retrospective analysis of data from 122 patients seeking treatment at a pediatric pain clinic. Results supported anger expression as a mediator in the relationship between perceived injustice and pain intensity but not psychological distress, suggesting that anger expression operates similarly in children as in adults with chronic pain. Unlike previous findings in adults with chronic pain, injustice did not moderate the relationship between pain intensity and psychological distress, suggesting that injustice operates differently in children with chronic pain compared to adults. The strong association between injustice and pain outcomes (i.e. pain intensity, quality of life, functional disability) suggests that injustice is an important construct to explore in the chronic pain experience of children.

published_or_final_version / Social Work and Social Administration / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

This dissertation investigated the psychometric properties and clinical applications of the Psychosocial Inventory for Cardiovascular Illness (PICI). The PICI is an inventory developed to measure the psychosocial risk factors for heart disease including anxiety, depression, stress, social isolation, and anger. The inventory was developed to measure the ways that each psychosocial risk factor contributes to the coronary artery disease process through the lifestyle behaviors and pathophysiological mechanisms with which they are associated. The primary purpose of the study was to examine predictive validity for the PICI. With support for predictive validity, the inventory may aid in early identification of individuals at increased risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) so that behavioral, psychosocial, and medical interventions can be implemented. Both healthy and cardiac samples were used in the inventory development and validation process. The PICI was administered in conjunction with similar inventories and physiological markers of CAD were collected including percent of coronary artery blockage and history of heart attacks. Item analysis and factor analysis were used to yield a 20-item PICI comprised of three subscales to include Negative Affect, Social Isolation, and Anger. It was hypothesized that the PICI subscales would predict group membership; whether or not a participant carried a diagnosis of CAD, and would be have a strong relationship to the physiological markers of CAD that were measured. Analysis revealed that the PICI was unable to predict diagnostic status and did not have a strong relationship with the physiological markers of CAD. Results suggest that the PICI has acceptable reliability and construct validity as demonstrated in the current sample, yet further investigation must be conducted to gain support for the instrument’s predictive abilities. / text

