FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Anomia à um estado patolÃgico da estrutura social caracterizado pela ausÃncia ou enfraquecimento das normas. Em nÃvel individual, à o estado de desequilÃbrio valorativo referente à priorizaÃÃo de valores pessoais frente a valores sociais. Neste sentido, um construto psicolÃgico parece estar especialmente associado à anomia: os valores humanos. A presente dissertaÃÃo teve por objetivo avaliar as bases valorativas da anomia e suas relaÃÃes com os comportamentos antissociais. Para tanto, realizaram-se dois estudos. O Estudo I tem como objetivo avaliar a relaÃÃo entre os desequilÃbrios valorativos de baixa congruÃncia e aspectos demogrÃficos. Participaram do estudo 1147 estudantes de ensino fundamental, mÃdio e universitÃrio da cidade de JoÃo Pessoa â PB, com idades entre 10 e 45 anos (m = 16,1; dp = 4,5, sendo 64,8% entre 11 e 17 anos), sendo a maioria feminina (60,1%), catÃlica (60,6%) e da rede pÃblica (52,1%). Estes responderam ao QuestionÃrio de Valores BÃsicos â QVB e a questÃes demogrÃficas. Os resultados indicaram que a microanomia independe da classe social, mas varia conforme a gÃnero e a faixa etÃria. Apresentam-se questÃes teÃricas e metodolÃgicas que podem explicar os dados. O Estudo II objetivou testar a hipÃtese de congruÃncia e de compatibilidade dos valores humanos e avaliar a microanomia em amostras da populaÃÃo geral e encarcerados. Para tanto, contarà com duas amostras. A primeira contou com 994 indivÃduos da populaÃÃo geral, com idades entre 14 e 56 anos (m = 21,7; dp = 6,3, sendo 49,8% entre 18 e 25 anos), majoritariamente feminina (50,6%), heterossexual (87,6%) e catÃlica (49,5%). A segunda contou com 762 encarcerados com idades entre 19 e 66 anos (m = 29,6; dp = 8,5, sendo 49,5% entre 19 e 27 anos), majoritariamente masculina (71,9%), heterossexual (87,7%), catÃlica (42,1%). A primeira amostra respondeu ao QVB e a questÃes demogrÃficas. A amostra de encarcerados respondeu, alÃm do QVB, a 73 itens que abordaram diferentes facetas da vida dos detentos, a saber: histÃrico prisional, perfil educacional, perfil laboral, estrutura familiar, experiÃncia no sistema carcerÃrio, indicadores de saÃde mental e, por fim, questÃes demogrÃficas. Os resultados confirmaram as hipÃteses de congruÃncia e compatibilidade. Por outro lado, as hipÃteses relacionadas à comparaÃÃo dos nÃveis de microanomia em indivÃduos da populaÃÃo geral e encarcerados foram refutadas. PropÃem-se possÃveis explicaÃÃes teÃricas e metodolÃgicas. O presente estudo traz contribuiÃÃes para a compreensÃo do comportamento antissocial, possibilitando o desenvolvimento de modelos teÃricos. / Anomie is a condition of the social structure characterized by the absence or weakening of social norms. At the individual level, is the state of decompensation or imbalance on the prioritization of personal values front to social values. In this sense, a psychological construct appears to be particularly associated with anomie: human values. This dissertation aimed to evaluate the value basis of anomie and its relations with antisocial behavior. Therefore, two studies were performed. Study I aimed to evaluate the relationship between value decompensation between low congruence values and demographics. Participated of this study 1147 students of primary and secondary school and college city of JoÃo Pessoa - PB, aged between 10 to 45 years (m = 16.1, SD = 4.5, and 64.8% between 11 and 17 years ) with majority women (60.1%), Catholic (60.6%) and from public schools (52.1%). They answered the Basic Values Questionnaire - QVB and demographic issues. The application of the instruments occurred in schools and universities. The results indicated that microanomie does not depend of social class, but varies according to gender and age group. Study II aimed to test the hypothesis of consistency and compatibility of human values and evaluate the microanomie in samples of general population and imprisoned. To do so, two samples were considered. The first included 994 individuals from the general population, aged between 14 to 56 years (m = 21.7, SD = 6.3, and 49.8% between 18 and 25 years), mostly female (50.6%), heterosexual (87.6%) and Catholic (49.5%). The second included 762 prisoners aged between 19 to 66 years (m = 29.6, SD = 8.5, and 49.5% between 19 and 27 years), predominantly male (71.9%), heterosexual (87 7%) and Catholic (42.1%). The first sample responded to the QVB and demographic issues. The sample of incarcerated answered the QVB and 73 items that addressed different facets of their lives, namely: prison history, educational profile, employment profile, family structure, experiences in the prison system, mental health indicators and demographic questions. The results confirmed the hypothesis of consistency and compatibility. On the other hand, the assumptions related to the comparison of microanomie levels in the general population and prisoners were refuted. This study brings contributions to the understanding of antisocial behavior and to the development of theoretical models.

