I detta examensarbete undersöker jag hur tapetserare kan använda sig av grafisk kommunikation för att enkelt förmedla det komplexa och i många fall dolda hantverket i relation till prissättning inom yrket. Hantverk är redan som det är svårt att ta betalt för och att det delvis dessutom inte är synligt för kunden gör inte det hela enklare.Det jag kommit underfund med under skrivandets gång har varit att detta även varit ett sätt för mig att på något vis förebygga att det gamla och traditionella yrke som tapetsering ju är inte riskerar att glömmas och försvinna bort. Genom att gå in på grunderna inom grafisk kommunikation och de olika elementen så som typografi, bild och form ges jag medel att skapa en genomarbetad grafisk mall för utskrivet dokument som jag kan skicka med mina framtida kunder för att informera om vad just deras möbel genomgått. På så sätt blir min kund medveten om den omfattande hantverksprocessen och införstådd med vad hen betalar för vid köp av mina tjänster. Jag anser att detta sätt att kommunicera kan bidra till att sprida kunskap inom hantverket. / In this thesis “Graphic tools of communication - Unfolding the complexity of the upholsterers craft” I examine how upholsterers can use graphic communication to mediate the complex and often hidden handcraft.Handcraft is already hard to charge and the fact that parts of the work is not even visible for the customers does not make the whole thing any easier. What I have become aware of during the process of writing is that this has also been a way for me to prevent the disappearance of the traditional and unique handcraft that upholstery is. By going in to the basics of graphic communication and the different parts that it contains like typography, photography, illustrations and layout, I am given the ability to create a simple and structured template for a printed document which I can give my future customers to inform them about what work has been done on their own piece of furniture. In that way they will become aware of the extensive process that the craft involves and understands what he or she is actually paying for when buying my expertise.I reckon this way of communication can contribute in spreading knowledge about crafts, such as upholstery.

Electrodes from lead-acid batteries were studied using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. This to observe the effects of cycling on the batteries and how a capacity recovery process, known as Macbat regeneration, affected the active material with focus on hard sulphation. First, two new batteries were cycled for two months and electrodes from them were studied when the batteries were new, cycled, fully charged after cycling and regenerated after cycling. Then electrodes from a separate battery that had been used in industry was studied prior to and after Macbat regeneration. On the cycled batteries it was found that after the cycling of the batteries no hard sulphation were present on the electrodes. The study of the separate battery showed that the battery had hard sulphation in its electrodes and that the Macbat regeneration was able to remove hard sulphation both on the surface of the electrodes and also inside the active material. / Elektroder från bly syra batterier studerades med hjälp av svepelektronmikroskopi och energidispersiv spektroskopi. Detta för att observera effekterna av cykling på batterierna och hur en process för kapacitet återhämtning, kännd som Macbat regenerering, påverkade det aktiva materialet med fokus på hård sulfatering. Först blev två nya batterier cyklade i två månader och elektroder från dem studerades när batterierna var nya, cyklade, fulladdade efter cykling och regenererade efter cykling. Sedan studerades elektroder före och efter Macbat regenerering från ett separat batteri som hade använts i industri. På  de cyklade batterierna fann man att efter cyklingen av batterierna fanns ingen hård sulfatering på elektroderna. Studien av det separata batteriet visade att batteriet hade hård sulfatering i elektroderna och att Macbat regenereringen kunde ta bort hård sulfatering både på ytan och även inne det aktiva materialet.

Electroanalysis offers cheap and selective analysis of interesting solutions. However, one of the most common drawbacks is the accessibility for electrochemical sensing. By using high-pressure microfluidics with an integrated three-electrode system, new possibilities open for increased accessibility. Therefore, there is a need to fabricate sustainable reference surfaces into highly pressure tolerant microchannels. In this thesis, Ag/AgCl reference surfaces were in-situ fabricated in high-pressure microfluidic chips. This was performed by electroplating Ag on thin film Pt in microchannels and then chlorinating the silver into Ag/AgCl. Electroanalysis of ferrocyanide was carried out in a microfluidic chip using one of the in-situ fabricated Ag/AgCl references. The half-wave potential showed to be around +251 mV and the electrochemical water window was measured to 1400 mV with a range between -300 mV and +1100 mV. The obtained values show to be comparable to reference data of similar experiments performed elsewhere. For some applications of electrochemistry, a catalysis surface is beneficial. Nanoporous Pt black has proved to generate high catalytic performance in electrochemistry. Therefore, attempts have been carried out to fabricate Pt black onto Pt thin films, with the vision to succeed with such fabrication within microfluidic channels. To summarize, this project work has showed a possibility to in-situ fabricate Ag/AgCl reference surfaces. The project has also showed how to use such surfaces as reference electrodes for electroanalysis in high-pressure microfluidic chips. Lastly, new challenges and ideas to fabricate catalysis surfaces on thin film electrodes in flow channels have been presented. By this thesis, one more step has been taken to increase the accessibility for electroanalysis.

