Although aggression as social phenomenon is widely researched, this research study aimed to illuminate the importance of early identification of excessively aggressive children specifically. The aim was to explore and gain an in-depth understanding of excessive aggressive behaviour during the preschool years. A qualitative research methodology was employed consisting of a parent interview, observations of the research participant and numerous play sessions consisting of various activities including free drawings; ‘Draw-a-Person ‘, a family drawing; the ‘Children’s Apperception Test’, and free play activities. The study explored various factors possibly leading to the onset and continuation of excessive aggressive behaviour. It seems clear that no single factor is responsible for the display of excessive aggression, but rather, multiple factors contribute to the problem of aggression as a whole. Play therapy is suggested as an effective method in the assessment and counselling of excessive aggressive behaviour in preschool children / Psychology / M.Sc. (Psychology)

The study aimed at giving a thick description of African families' experiences, views, cultural beliefs and interpretations of traumatic brain injury (TBI), and making recommendations for rehabilitation. It was conducted from the qualitative research paradigm, adopting a phenomenological research method. Twenty-two pairs of participants (patients and their caregivers )were interviewed about their perception of TBI. The semi-structured interviews were conducted at the participants' homes in Sesotho, and where necessary in their home languages. The consequences of TBI were found to follow universal trends (Oddy, 1984). However, participants' perceptions, as shaped by their experiences, views and cultural beliefs, were found to be unique. On analysing the gathered data, using inductive data analysis, it was found that African families' interpretations of TBI were based on beliefs about witchcraft, thwasa, Satanism, ancestral anger and God's wish. Based on these findings, rehabilitation services in the form of education, advocacy, networking and family therapy are recommended. / Psychology / M.A.(Clinical Psychology)

L’agressivité au volant est un phénomène déterminant de société, cependant trop peu étudié. En effet, un à deux accidents graves sur trois seraient attribuables à un comportement agressif en automobile (Deffenbacher, 2001). De ce fait, il paraît important d’étudier ce phénomène d’un point de vue psychologique et psychopathologique afin d’enrichir le champ des connaissances dans ce domaine. L’objectif général de cette thèse, se divisant en quatre études, est (1) d’examiner le rôle joué par les motivations, la colère, la forme d’agressivité et le parcours de vie dans l’étiologie du phénomène de conduite automobile agressive et transgressive, et (2) de nous interroger sur l’existence possibles de différents profils de conducteurs agressifs.Les résultats de ces quatre études attestent d’un intérêt à la fois théorique et pratique d’étudier l’étiologie de la conduite agressive et transgressive. Ils nous mettent sur la voie d’une double piste d’intervention : préventive et réadaptative. / Aggressive driving is of prime importance in our society, nevertheless there is a lack of research in the area. Indeed, 1 to 2 in 3 serious accidents would be due to aggressive driving (Deffenbacher, 2001). As a consequence, focusing on this issue in both psychological and psychopathological areas appears of prime importance. The general aim of the Ph.d dissertation, divided in 4 studies, was to (1) to examine the role of motivation, anger, type of assault and personal history in the etiology of both transgressive and aggressive driving (2) to examine the possible existence of different profiles of aggressive drivers.The results of the fourth studies highlight how interesting and useful theoretical and practical researches of the etiology of aggressive and transgressive driving are. A double intervention is then warranted: preventive and rehabilitative.