Statistics regarding Somalis’ integration in Sweden, indicates that this group have a hard time to become integrated, currently being characterized by high levels of unemployment, low levels of education and as being residentially segregated. Today, many Somalis reside in Sweden separated from their family. This due to the contemporary asylum framework, which does not recognize Somali identification documents as valid evidence for proving ones identity, when applying for asylum based on family ties. The decision from the Swedish Board of Migration, and its rejection of Somali identification documents as evidence for proving ones identity, can arguably be seen to illuminate the fact that Somalia is not seen as a legitimate nation-state. This view can therefore have effects on the concerned Somalis sense of national identity and citizenship.     This study investigates what consequences these two factors, stemming from the contemporary asylum framework, have on the affected Somalis ability and willingness to integrate, and if it can be seen as resulting in a state of anomie among the concerned group.        This has been done by interviewing Somalis that have been subject to the contemporary asylum framework and the outcome of family separation. The findings from these interviews have then been analyzed in relation to a conceptual framework and theoretical figure, which illustrates an interrelation between the concepts of citizenship, identity and integration, furthering integration in terms of a symmetric relationship between the three concepts, while possibly resulting in a state of anomie, in case of an asymmetric relationship between the three concepts.     The findings from this study indicate that the contemporary asylum frameworks denial of Somali identification documents can not be seen to have affected their sense of national identity and citizenship substantially. However, the issue of family separation can be seen to hamper the ability to integrate among affected Somalis, and can instead be seen to result in a sense of exclusion and un-representation among them, creating a state of anomie among this group.

The aim of this study is to gain a better understanding of the relationship between religiosity and burnout and to investigate whether the resources religiosity offers can counteract burnout. The study is of a qualitative nature as the empirical material has been gathered through six interviews. The analysis of the empirical material includes the theories KASAM by Aaron Antonovsky, social capital by Pierre Bourdieu and the theory of anomie by Emilé Durkheim. The results show that religiosity has health benefits for individuals and can act as a resource that counteracts burnout.

This study evaluated the Say It Straight™ (SIS) Training Program for its ability to improve straightforward communication, increase self-esteem, increase an individual's overall perception of group and family belonging or cohesiveness within a residential treatment setting and decrease an individual's perceived level of anomie. Effectiveness of SIS training was evaluated with paired sample t-tests (2-tailed) on six objective questionnaires given before and after training. Participation in the study was voluntary. Of the 39 patients in residence, 26 participated in SIS training, (23 attended over 80% of the sessions and 3 attended over 50%). Three were excluded from the study due to developmental or dementia-related diagnoses, 3 chose not to participate, 5 were discharged routinely prior to completion and were not post-tested; and 2 were discharged against medical advice during the training. It is interesting to notice that on the average there are about 5 discharges against medical advice per month at the facility, but during the five weeks of SIS there were only 2. Self-reports of empowering behaviors, quality of family and group life and self-esteem showed highly significant increases following SIS. Self-reports of disempowering behaviors (placating, passive-aggressive, blaming, irrelevant, intellectualizing) showed highly significant decreases following SIS and anomie showed a significant decrease. All p values are results from 2-tailed t-tests for paired observations. Subjective reports regarding training effectiveness were also very positive. Recommendations include: 1) follow-up and compare SIS trained Sante alumni and non-SIS trained Sante alumni for recidivism rate and participation in recovery oriented group activities; 2) develop a tool for measuring anomie specifically related to treatment settings as a construct versus a single variable, and 3) develop a tool for measuring group cohesiveness specifically related to treatment settings as a construct versus a single variable.

There has been serious concerns about the pace at which juvenile criminality isincreasing globally(National Academies Press, 2001).Young people are increasinglybecoming susceptible to a wide variety of misdemeanors; from substance abuse and addictionto murder (ibid). Studies have empirically described many triggers as the root cause ofjuvenile delinquency (Archer, 2000).Some criminologists have attributed these types ofmisdemeanors to the environments to which these adolescents are/have been subjected to(Wikstrom, 2004). On this basis, this research aims to assess the liability, if any, ofbystanders/observers and enablers/facilitators of juvenile delinquency. The study employed aqualitative approach in evaluating the role of bystanders and enablers in juveniledelinquency. The outcome revealed that the majority of bystanders and enablers are equallyas guilty as the delinquent youth. Three theories were used to rationalize these findings; theanomie-strain theory, situational action theory and self control theory ( Chainey & Ratcliffe,2005). As a result, the study recommends adequate parental guidance, in-person supervision,parental awareness, governmental inclusion, the provision of social infrastructures as well asequal opportunities, among others.

