This article proposes that the legal relationship between humans and nonhuman animals in Canada must be redefined. It will be shown that the current Canadian legal system is based on the assumption of human superiority, which has resulted in the interests of nonhuman animals being given little to no legal consideration since at law they are merely property. This conceptualization of our relationship with nonhuman animals, and the resulting harm that it causes to them is in direct conflict with developments over the last century in science, ethics, and the laws, policies and jurisprudence of various countries. These developments support the argument that nonhuman animals are entitled to have their interests considered in law. This article proposes that the relationship in Canada be redefined to eliminate the property status of nonhuman animals, and that the new relationship should take the form of nonhuman animals being granted the status of legal persons.

This article proposes that the legal relationship between humans and nonhuman animals in Canada must be redefined. It will be shown that the current Canadian legal system is based on the assumption of human superiority, which has resulted in the interests of nonhuman animals being given little to no legal consideration since at law they are merely property. This conceptualization of our relationship with nonhuman animals, and the resulting harm that it causes to them is in direct conflict with developments over the last century in science, ethics, and the laws, policies and jurisprudence of various countries. These developments support the argument that nonhuman animals are entitled to have their interests considered in law. This article proposes that the relationship in Canada be redefined to eliminate the property status of nonhuman animals, and that the new relationship should take the form of nonhuman animals being granted the status of legal persons.

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Legal Regulation of Animal Protection Ex Situ in USA and the Czech Republic This thesis aims to compare the legislation of animal protection ex situ in the Czech Republic and USA. The content is systematically divided in two sections. First section focuses on different law systems, which is international, national and local legislation. Second section explains the law used in different institutions that provide ex situ protection, such as zoos, aquariums, wildlife sanctuaries, etc. The thesis describes different legal approaches and uses several examples for a practical comparison. In its conclusion the thesis sums up the negatives and positives of each legislation and their overall quality and efficiency. The thesis also points out some of the desirable solutions to some current problems and a possible development in the area.

The issues raised in this thesis concern the adverse effects of EU's wildlife trade regulations, mainly the unequal treatment of captive and wild-born endangered animals. The nature of these regulations is analyzed from an animal law perspective. The purpose of the analysis is to determine whether the regulations are anthropocentric and, if so, what issues arise from it. Previous research has studied the legal personhood of animals in relation to animal welfare. This thesis continues that discussion by examining legal animal rights as a potential solution to the issues of wildlife trade. The analysis is pragmatic and employs a non-formalistic view of law. Consequentially, it uses a doctrinal and legal philosophical approach, meaning that sources outside of law are integral to the discussion. The results of the analysis show that EU’s wildlife trade regulations are anthropocentric and that this has led to severe issues regarding the welfare of endangered animals. In addition, the practical enforcement of the regulations has proven defective. Legal rights for animals seem to provide a viable solution to these issues, yet their practical implementation is complicated. The reasons for this are primarily financial and opinion-based. Therefore, a step-by-step approach, starting with limited fundamental rights and resulting in full legal personhood for animals, is recommended for this approach to be successful.