Cells are the smallest living units and together they form all living organisms on earth. The cells are not only the building blocks of all living things, they also possess the most important information about life. A deeper understanding of these units may reveal hidden secrets about difficultly cured diseases, memory and learning, among others. Today’s techniques have problems such as low sensitivity, lethal preparation steps for the cells and overlaps in result spectra. Microfluidics has shown to be a useful tool allowing improved dynamic control, high throughput and sensitivity in nanoliters. The aim with this project is to design a microfluidic system for future integration with photonic sensors. Three different designs were developed, one design with the aim to integrate with photonic sensors and two for cell trapping only. Simulations and analytical calculations were performed to verify the requirements of single cell trapping. Simulation and analytical calculation results consorted, except for the ladder design. Moreover, strength calculations were performed for the sensor, to verify that it could handle the high pressures. A fabrication process was developed and an OSTE polymer was chosen as a suitable material. The transparency of the OSTE for fluorescent signals was studied. Results from the fabrication show proper lithography and molding as well as flow through channels. However, bubbles tend to appear in the channels. A rough surface of the chip appeared to primarily come from defects and filth on mask and mold. Three different connector solutions were tested, but they could not stand the high pressures. The work in this project has taken the development one step closer to the final goal to integrate photonic biosensors with a microfluidic system enabling single cell sensing.

The current work contains experimental and theoretical work about the formation of martensite from the austenitic state of the steel Hardox 450. Simulation of rolling and subsequent quenching of martensitic steel plates requires a model that can account for previous deformation, current stresses and the temperature history, therefore dilatometry experiments were performed, with and without deformation. Two austenitization schedules were used and in the standard dilatometry the cooling rates varied between 5-100 °C/s, in order to find the minimum cooling rate that gives a fully martensitic microstructure. Cooling rates larger than 40°C/s gave a fully martensitic microstructure. The cooling rate of 100 °C/s was used in the deformation dilatometry tests where the uniaxial deformation varied from 5-50 %. The theoretical work involved modelling of the martensite formation and the thermal/transformation strains they cause in the steel. Characterizations were done using light optical microscopy, hardness tests and electron backscatter diffraction technique. The parent austenite grains of the martensitic structure were reconstructed using the orientation relationship between the parent austenite and the martensite. Kurdjumov-Sachs orientation relationships have previously been proven to work well for low-carbon steels and was therefore selected. The standard implementation of the Koistinen-Marburger equation for martensite formation and a more convenient approach were compared. The latter approach does not require the storage of initial austenite fraction at start of martensite formation. The comparison shows that the latter model works equally well for the martensite formation. The results showed that the use of martensite start and finish temperatures calibrated versus experiments for Hardox 450 works better when computing thermal expansion than use of general relations based on the chemistry of the steel. The results from deformation dilatometry showed that deformation by compressive uniaxial stresses impedes the martensite transformation. The simplified incremental model works well for deformation with 5 % and 10 %. However, the waviness in the experimental curve for deformation 50 % does not fit the model due vi to large barrelling effect and the large relative expansion for the material that the sample holders are made of. Crystallographic reconstruction of parent austenite grains were performed on a hot-rolled as-received reference sample and dilatometry samples cooled with 60 °C/s and 100 °C/s. The misorientation results showed that the samples match with the Kurdjumov-Sachs orientation relationship in both hot rolled product and dilatometry samples. When misorientation between adjacent pixels are between 15° and 48°, then the boundary between them was considered as a parent austenite grain. The austenitic grain boundaries of the sample cooled at 100 °C/s is in general identical with the hot rolled sample when considering high angle boundaries (15°-48°). The results from the hardness tests showed that the rolled product exhibits higher hardness as compared to samples cooled by 100 °C/s and 60 °C/s. This can be attributed to the formation of transition-iron-carbides in the hot rolled product due to longer exposure of coiling temperature.