Neoliberalism’s free market ideology has not only achieved hegemonic status as the dominant organizing principle of markets and economies the world over, its values and doctrines have also come to shape many other areas of contemporary life. The consequences of this takeover include rising inequality, a social policy shift away from welfare and toward personal responsibility, and the triumph of the economic rationale of profitability in the public sector as well as the private sphere. A growing body of research has studied the ramifications of individual facets of the neoliberal order, especially the expanding gap between the rich and poor, but to date, a more comprehensive understanding of how the underlying ideology molds societies is largely absent from the social psychological literature. This doctoral thesis seeks to take a first step toward closing this gap by identifying and investigating three key areas of interest in the context of neoliberalism’s influence on individual and collective life. Based on previous research and theorizing, it puts forward the idea that the neoliberal reorganization of societies along the principles of individualism, competition, materialism, and privatization has a profound impact on intergroup relations, social connection, and individual well-being. The studies presented here provide evidence that neoliberal ideology and policies erode social cohesion (Manuscript 2) and make people feel lonely and isolated (Manuscript 3). Confirming the importance of social factors in determining health outcomes, these developments are then shown to increase feelings of threat, hopelessness, and unhappiness (Manuscript 2) as well as reduce mental and physical well-being (Manuscript 3). Beyond the individual level, intergroup attitudes, especially with regard to socio-economic status groups, are of particular interest to this research. Its findings demonstrate that despite neoliberalism’s propagation of wealth and success as ultimate aspirations, the perceived breakdown of the social fabric and resulting discontent with neoliberal societies lead to negative perceptions of the elite who are seen as corrupt and immoral (Manuscript 2). They also provide support for the assumption that the belief in merit-based inequality, which is central to the neoliberal doctrine, is reflected in representations of individuals with lower socio-economic status who are assigned personal responsibility for their disadvantaged position and, unlike other underprivileged groups, are seen as lacking in moral deservingness by both conservatives and progressives (Manuscript 1). As a whole, the studies that constitute this thesis project bring together several different lines of research and make headway in developing an integrated perspective on the influence of neoliberal ideology on societies and the experiences and attitudes of the individuals within them.

This study examined the relationship between social structures and crime among rural white and urban black males in North Carolina through the theoretical framework of Merton's Anomie. Using demographic information on the state's inmate population provided by the North Carolina Department of Corrections, the subjects' individual characteristics were studied alongside community level conditions to establish whether anomic conditions did coincide with specific types of crimes and whether individuals from each group would commit the same types of crimes. The study population came from the rural counties of Graham, Alleghany, Swain, and Mitchell and the urban communities within Charlotte of Mecklenburg County. Univariate and Bivariate analysis were used to establish the significance and strength of any relationships between the variables. The findings indicated that while the category of offense was different for each group, the implied intent was the same. Both committed crimes that would benefit them in a pecuniary manner.