Submitted by Ana Valéria de Jesus Moura (anavaleria_131@hotmail.com) on 2018-09-13T17:58:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado - Álvaro de Azevedo Alves Brito-3.pdf: 1315472 bytes, checksum: 52412c152a4453bab7980a3eb9168d1f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Valéria de Jesus Moura (anavaleria_131@hotmail.com) on 2018-09-13T17:58:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado - Álvaro de Azevedo Alves Brito-3.pdf: 1315472 bytes, checksum: 52412c152a4453bab7980a3eb9168d1f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-13T17:58:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado - Álvaro de Azevedo Alves Brito-3.pdf: 1315472 bytes, checksum: 52412c152a4453bab7980a3eb9168d1f (MD5) / A presente pesquisa objetiva analisar como a transdisciplinaridade, tendo como referência o pensamento complexo e o pensamento pós-humanista, pode apresentar-se como método de ensino do Direito Animal. O paradigma cartesiano promoveu a cisão entre filosofia e a ciência e, por consequência, a fragmentação do conhecimento e a produção e um saber unidimensional/disciplinar. A necessidade da superação da fragmentação do saber enseja, no Direito, a busca por novos paradigmas e por uma perspectiva transdisciplinar que compreenda os vários níveis de realidade apresentados nos complexos problemas cotidianos. A Resolução CNE/CP nº 9/2004, que estabeleceu as vigentes Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para os cursos de graduação em Direito, manteve a exigência à observância da interdisciplinaridade na formação dos estudantes — algo já previsto, em dimensão menor, desde a Portaria do MEC nº 1.886/1994. A nova proposta de reformolução dessas Diretrizes, de autoria da OAB, amplia a relevância da interdisciplinaridade no Direito, mencionando, inclusive, a transdisciplinaridade. Apesar disso, essa proposta de reformulação ignora a necessidade da obrigatoriedade dos conteúdos do Direito Animal no currículo, muito embora tenha incluído a previsão de conteúdos relativos ao Direito Ambiental. A iniciativa da adoção da interdisciplinaridade e da transdisciplinaridade no ensino jurídico parece ser obstacularizada por uma proposta de currículo composto por disciplinas jurídicas tradicionais, com perfil e métodos compatíveis com o paradigma cartesiano e, ainda, com o paradigma antropocêntrico. Esta pesquisa concluiu que o Direito Animal, por suas características e pelas particularidades do seu objeto de estudo, por outro lado, exige a adoção de um método transdisciplinar, que se adéqua às exigências normativas do ensino jurídico brasileiro e que tem potencial para colaborar na desconstrução do viés curricular tradicional, de caráter cartesiano e antropocêntrico. Para tanto, teve-se como parâmetro uma pesquisa de caráter bibliográfico, que recorreu à análise documental, tendo como método de procedimento o monográfico e como baliza o diálogo entre o pensamento complexo e o pensamento pós-humanista no ensino jurídico. / The present research aims to analyze how transdisciplinarity, using as reference the complex thinking and post-humanistic thinking, can be presented as a method of teaching Animal Law. The Cartesian paradigm promoted the split between philosophy and science and, consequently, the fragmentation of knowledge and production and a onedimensional/ disciplinary wisdom. The need to overcome the fragmentation of knowledge gave the opportunity, in law, to search for new paradigms and for a transdisciplinary perspective that understands the various levels of reality presented in the complex daily problems. Resolution CNE/CP (National Education Advisory Council/Full Concil, in Portuguese) nº 9/2004, which established the current National Curricular Guidelines for undergraduate courses in Law, maintained the requirement for observance of interdisciplinarity in the training of students - something already expected, in a smaller dimension, since the Ordinance of MEC (Ministry of Education, in Portuguese) nº 1.886/1994. The new proposal for reformulation of these Guidelines, authored by the OAB (Lawyers from Brazil Organization, in Portuguese), extends the relevance of interdisciplinarity in Law, mentioning, including, transdisciplinarity. Despite it, this reformulation proposal ignores the need for the mandatory content of Animal Law in the curriculum, even though it included the prediction of contents related to Environmental Law. The initiative of adopting interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity in legal education seems to be obscured by a curriculum proposal composed of traditional legal disciplines, with profiles and methods compatible with the Cartesian paradigm and, also, with the anthropocentric paradigm. This research concluded that Animal Law, due to its characteristics and the particularities of its object of study, on the other hand, requires the adoption of a transdisciplinary method, which adequate itself to the normative requirements of Brazilian legal education and that there is potential to collaborate in the deconstruction of the traditional curricular bias, of Cartesian and anthropocentric character. For that, a bibliographic research was used as a parameter, which used the documentary analysis, using the monographic as a method of procedure and as reference the dialogue between complex thinking and posthumanist thinking in legal education.