La notion de « bile », exprimée par le substantif χολή, représente l’un des plus importants et des plus célèbres concepts de la médecine hippocratique, inséparable dans la pensée moderne de la fameuse théorie humorale. Au premier abord, les choses semblent donc claires. Cependant, lorsqu’on se plonge dans la lecture des écrits hippocratiques, la notion de cholè s’avère moins simple et évidente. Notre analyse des textes hippocratiques montre, en effet, que la cholè diffère d’un traité à l’autre et que chaque auteur hippocratique élabore sa propre notion de cholè. Nous nous sommes posé alors la question de l’origine de ce concept médical, ainsi que de l’origine de son cadre, qui est la théorie humorale. Notre quête des origines nous a amenée jusqu’aux idées homérique de chólos et aristophanique de cholè, qui se présentent toutes les deux comme fondamentalement différentes de l’idée médicale de cholè, unissant en elles-mêmes les notions de substance et d’état d’esprit. C’est justement cet écart entre les concepts non-médicaux et les concepts médicaux qui nous a intéressée au plus haut point, car il permet de voir comment les médecins hippocratiques élaborent leurs idées et leur discours. L’essentiel de notre travail consiste, donc, en un examen approfondi des procédés par lesquels les hippocratiques s’approprient des idées non-médicales : ce qu’ils retranchent, ce qu’ils rajoutent et ce qu’ils remanient. Nous espérons ainsi mettre en évidence les chemins par lesquels passe la pensée médicale ancienne, dans son processus d’émancipation de la culture traditionnelle, mais aussi des autres « sciences » de l’époque, telle que la philosophie. / The notion of « gall », expressed by the noun χολή, is one of the most important as well as the most celebrated concepts of the hippocratic medicine, inseparable for the modern mind from the humoral theory. At first sight then, the idea of « gall » seems fairly obvious. However, reading hippocratic treatises in detail, one realizes that the notion of cholè turns out to be far more complex and intricate than expected. Our analysis of the most relevant hippocratic texts shows indeed that the concept of cholè varies according to the texts involved, as every author tends to develop his own concept of cholè. We tried to find out whether the complex nature of the medical concept known as cholè could be elucidated by a survey of its origins, and a survey of the origins of the humoral system as a whole. Our search for the origins of cholè has led us to the Homeric concept of chólos and to the Aristophanic concept of cholè. The prerequisites of both notions conspicuously differ from the medical concept of cholè, because they unite the substance with a state of mind. This discrepancy between medical and non-medical concepts was of utmost importance for us, since it helped to understand how hippocratic authors developed their ideas and their discourse. The main asset of our work consists, therefore, in an in-depth analysis of the ways in which hippocratic authors take over some non-medical ideas to frame concepts of their own : what are the components they cut out, add or modify. Our goal is to show how ancient medical thought proceeds, in its endeavour to emancipate itself from the tradition as well as from the other contemporary “sciences”, as philosophy.

Moralisches und unmoralisches Verhalten kann mit starken Emotionen verbunden sein. Beispielsweise kann das Beobachten einer Ungerechtigkeit echte Empörung auslösen (d. h. third-party anger). Außergewöhnliche Hilfsbereitschaft dagegen kann zu Gefühlen des Bewegtseins und der Überwältigung führen (d. h. being moved). Am Beispiel dieser Emotionen beleuchtet die vorliegende Dissertation wie Moral und Emotionen zusammenhängen. Dafür wurde die Rolle von Konsequenzen und Normen für emotionale Reaktionen und damit verbundene Verhaltensweisen anhand von sechs empirischen Studien untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Gefühle des Bewegtseins das positive Pendent zu Ärger darstellen. Während Ärger durch Normverletzungen ausgelöst wird (z. B. Ungerechtigkeit oder Respektlosigkeit), werden Gefühle des Bewegtseins durch das Beobachten positiver Normabweichungen ausgelöst (z. B. ungewöhnliche Hilfsbereitschaft oder außergewöhnliche Leistung). Diese emotionalen Episoden scheinen wesentlich für ein soziales Zusammenleben zu sein, da sie mit Bestrafungsentscheidungen, politischen Wahlentscheidungen und ehrenamtlicher Arbeit verbunden waren. Wie diese Emotionen ausgelöst werden konnte wesentlich besser erklärt werden, wenn bestehende Methoden zur Erfassung von Appraisals (d. h. subjektiven Bewertungen) erweitert wurden. Zusammengenommen zeigen diese Befunde auf, wie Appraisaltheorien auf moralische Emotionen angewendet werden können und tragen dazu bei, Verbindungen zwischen moralischen Grundsätzen und Emotionen zu identifizieren. Sie weisen außerdem auf praktische Implikationen hin, wie der Auslösung von Ärger durch Medien und der Rolle von Gefühlen des Bewegtseins in Überzeugungsprozessen. / Moral and immoral behavior can elicit strong emotions. For instance, people can get outraged when they witness unfair behavior (i.e., they experience third-party anger) and they can be intensely moved and overwhelmed by exceptional helpfulness (i.e., they experience feelings of being moved). Using these feelings of third-party anger and being moved as examples, this dissertation set out to clarify how morality and emotions are related. Specifically, the role of outcomes and norms for emotional reactions and behavioral consequences were investigated within six empirical studies. Results indicate that third-party anger and feelings of being moved are counterparts: whereas witnessing behavior that violates norms (e.g., unfairness or disrespect) elicits anger, witnessing behavior that surpasses norms (e.g., exceptional helpfulness or outstanding achievement) elicits feelings of being moved. These emotional episodes seem to be highly relevant for social life as they were associated with punishment decisions, voting intentions and voluntary work. Explaining the elicitation of these emotions was improved when expanding established appraisal assessment methods. Taken together, these findings provide a framework for applying appraisal research to moral emotions and contribute to identifying links between moral principles and emotions. In addition, they point to practical implications concerning anger-induction through the media and the role of being moved in persuasion processes.