L’objectif du présent mémoire doctoral était de préciser l’origine fonctionnelle de l’anomie observée dans le trouble cognitif léger (TCL) comparativement aux individus souffrant de la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) et présentant un vieillissement cognitif normal (CTRL) par le biais de l’analyse quantitative et qualitative d’une tâche de dénomination orale de 260 mots communs. Cette étude inclut 20 individus présentant un TCL, 15 participants du groupe CTRL et 5 individus souffrant de la MA, lesquels ont été comparés quant aux pourcentages totaux et les types d’erreurs de dénomination commises. L’influence des paramètres psycholinguistiques des mots communs dénommés sur la probabilité de commettre une erreur a été calculée au même titre que le pourcentage de bonnes réponses lors de la dénomination après les indices sémantiques et phonologiques. Si l’anomie découle d’un profil de difficultés lexicales, elle sera associée à la prédominance de paraphasies sémantiques coordonnées et de circonlocutions précises, avec un effet significatif (> 50%) de l’indiçage phonologique sur la dénomination. Par ailleurs, si l’anomie découle de difficultés sémantiques, il y aura alors une prédominance de non-réponses, de paraphasies sémantiques coordonnées et superordonnées ainsi que des circonlocutions vagues, sans effet significatif de l’indiçage phonologique. Quantitativement, une différence significative est présente entre les trois groupes : les individus souffrant de la MA ayant commis un plus grand nombre d’erreurs de dénomination que les individus présentant un TCL et les participants du groupe CTRL. Qualitativement, l’absence de différence significative entre les groupes pointe vers un patron similaire d’erreurs de dénomination composé principalement de paraphasies sémantiques coordonnées. La probabilité de commettre une erreur de dénomination était plus grande pour les mots peu familiers. Dans l’ensemble, les individus présentant un TCL commettent peu d’erreurs de dénomination malgré que l’anomie fasse partie intégrante de leur plainte cognitive. De plus, deux profils de difficultés expliquent l’anomie dans le TCL, soit un profil dominé par des difficultés d’origine sémantique et l’autre dominé par des difficultés d’origine lexicale. Dans la MA, par contre, l’anomie semble d’origine principalement sémantique, soit une dégradation des traits sémantiques fins et distinctifs. / The objective of this doctoral dissertation was to clarify the functional origin of anomia observed in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) compared to individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and individuals with healthy cognitive aging (HC) through the quantitative and qualitative analysis of an oral naming task of 260 common words’ images. This study included 20 individuals with MCI, 15 HC and 5 individuals with AD, which were compared on the total percentages of denomination errors committed and the types of denomination errors produced. The psycholinguistic parameters’ impact on error probability and the efficacy of semantic and phonological cueing were also calculated. In the case of a lexical origin of anomia, a predominance of coordinate semantic paraphasias and precise circumlocutions, as well as good efficacy of phonological cueing (> 50%), will be observed. If anomia is explained by semantic difficulties, a predominance of nonresponses, coordinate and superordinate semantic paraphasias, and vague circumlocutions, along with a poor efficacy of phonological cueing, should be observed. Quantitatively, there was a significant difference between the three groups regarding the mean of naming errors: individuals with AD committed more errors than individuals with MCI and HC. Qualitatively, the lack of significant difference between groups points to a similar pattern of naming errors, which was composed mainly of coordinated semantic paraphasia. Less familiar words were associated with greater error probability in all groups. Overall, individuals with MCI made few naming errors despite the fact that anomia is an important part of their cognitive complaint. In addition, two distinct profiles of difficulties were found to explain the anomia in MCI, a profile dominated by semantic difficulties and the other dominated by lexical difficulties. In AD, the origin of anomia seemed mainly semantic, more specifically a degradation of the fine and distinctive semantic traits.

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Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdorales, 2014-2015 / INTRODUCTION : L’aphasie est un trouble acquis du langage qui peut survenir à la suite d’un accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) ou dans le cadre d’une démence. Les individus souffrant d’aphasie présentent presque tous de l'anomie, soit des difficultés à trouver les mots pour nommer les objets, les actions, les personnes. Le pronostic de l’aphasie dépend de plusieurs facteurs dont l’efficacité de l’intervention orthophonique. Classiquement, l’intervention pour l’anomie consiste à fournir des indices phonologiques, sémantiques ou orthographiques pour favoriser le réapprentissage des mots. Récemment, de nouvelles interventions qui reposent sur l’observation d’actions ou l’utilisation des technologies (ex., tablettes électroniques) émergent dans les écrits scientifiques. Des études sont nécessaires pour en documenter l’efficacité. OBJECTIFS : L’objectif général du projet doctoral est d’évaluer l’efficacité de nouvelles approches orthophoniques pour le traitement de l’anomie. Plus spécifiquement, l’étude 1 compare une approche sémantique-phonologique et une approche par observation d’actions pour la rééducation de l’anomie des verbes en aphasie post-AVC. L’étude 2 mesure l’efficacité d’une intervention auto-administrée via tablette électronique pour l’anomie des verbes en aphasie post-AVC. L’étude 3 mesure l’efficacité d’une intervention compensatoire via téléphone intelligent pour l’anomie dans le cadre d’une démence (variante sémantique de l’aphasie primaire progressive (vsAPP)). MÉTHODE : Des études de cas unique ont été réalisées auprès de patients présentant une anomie post-AVC ou dégénérative (vsAPP). Quatre phases ont été complétées: (1) Évaluation cognitive, (2) Mesures des performances pré-traitement, (3) Traitement, (4) Mesures des performances post-traitement. RÉSULTATS : La rééducation de l’anomie des verbes via l’observation d’action (étude 1) n’a pas permis l’amélioration de la dénomination des verbes. L’utilisation d’indices sémantiques et phonologiques a toutefois permis d’améliorer la dénomination des verbes, autant lors de l’intervention en présence du thérapeute (étude 1) que lors d’une intervention auto-administrée via une tablette électronique (étude 2). La prise en charge de l’anomie via un téléphone intelligent a été efficace pour compenser les déficits du patient de l’étude 3. CONCLUSION : Une prise en charge efficace de l’anomie est possible et primordiale afin de favoriser une communication optimale et fonctionnelle des individus qui en souffrent. Les présents résultats s’ajoutent au peu d’études actuellement disponibles concernant la mise en place de ces nouveaux traitements pour l’anomie.