Submitted by Ana Valéria de Jesus Moura (anavaleria_131@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-30T15:33:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ANA CONCEIÇÃO BARBUDA SANCHES GUIMARÃES FERREIRA.pdf: 6225011 bytes, checksum: 14a0290c3aeb54a346421970e5a467ee (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Valéria de Jesus Moura (anavaleria_131@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-30T15:34:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ANA CONCEIÇÃO BARBUDA SANCHES GUIMARÃES FERREIRA.pdf: 6225011 bytes, checksum: 14a0290c3aeb54a346421970e5a467ee (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-30T15:34:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ANA CONCEIÇÃO BARBUDA SANCHES GUIMARÃES FERREIRA.pdf: 6225011 bytes, checksum: 14a0290c3aeb54a346421970e5a467ee (MD5) / Com esta pesquisa, pretendeu-se demonstrar para o sistema de justiça brasileiro a importância de se adotar a Teoria da Transcendência dos Motivos Determinantes nas decisões proferidas pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal, no controle concentrado de Constitucionalidade. Isso se faz a partir da articulação com o Direito dos Animais e da análise de julgados da Magna Corte de Justiça sobre o tema da tutela de proteção aos animais não-humanos. As decisões definitivas de mérito proferidas pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal, nas ações diretas de inconstitucionalidade, produzem efeitos erga omnes e vinculante, retirando do ordenamento jurídico o ato normativo ou lei incompatível com a Constituição (art. 102, §2º da CF). Contudo, tais efeitos abrangem somente o dispositivo da sentença. O STF declarou a inconstitucionalidade da estadual Lei nº 15.299/2013 que regulamentava a atividade da “vaquejada” como prática desportiva e cultura, mas os limites objetivos desta declaração somente vincularam tão somente ao Estado do Ceará, uma vez que não são reconhecidos os efeitos transcendentais desta decisão. No caso em tela, o Direito Fundamental de Proteção ao Meio Ambiente (artigo 225 da Constituição Federal) sobrepõe-se aos valores culturais da atividade desportiva, diante da crueldade intrínseca aplicada aos animais na vaquejada. Este fundamento foi o motivo determinante para o deslinde de mérito da causa. Contudo, o STF não vem reconhecendo a extensão do efeito vinculante de que são dotadas suas decisões em controle concentrado de constitucionalidade. Argumenta-se sobre a fragilidade da configuração do STF como corte constitucional em razão especialmente das matérias variadas de sua competência e forma de constituição. Ao lado destes impasses, outro se insurge, relativamente a Emenda Constitucional 96/2017, que acresceu novo inciso ao art. 225, §1º, da Constituição Federal, no ensejo de não serem considerados cruéis as práticas desportivas que utilizem animais, desde que sejam manifestações culturais. Demonstra-se que a superação legislativa ofende direito fundamental, apresentando-se como inconstitucional, em razão da prescrição contida no artigo 60, § 4º, da CF. Examina-se, ainda, a importância da consolidação do microssistema de precedentes judiciais gestado pelo novo Código de Processo Civil, que oportuniza um diálogo entre as fontes contidas no Civil Law, Common Law, Stare Decisis, sinalizando que a aplicação pelo STF da Teoria da Transcendência dos motivos determinantes pode contribuir e promover a consolidação dos princípios da segurança e coerência jurídica, primados dos Direitos Fundamentais, no qual se insere o Brasil. / The present research demonstrates the importance for the Brazilian justice system in adopting the Theory of Transcendence of Determining Motives in the decisions handed down by the Federal Supreme Court, in the concentrated control of Constitutionality and it happens from the articulation with the Law of the Animals and the analysis of Judged by the Magna Court on the protection of non-human animals. The final decisions of merit rendered by the Federal Supreme Court in the direct actions of unconstitutionality produce erga omnes and binding effects, removing from the legal system the normative act or law incompatible with the Constitution (article 102, § 2 of the CF). However, such effects cover only the sentence device. The STF declared the unconstitutionality of state law number. 15,299 / 2013, which regulated the activity of the "vaquejada" as sports practice and culture, but the objective limits of this statement were only binding on the State of Ceará, because the transcendental effects of this decision are not recognized. In the present case, the Fundamental Right to protect the environment (Article 225 of the Federal Constitution) overlaps with the cultural values of sporting activity, given the intrinsic cruelty applied to animals in the “vaquejada”. This plea was the determining factor for the merits of the case, but the Supreme Court has not been acknowledging the extent of the binding effect of its decisions on concentrated constitutionality control. It argues about the fragility of the configuration of the STF as a constitutional court due in particular to the varied matters of its competence and form of constitution. Beside these impasses, another problem appears, regarding Constitutional Amendment 96/2017, which added a new subsection to art. 225, paragraph 1, of the Federal Constitution, in the event that sporting practices that use animals are not considered cruel, provided that they are cultural manifestations. It demonstrated that the overcoming of legislation offends fundamental right, presenting itself as unconstitutional, due to the prescription contained in article 60, § 4, of the CF. It also examines the importance of consolidating of the judicial precedents micro-system established by the new Code of Civil Procedure, which provides a dialogue between the sources contained in the Civil Law, Common Law, Stare Decisis, indicating that the STF’ s application of Transcendence of the determinant motives can contribute and promote the consolidation of the principles of security and legal coherence, primacy of Fundamental Rights, in which Brazil is inserted.