The press is filled with stories about termination of customer relationships in banking, telecom and other service industries. Yet, there is limited research on firm-initiated service termination and in particular, customers’ reactions to different termination strategies is under-researched. This study employs a 2 (termination strategies: firm-oriented and customer-oriented) * 5 (compensation types: explanation, apology, moderate monetary compensation, high monetary compensation and no compensation) experimental design with US adult consumers in retail banking. In phase 1, the study examines the direct and indirect effects of termination severity on customers’ reactions and the perceived justice theory is used to explain the post termination conceptual framework. The results show that a firm-oriented approach is perceived as more severe and less fair compared with a customer-oriented approach. In addition, termination severity negatively influences perceived justice and positively influences anger, direct complaint, negative WoM and revenge behaviours. The results also demonstrate that anger and perceived justice mediate the relationships between termination severity and behavioural responses and attitude towards complaining moderates the effects of anger on revenge, direct and third party complaint. The study contributes to the service termination literature by enhancing the understanding of the consequences of service termination and also providing a theoretical model of customers’ attitudinal, emotional and behavioural reactions to firm-initiated service termination. Furthermore, little is known about the role that compensation plays in influencing customers’ responses to intentional failures such as service termination. Therefore, in phase 2, this research examines the effects of different types of compensation and different level of monetary compensation on customers’ anger, satisfaction, image and negative WoM following the two termination approaches. Expectancy violation theory is used to explain the post compensation conceptual model. Contrary to the accepted wisdom, the findings reveal that explanation is the salient compensation type for both termination approaches. In addition, high level of monetary compensation is only effective following a firm-oriented, but not a customer-oriented approach. Moreover, apology and moderate monetary compensation are not effective in improving customers’ satisfaction and reducing their anger following either approach. The research contributes to the service recovery literature by examining the effectiveness of psychological and monetary compensation in service termination, which is an intentional failure. The findings provide managers with critical insights about the effectiveness of different compensation strategies based on specific termination strategies (i.e. psychological compensation following customer-oriented and both psychological and high monetary compensation following firm-oriented approaches).

A National Survey indicated that 1.6 million adolescents in the U.S. were arrested in 2010 and 1.5 million in 2011 for erratic aggressive behaviors, thus showing a decline from the 2.18 million adolescent arrests in 2007. Residential facilities in the state of Pennsylvania offer a group intervention called Aggression Replacement Training (ART) to help adjudicated adolescents regain control of erratic behaviors. The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which level of group participation in ART and certain demographic factors (age, gender, ethnicity, family socioeconomic status, parental involvement, and education) predict decreased aggression and increased anger control among these youth. Cognitive theory and change theory were used to guide this causal-comparative investigation. The overarching research question was, does a youth's level of ART group participation (i.e., attentive, inattentive, and resistant) result in a subsequent reduction in risk assessment as measured by post Aggression Questionnaire score differences. Data were collected for the period of 2011-2014 from archival records from 5 residential facilities (n = 160) in Pennsylvania and were statistically analyzed. Findings from an analysis of variance indicate that ART group participation predict decreased erratic aggressive behaviors and increased anger control among adolescents. Findings from multiple regression analyses indicate that parental involvement predicts attentive participation level, whereas ART group participation, gender, and parental involvement predicted a reduction in risk assessment. Study findings may assist other treatment facilities and affiliated agencies in the U.S. with developing and implementing effective interventions for youth who exhibit erratic aggressive behaviors.

