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Abstract Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is the treatment of choice for patients with three-vessel disease or left main stenosis. However, it is associated with considerable risk of perioperative complications such as myocardial infarction, stroke, infections, and mortality to which excessive bleeding is a contributing factor. This thesis aims to determine the factors involved in and clinical implications of bleeding after CABG. The 1st study evaluated the effects of preoperative ASA discontinuation on the patient’s outcome after CABG. The results showed that late or no discontinuation of low-dose ASA before CABG may decrease the risk of postoperative stroke without increasing the risk of postoperative bleeding. In the 2nd study the use of warfarin was found to be a safe during CABG with no excess bleeding nor other major complications. The 3rd study estimated the impact of surgeons´ performances on blood loss and need for re-exploration after CABG. With 2001 study patients, this study clearly demonstrated that an individual surgeon is a powerful determinant of postoperative bleeding and need for re-exploration after CABG. Using systematic review and meta-analysis, we estimated the risk of complications related to re-exploration for bleeding after CABG. In literature search in 2011, 8 articles with 557 923 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Re-exploration for bleeding after cardiac surgery carries a significantly increased risk of postoperative mortality and morbidity, and thus has a major impact on the patient’s immediate postoperative outcome. We also studied the impact of blood transfusion on the development of post-operative stroke after CABG. Of the study population of 2 226 CABG patients, stroke occurred postoperatively in 53 patients (2.4%). The statistical analysis showed that transfusion of blood products after CABG has a strong, dose-dependent association with the risk of stroke. The use of Octaplas® and platelet transfusions seem to have an even larger impact on the development of stroke than red blood cell transfusions. The 6th study investigated the impact of transfusion of blood products on intermediate outcome after CABG in 2001 patients. The findings indicated that transfusion of any blood product is associated with a significant risk of all-cause and cardiac mortality after CABG. / Tiivistelmä Sepelvaltimotauti on yleisin kuolinsyy ja sepelvaltimoiden ohitusleikkaus hyvine pitkäaikaistuloksineen on todettu parhaaksi hoidoksi potilailla, joilla on monen suonen tai vasemman päärungon tauti. Ohitusleikkaukseen liittyy kuitenkin verenvuodon sekä näihin kytkeytyvien komplikaatioiden riski. Tämän väitöskirjan tavoitteena oli määrittää verenvuodon riskitekijöitä sekä verituotteiden siirtojen vaikutusta ohitusleikkauspotilaiden ennusteeseen. Verenhyytymistä estävien lääkkeiden tiedetään lisäävän verenvuotoja. Ensimmäinen tutkimus osoitti, että ASA:n jatkaminen keskeytyksettä ohitusleikkauksissa vähentää aivoinfarktien riskiä lisäämättä silti verenvuodon riskiä. Toisessa tutkimuksessa pitkäaikainen warfariinihoito osoittautui turvalliseksi ohitusleikkauksen aikana eikä sen käyttö lisännyt verenvuotoja eikä muita komplikaatioita. Kolmas tutkimus osoitti kirurgin taidon merkityksen verenvuotojen ja uusintaleikkausten määrään 2001 potilaalla. Verenvuotojen vuoksi tehtävien uusintaleikkausten negatiivinen vaikutus postoperatiiviseen mortaliteettiin sekä morbiditeettiin on todettu yksiselitteisesti useissa tutkimuksissa. Vuonna 2011 tehdyllä systemaattisella kirjallisuuskatsauksella ja meta-analyysillä selvitimme yhteensä 557 923 ohitusleikkauspotilaan aineistosta, että verenvuodon jälkeisiin uusintaleikkauksiin liittyy huomattava kuoleman ja komplikaatioiden riski. Verenvuotoja hoidetaan yleisesti verensiirroilla, vaikkakin useat tutkimukset ovat osoittaneet verituotteiden annon lisäävän mortaliteettia sekä komplikaatioriskiä. Viides tutkimus selvitteli sepelvaltimoleikkauksissa potilaalle annettujen verituotteiden ja leikkauksen yhteydessä sairastettujen aivoinfarktien välistä yhteyttä. Osoittautui, että verituotteiden käyttöön liittyy annosriippuvaisesti lisääntynyt riski saada aivoinfarkti leikkauksen yhteydessä. Varsinkin verihiutale- ja jääplasmasiirtoihin on todettu liittyvän vielä suurempi aivoinfarktin riski kuin punasolusiirtoihin. Kuudes tutkimus selvitteli sepelvaltimoleikkauksien yhteydessä annettujen verituotteiden vaikutusta 2001 potilaan keskipitkään ennusteeseen. Tutkimus osoitti, että minkä tahansa verituotteen antoon sepelvaltimoleikkauksissa liittyy lisääntynyt kuoleman ja sydänkuoleman riski.