Many Hitachi ABB Power Grids (HAPG) products vibrate and emit noise, but legal limitations of these parameters fuel the development of energy absorption methods used on products. Methods such as Constrained Layer Damping (CLD). Modern CLD research focuses on the application of micro-architectured structures in the damping layer and improving numerical models for streamlined product optimization. Focus was on developing a numerical computational homogenization, Finite Element Analysis (FEA), method for investigating the mechanical properties of a linear viscoelastic material model applied to a micro-architectured octet lattice. Computational homogenization of a Representative Volume Element (RVE) is performed in COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6. Initially, a linear elastic and then a linear viscoelastic material model applied to an octet lattice structure is homogenized for several lattice nominal densities. Linear isotropic viscoelastic bulk material properties were extracted from stress relaxation tests of SLA 3D-printed Formlabs Standard Black Methacrylate Resin measured in a Shimadzu AGS-X series universal test frame 20kN Table Top Model. Extracted properties were applied to a Prony Series code with one term, imitating a viscoelastic material of Standard Linear Solid (SLS) type. Recreated numerical relaxation tests validated the method of applying the viscoelastic material model in the computational model before applying the material model to an octet lattice structure. An eigenfrequency analysis was performed on SLA 3D-printed octetlattice blocks of the same Standard Resin. The computationally homogenized linear elastic octet lattice results were validated using analytical Euler-Bernoulli beam theory for lower lattice densities. Engineering constants E, G, and v analyzed from the homogenized viscoelastic octet lattices displayed a dependency on the nominal density agreeing with literature. The numerical viscoelastic relaxation time was also found to be independent of the nominal density. Experimental eigenfrequency data was also collected from three viscoelastic octet lattice blocks and is suggested to be compared with numerical results in a future study.

The current work contains experimental and theoretical work about the formation of martensite from the austenitic state of the steel Hardox 450. Simulation of rolling and subsequent quenching of martensitic steel plates requires a model that can account for previous deformation, current stresses and the temperature history, therefore dilatometry experiments were performed, with and without deformation. Two austenitization schedules were used and in the standard dilatometry the cooling rates varied between 5-100 °C/s, in order to find the minimum cooling rate that gives a fully martensitic microstructure. Cooling rates larger than 40°C/s gave a fully martensitic microstructure. The cooling rate of 100 °C/s was used in the deformation dilatometry tests where the uniaxial deformation varied from 5-50 %. The theoretical work involved modelling of the martensite formation and the thermal/transformation strains they cause in the steel. Characterizations were done using light optical microscopy, hardness tests and electron backscatter diffraction technique. The parent austenite grains of the martensitic structure were reconstructed using the orientation relationship between the parent austenite and the martensite. Kurdjumov-Sachs orientation relationships have previously been proven to work well for low-carbon steels and was therefore selected. The standard implementation of the Koistinen-Marburger equation for martensite formation and a more convenient approach were compared. The latter approach does not require the storage of initial austenite fraction at start of martensite formation. The comparison shows that the latter model works equally well for the martensite formation. The results showed that the use of martensite start and finish temperatures calibrated versus experiments for Hardox 450 works better when computing thermal expansion than use of general relations based on the chemistry of the steel. The results from deformation dilatometry showed that deformation by compressive uniaxial stresses impedes the martensite transformation. The simplified incremental model works well for deformation with 5 % and 10 %. However, the waviness in the experimental curve for deformation 50 % does not fit the model due vi to large barrelling effect and the large relative expansion for the material that the sample holders are made of. Crystallographic reconstruction of parent austenite grains were performed on a hot-rolled as-received reference sample and dilatometry samples cooled with 60 °C/s and 100 °C/s. The misorientation results showed that the samples match with the Kurdjumov-Sachs orientation relationship in both hot rolled product and dilatometry samples. When misorientation between adjacent pixels are between 15° and 48°, then the boundary between them was considered as a parent austenite grain. The austenitic grain boundaries of the sample cooled at 100 °C/s is in general identical with the hot rolled sample when considering high angle boundaries (15°-48°). The results from the hardness tests showed that the rolled product exhibits higher hardness as compared to samples cooled by 100 °C/s and 60 °C/s. This can be attributed to the formation of transition-iron-carbides in the hot rolled product due to longer exposure of coiling temperature.