<p>Anledningar till att ilska väcks till liv är individuella och kan exempelvis bero på orättvis behandling eller maktlöshet. Ilska känns på liknande sätt inombords hos alla individer vilket innebär att en student som känner ilska över att kamraten fuskat på en tenta, kan uppleva liknande känslor av ilska inombords som patienten som tvingas vänta på sina mediciner. När ilska väl kommit in i kroppen måste den ”komma ut”.  Ilskans väg ut ur kroppen skiljer sig åt från person till person där en del yttrar sin ilska fysiskt medan andra yttrar den verbalt eller via tårar. När ilska försvunnit ut ur kroppen skapas möjlighet för reflektion. En del upplever ilska som en drivkraft för förändring medan andra känner skam och ånger över sitt beteende. Ilska är något vi alla har upplevt och fortsättningsvis kommer att uppleva. Att skapa en förståelse för fenomenet ilska kan skapa förutsättningar för vårdpersonalen att förstå ilska hos patienter. Genom att förstå orsakerna till varför ilska uppstår kan en bra relation mellan vårdpersonal och patient skapas vilket är av stor betydelse för att en god omvårdnad ska kunna utövas.</p> / <p>Reasons why anger evokes is individual and can elicit when a person experience unfairness or feel powerlessness. Anger feels similar on the inside among all individuals which means that a student who feels anger due to a friend who as cheated on an exam can experience the same anger as the patient who is forced to wait for his/her medications. When anger has entered the body it has to “come out”. How anger leaves the body differs from person to person where some express their anger physically while others get their anger out verbally or through tears. When anger has left the body, reflections become possible. Some people experience anger as a driving force for making a change while others feel disgrace and regret due to their behaviour. Anger is something we all have experienced and will continue to do. Understanding the phenomenon anger can create conditions for professionals to understand the patient’s anger. A good relationship between professionals and patients can be founded through understanding why anger evokes which is important for developing a good nursing care</p>

Estudi emmarcat en el projecte de recerca europeu: Young Adults in Germany, Italy, Sweden, Spain and Portugal (YAGISSP) que estudia l'estil de vida dels joves que tenen entre 20 i 30 anys a Europa, els objectius a aconseguir són:-Cercar els trets comuns i les diferències entre els joves-adults de Barcelona, Munic i Milà, en relació a 4 escales que són: prendre conductes de risc, depressió, explosivitat i tendència a l'ira i autoestima negativa.-Analitzar les diferències entre els joves de les tres ciutats pel que fa referència a aspectes sociodemogràfics i mesurar-ne la influència en les quatre escales esmentades.És un estudi transcultural de diferències psicològiques, no experimental i transversal. Realitzat a partir d'una mostra de 1.653 joves, entre 20 i 30 anys, de Barcelona, Munic i Milà als que se'ls va administrar el qüestionari YAGISSP que recull informació com: dades sociodemogràfiques, ajustament psicològic, relacions de parella, relacions amb la família d'origen, etc. L'explotació de les dades s'ha fet en tres fases: 1- Estudi descriptiu en el que es comparen les característiques sociodemogràfiques dels joves-adults a les tres ciutats. 2- Estudi inferencial en el que es cerquen trets comuns i diferències de l'ajustament psicològic entre els joves-adults de Barcelona, Munic i Milà. 3- Creació de models jeràrquics lineals per cercar i mesurar quines característiques sociodemogràfiques influencien en l'ajustament psicològic del jove-adult.Un cop analitzats els resultats, podem concloure que els joves de Barcelona, Munic i Milà, presenten més trets comuns que diferències tant pel que fa a característiques sociodemogràfiques com pel que fa al risc, la depressió, l'explosivitat i l'autoestima negativa. També podem concloure que la ciutat d'origen és un factor que té influència en els aspectes estudiats i que també tenen influencia altres variables, en diferent mesura depenent de l'escala estudiada, com ara: el sexe, l'edat, el nivell educatiu, tenir parella i, en menor mesura no viure amb els pares o estar treballant. / Estudio enmarcado en el proyecto de investigación europeo: Young Adults in Germany, Italy, Sweden, Spain and Portugal (YAGISSP) que estudia el estilo de vida de los jóvenes que tienen entre 20 y 30 años en Europa, los objetivos a conseguir son:· Encontrar los rasgos comunes y las diferencias entre los jóvenes-adultos de Barcelona, Múnich y Milán, en relación a 4 escalas que son: tomar conductas de riesgo, depresión, explosividad y tendencia a la ira y autoestima negativa.· Analizar las diferencias entre los jóvenes de las tres ciudades en relación a aspectos sociodemográficos y medir su influencia en las cuatro escalas mencionadas.Es un estudio transcultural de diferencias psicológicas, no experimental y transversal. Realizado a partir de una muestra de 1.653 jóvenes de entre 20 y 30 años de Barcelona, Múnich y Milán a los que se les administró el cuestionario YAGISSP que recoge información como: datos sociodemográficos, ajuste psicológico, relaciones de pareja, relaciones con la familia de origen, etc. La explotación de los datos se ha realizado en tres fases: 1-Estudio descriptivo en el que se comparan las características sociodemográficas de los jóvenes-adultos en las tres ciudades. 2-Estudio inferencial donde se buscan rasgos comunes y diferencias en el ajuste psicológico entre los jóvenes-adultos de Barcelona, Múnich y Milán. 3-Creación de modelos jerárquicos lineales para buscar y medir qué características sociodemográficas tienen influencia en el ajuste psicológico del joven-adulto.Una vez analizados los resultados, podemos concluir que los jóvenes de Barcelona, Múnich y Milán, presentan más rasgos comunes que diferencias tanto en características sociodemográficas como por lo que se refiere a: el riesgo, la depresión, la explosividad y la autoestima negativa. También podemos concluir que la ciudad de origen es un factor que tiene influencia en los aspectos estudiados y que también tienen influencia otras variables, en diferente medida dependiente de la escala estudiada, cómo son: el sexo, la edad, el nivel educativo, el tener pareja y, en menor medida, el no vivir con los padres o estar trabajando. / The study is framed in the research European project "Young Adults in Germany, Italy, Sweden, Spain and Portugal" (YAGISSP) that studies the lifestyle of young-adults that are between 20 and 30 years old in Europe. The goals are:· Finding the common traits and the differences between young-adults in Barcelona, Munich and Milan relating to four scales that are: Risk Taking Behavior, Depression, Explosiveness and Anger tendency, Negative Self-Esteem.· Analyzing the differences among young-adults from the three cities relating to socio-demographic aspects and measuring their influences in the four scales mentioned before.It is a cross-cultural, non-experimental and transversal study about psychological differences. The sample is made up of 1653 young-adults that are between 20 and 30 years old from Barcelona, Munich and Milan that completed the YAGISSP questionnaire containing information about: socio-demographic data, psychological adjustment, couple relationships, relation with the family of origin, etc. The data exploration has been made in three different phases: 1- Descriptive study in which the socio-demographic characteristics of the young-adults from the three cities are compared. 2- Inferential study in which common traits and differences of the psychological adjustment of the young-adults of the three cities are searched. 3- Creation of lineal hierarchical models in order to find and measure which are the socio-demographic characteristics that influence the psychological adjustment of young-adults.After having analyzed the results we can conclude that young-adults from Barcelona, Munich and Milan present more common traits than differences in regard to socio-demographic characteristics as well as in risk, depression explosiveness and negative self-esteem. It can also be concluded that the city of origin is a factor that can influence the aspects that have been studied and also other variables in a different way depending on the studied scale, like: gender, age, cultural.