Depression is believed to be the most prevalent mental dysfunction among older adults, and depression and anger are frequently linked in theory and in therapy. This study was undertaken to determine whether participation in group counseling sessions would increase awareness and expression of anger and decrease depression levels in women aged 65 and older. Treatment group members were compared to a matching control group. Both groups completed the Anger Self Report Questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory. Comparison of the ASR subscale scores, Awareness of Anger, Expression of Anger, Guilt, Condemnation of Anger, and Mistrust, revealed no significant differences between the treatment and control groups. However, the treatment group scored significantly higher on the BDI than did the control group. Analysis of variance of the ASR and the BDI, and the variables upon which the treatment and control groups were matched revealed some significant differences, and comparison of the women in this study with the two groups upon whom the ASR was validated showed this study's older women scored significantly lower than the validation groups on the ASR. The author concluded that six sessions is not long enough to effect change in either anger awareness or expression in older women, and more time is needed to establish group cohesiveness in older populations than that generally thought to be needed for younger populations. Replication of the study with men and women, and replication of Khe study using a longitudinal design is recommended in order to determine whether awareness and expression of anger change with age, or whether differences between older and younger populations are due to historical and environmental influences.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:27:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Carolina de Queiroz Cabral.pdf: 353047 bytes, checksum: d5b3860c05fa8c6591418e0e1290a917 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-13 / This study investigated the influence of mothers stress and anger on their children s level of stress. This sample was composed by 2 groups: one formed by 10 mothers with hypertension and their oldest child (from 6 to 10 years old), and the other group composed by 10 normotensive mothers and their oldest child (from 6 to 10 years old). There was no children s gender restriction. Data were collected during participants session in Campinas healthy centers and hospitals, using an identification form, followed by the Lipp s Stress Symptoms Inventory for Adults, State-Trait-Anger-Expression Inventory and the Infantile Stress Scale. Results point out a significant association among stress and anger state and trait, and stress and anger out and anger in. When anger state and trait levels were high, mothers stress was stronger. The higher the children s stress level was, the higher anger state, temper and anger in and out, and the lower was the mothers educational level. There was no difference between mothers blood pressure levels. Results suggest larger studies are necessary to investigate the possible correlation among mothers blood pressure, stress and anger. / Este estudo investigou a influ?ncia do stress e da raiva de m?es hipertensas e normotensas no n?vel de stress dos filhos. A amostra foi composta por dois grupos, sendo um composto por 10 m?es hipertensas, e o mais velho de seus filhos, a faixa et?ria entre 6 e 10 anos, sem restri??o do g?nero. O segundo grupo foi formado por 10 m?es normotensas e o mais velho de seus filhos, na faixa et?ria entre 6 e 10 anos. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se um formul?rio para identifica??o dos participantes, o Invent?rio de Sintomas de Stress para Adultos, o Invent?rio de Express?o de Raiva como Estado e Tra?o e a Escala de Stress Infantil. A testagem ocorreu em postos de sa?de e hospitais da cidade de Campinas. Os resultados revelaram uma associa??o significativa entre stress e estado, tra?o de raiva, raiva para fora e raiva para dentro: quanto maiores os escores de tra?o e estado de raiva, mais elevado o stress das m?es; e no que se refere aos filhos, maior freq??ncia de stress naqueles cujas m?es apresentavam baixa escolaridade, alta porcentagem de estado de raiva, temperamento de raiva e raiva para dentro e para fora. N?o houve diferen?a entre as m?es normotensas e hipertensas nas vari?veis estudadas. Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de estudos com amostras maiores a fim de se averiguar uma poss?vel correla??o dos n?veis de press?o arterial materna com o stress e a raiva.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:39:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guilherme Tavares de Siqueira.pdf: 347003 bytes, checksum: f7e17653b495dda18e2fd08de1370122 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-15 / The aim of this study was to review the literature on hostility in the Jungian theoretical context. Medical research has linked hostility to psychosomatic illnesses, self-destructive behaviour and the increase in violence. The review of knowledge on this theme would enable the health professional to perform more consciously. The review of the literature was based mainly on journals linked to the International Association of Analytical Psychology (IAAP) database and classical Jungian authors. From the material examined we concluded that there is no conceptual precision on this theme. The terms hostility, anger, aggressiveness, hatred, rage and violence are confused with each other. Different researchers sometimes use the same term with different meanings. However, despite the lack of terminological precision, there is consensus in the understanding of these phenomena. Hostility is related to illnesses resulting from disturbances in the autonomic nervous system, to an increase in violence, to attacks on the environment and to a deficiency in the person s sense of humanity. Hostility in its constructive aspect is important for creativity, interaction with the environment, expansion of consciousness and consolidation of the ego. In its destructive aspect it can be related to dysfunctions that arise prematurely on the ego-Self axis. As a product of culture, hostility is also understood to be a result of the devaluation and repression of the body and affections, values which are traditionally associated with femininity and erotic dynamics. Finally we emphasize the importance of studying hostility both on an individual level and collectively / Este estudo teve como objetivo fazer uma revisão de literatura sobre hostilidade, no referencial teórico junguiano. Pesquisas médicas têm relacionado a hostilidade a doenças psicossomáticas, comportamentos auto-destrutivos e ao aumento da violência. A revisão do conhecimento sobre o tema possibilitaria uma atuação mais consciente do profissional de saúde. A revisão da literatura foi baseada, principalmente, em revistas especializadas vinculadas à base de dados da International Association of Analythical Psychology (IAAP) e autores junguianos clássicos. Concluímos a partir do material levantado que não existe uma precisão conceitual em torno do tema. Os termos hostilidade, raiva, agressividade, ódio, ira e violência são confundidos. Pesquisadores distintos, por vezes, utilizam um mesmo termo com significados diferentes. Contudo, apesar da imprecisão terminológica, existe uma unidade na compreensão destes fenômenos. A hostilidade está relacionada a doenças decorrentes de alterações no sistema nervoso autônomo, aumento da violência, agressões ao meio-ambiente e a um senso de humanidade pouco intenso. A hostilidade em seu aspecto construtivo é importante para a criatividade, interação com o meio-ambiente, amplificação da consciência e consolidação do ego. No seu aspecto destrutivo pode estar relacionada a disfunções que se instalam precocemente no eixo ego-Si-mesmo. Como produto da cultura, a hostilidade também é entendida como conseqüência da desvalorização e repressão do corpo e dos afetos, valores tradicionalmente associados ao feminino e a dinâmica erótica. Por fim, destacamos a importância de se estudar a hostilidade tanto no nível individual como coletivamente

Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux mécanismes sous-jacents à la menace du stéréotype (Steele & Aronson, 1995). Notre objectif principal est de proposer une explication à l’effet délétère de menace du stéréotype sur la performance des individus stigmatisés à travers les conséquences comportementales et cognitives des émotions émergeant dans cette situation. Nos travaux s’articulent autour de deux objectifs de recherche. En premier lieu, nous souhaitons montrer que la situation de menace du stéréotype est susceptible de déclencher aussi bien de la peur que de la colère chez les individus stigmatisés. Nous postulons que l’adhésion ou la non adhésion des individus au stéréotype dont ils sont la cible déterminerait l’émergence de peur ou de colère respectivement. En second lieu, nous examinerons les processus cognitifs et motivationnels par lesquels ces deux émotions diminuent la performance des individus stigmatisés. / In this PhD thesis, we investigate specific mechanisms underlying stereotype threat (Steele & Aronson, 1995). Our main claim is that deleterious effect of stereotype threat on the performance of stigmatized individuals can be explained by the behavioral and cognitive consequences of the emotions emerging in this situation. The aim of the research program is twofold. First, we tested the idea that stereotype threat is likely to trigger fear, but also anger, in stigmatized individuals. Specifically, we assume that the endorsement vs non- endorsement to the stereotype respectively determines the emergence of fear or anger. Second, we investigate the cognitive and motivational processes through which these two emotions lead to a decrease in the performance of stigmatized individuals.