This bachelor thesis has been performed as a literature study and consists of pros and cons considering test methods, sustainability, cost efficiency, legislation and environmental effects of flame-retardant wooden façades. The study also handles the possible consequences from the lack of permanency of the flame retardants in wooden façades due to leaching. Wood is a construction material with unique possibilities regarding the environmental aspect since it is renewable. For a matter of fire safety, the usage of wooden façades brings several challenges that must be considered during the projection of a building. Wood is a flammable material which increases the risk of fire spread along the façade. According to "Boverkets Byggregler, BBR" a Swedish collection of construction regulations, wooden façades must be protected when used in non-sprinkled buildings with three or more floors. Flame retardants in forms of fire impregnation and anti-flammability paint are therefore used as protection of the wooden façades. Façades main task is to protect the inner parts of the building from tough outdoor weather conditions which makes the façades vulnerable for leaching of the fire impregnation and anti-flammability paint which can affect the fire properties negatively over time. There are several ways of testing the fire resistance of wooden products. The regulations in BBR for using wooden façades in buildings with three of more floors without sprinklers, states that the product must be tested and approved according to SP Fire 105. A test method that does not takes in consideration that the flame retardants might decay over time, but there are other methods for testing and classing the permanency of the flame retardants. DRF classification EXT (Durability Reaction to Fire for External use) can be accomplished by using the European test method EN 16755 that exposes the wooden façade too accelerated weathering by cycles of watering and dry outs. Although this is not something that are clearly stated in Swedish regulations but is used as a quality stamp or guideline by manufacturers. The results from foreign weathering methods differs to the results generated through weathering methods by the Nordic method NT Fire 054. The results from the Nordic method turned out to be the least conservative of the ones tested. A relation between time to ignition, amount of cycles and time per cycle was observed for all test methods, but which method that are most precise has not been determined. Results from previous studies where products were exposed to natural and accelerated weathering has been compiled. The results suggest that several products do not meet the requirements of DRF class EXT, mainly due to the cause of leaching of the flame retardants. The regulations in BBR is in this study considered too vague due to the lack of distinct demands of how to acquire permanency of the fire protection for wooden façades. It was also acknowledged that the most common fire retardants have a minimal negative impact on the environment due to leaching. Fire impregnated wooden façades stands economically strong on the market compared too other construction materials. The benefits of using wood as a construction material is that its lifecycle has low emissions of carbon dioxide, is more energy efficient and is aesthetically appealing. The disadvantage of using wood as a construction material is that it is flammable regardless which type of protection that is used which entails austere building regulations compared to diverse façade materials.

Vi har i det här examensarbetet utforskat hur man kan tillverka möbler med hjälp av enbart handmaskiner och byggmaterial. Det har varit ett sätt för oss att i våra roller som både möbeldesigners och möbelsnickare närma oss hantverket och produkterna, men även att utforska hur man kan arbeta med att tillverka sina egna möbler på ett mer ekonomiskt och flexibelt sätt. Tillverkningssättet kan effektivisera hantverket samtidigt som det skapar möjlighet att arbeta nära produkten, hela vägen från skiss till färdigt resultat. Begränsningarna har varit ett sätt för oss att tänka kreativt kring form och konstruktion. Vår slutsats i vårt arbete är att handens närvaro kan med en enkel konstruktion förhöja möbelns värde och ge den fler intressanta dimensioner. / In this thesis we have explored how to make furniture using only hand machines and building materials. It has been a way for us in our roles as both furniture designers and furniture carpenters to approach the craft and the piece, but also to explore how to work on making our own furniture in a more economical and flexible way. The production method can make the craft more efficient while at the same time creating the opportunity to work closer to the piece, all the way from sketch to finished result. The limitations have been a way for us to think creatively about shape and construction. Our conclusion in our work is that with simple construction, the presence of the hand can increase the value of the furniture and give it even more interesting dimensions.

Det här är ett utforskande examensarbete där jag vill lyfta ett hantverk som för många är okänt idag. I egenskap av möbelsnickare har jag undersökt ett besläktat hantverk, bildhuggeri, med syfte att lära mig mer om tekniken och att sprida kunskap om hantverkets möjligheter. En fråga som legat till grund för arbetet är på vilket sätt bildhuggeri kan appliceras på moderna möbler och produkter anpassade för en småskalig produktion. Min grundinställning är att handskurna dekorativa inslag ger ett mervärde åt produkter och att detta bör kunna utnyttjas i en mindre tillverkning. Utifrån intervjuer med yrkesverksamma, egna tester och litteratur har jag gått vidare med en formgivningsprocess. Arbetet har resulterat i en kollektion av produkter med skurna dekorativa inslag, vilka i varierande grad är lämpade för tillverkning i mindre skala. / This is an exploratory work where I would like to draw attention to a craft that is quite unknown by people in general today. As a cabinetmaker I have examined a related craft, woodcarving, with the purpose to learn more about the technique and spread knowledge about the possibilities of the craft. One question I would like to lift is how woodcarving can be applied in modern furniture and products. My approach is that hand carved decorative elements can add value to a product, and that this ought to be possible to practice in a small-scale production. In my work interviews with active woodcarvers, practical tests and literature lead to a process to create a form. The work resulted in a collection of products with wood carved decorative elements, which in a variety of degree are suitable for a small-scale production.