Anledningar till att ilska väcks till liv är individuella och kan exempelvis bero på orättvis behandling eller maktlöshet. Ilska känns på liknande sätt inombords hos alla individer vilket innebär att en student som känner ilska över att kamraten fuskat på en tenta, kan uppleva liknande känslor av ilska inombords som patienten som tvingas vänta på sina mediciner. När ilska väl kommit in i kroppen måste den ”komma ut”.  Ilskans väg ut ur kroppen skiljer sig åt från person till person där en del yttrar sin ilska fysiskt medan andra yttrar den verbalt eller via tårar. När ilska försvunnit ut ur kroppen skapas möjlighet för reflektion. En del upplever ilska som en drivkraft för förändring medan andra känner skam och ånger över sitt beteende. Ilska är något vi alla har upplevt och fortsättningsvis kommer att uppleva. Att skapa en förståelse för fenomenet ilska kan skapa förutsättningar för vårdpersonalen att förstå ilska hos patienter. Genom att förstå orsakerna till varför ilska uppstår kan en bra relation mellan vårdpersonal och patient skapas vilket är av stor betydelse för att en god omvårdnad ska kunna utövas. / Reasons why anger evokes is individual and can elicit when a person experience unfairness or feel powerlessness. Anger feels similar on the inside among all individuals which means that a student who feels anger due to a friend who as cheated on an exam can experience the same anger as the patient who is forced to wait for his/her medications. When anger has entered the body it has to “come out”. How anger leaves the body differs from person to person where some express their anger physically while others get their anger out verbally or through tears. When anger has left the body, reflections become possible. Some people experience anger as a driving force for making a change while others feel disgrace and regret due to their behaviour. Anger is something we all have experienced and will continue to do. Understanding the phenomenon anger can create conditions for professionals to understand the patient’s anger. A good relationship between professionals and patients can be founded through understanding why anger evokes which is important for developing a good nursing care