Ziel der Arbeit: Analyse der Häufigkeit einer zerebralen Amyloidangiopathie (CAA) bei Patientinnen mit kognitiven Störungen und der Häufigkeit einer Koinzidenz von gerinnungshemmender Therapie und CAA. Explorative Analyse von Zusammenhängen zwischen Antikoagulation und CAA-typischer Läsionslast in der MRT. Material und Methoden: Patientinnen mit subjektiver kognitiver Störung (SCD), amnestischem und nichtamnestischem MCI (aMCI/naMCI), Alzheimer-Demenz (AD), gemischter Demenz (MD) und vaskulärer Demenz (VD) aus einem universitären Demenzzentrum, die sich von 02/2016 bis 12/2020 erstmals zur Demenzdiagnostik vorgestellt hatten, wurden in diese retrospektive Analyse eingeschlossen. Im Rahmen der Diagnostik erfolgten eine kranielle MRT inkl. Gradientenechosequenz und die Erfassung CAA-spezifischer MRT-Biomarker. Im Rahmen der retrospektiven Aktendurchsicht wurde das Vorliegen einer gerinnungshemmenden Medikation mit Thrombozytenaggregationshemmern, direkten oralen Antikoagulanzien (DOAK) oder Vitamin-K-Antagonisten zum Zeitpunkt der Vorstellung ermittelt. Ergebnisse: Im Beobachtungszeitraum von 02/2016 bis 12/2020 wurden 458 Patientinnen (209 männlich, 249 weiblich, Durchschnittsalter 73,2 ± 9,9 Jahre) mit SCD (n = 44), naMCI (n = 40), aMCI (n = 182), AD (n = 120), MD (n = 68) und VD (n = 4) analysiert. Bei 109 Patientinnen (23,8 %) lagen die MR-Kriterien einer möglichen oder wahrscheinlichen CAA vor. Die CAA-Prävalenz war am höchsten bei Patientinnen mit aMCI (39,4 %) und MD (28,4 %). Bei 30,3 % der Patientinnen mit möglicher oder wahrscheinlicher CAA bestand eine Thrombozytenaggregationshemmung, bei 12,8 % eine DOAK-Therapie und bei 3,7 % eine Therapie mit Vitamin-K-Antagonisten. Die Anzahl kortikaler und subkortikaler Mikroblutungen war insgesamt bei Patientinnen mit gerinnungshemmender Therapie höher als bei Patientinnen ohne Gerinnungshemmung (p = 0,047). Ein Zusammenhang zwischen gerinnungshemmender Therapie und Häufigkeit kortikaler superfizieller Siderosen bildete sich nicht ab (p = 0,634). Diskussion: Die CAA ist bei Patientinnen mit kognitiven Störungen häufig. Bei nahezu der Hälfte der Patientinnen mit CAA besteht eine gerinnungshemmende Medikation. Eine gerinnungshemmende Medikation ist mit einer größeren Anzahl kortikaler und subkortikaler Mikroblutungen vergesellschaftet. / Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of coincident anticoagulation in patients with cognitive disorders and possible or probable cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) as well as the relationship between the presence of oral anticoagulation and CAA-specific lesion load. Materials and methods: Patients with subjective cognitive decline (SCD), amnestic and non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI/naMCI), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), mixed dementia (MD) and vascular dementia (VD) who presented to our outpatient dementia clinic between February 2016 and October 2020 were included in this retrospective analysis. Patients underwent cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI data sets were analyzed regarding the presence of CAA-related MRI biomarkers to determine CAA prevalence. Presence of anticoagulant therapy was determined by chart review. Results: Within the study period, 458 patients (209 male, 249 female, mean age 73.2 ± 9.9 years) with SCD (n = 44), naMCI (n = 40), aMCI (n = 182), AD (n = 120), MD (n = 68) and VD (n = 4) were analyzed. A total of 109 patients (23.8%) were diagnosed with possible or probable CAA. CAA prevalence was highest in aMCI (39.4%) and MD (28.4%). Of patients with possible or probable CAA, 30.3% were under platelet aggregation inhibition, 12.8% were treated with novel oral anticoagulants and 3.7% received phenprocoumon treatment. Regarding the whole study cohort, patients under oral anticoagulation showed more cerebral microbleeds (p = 0.047). There was no relationship between oral anticoagulation therapy and the frequency of cortical superficial siderosis (p = 0.634). Conclusion. CAA is a frequent phenomenon in older patients with cognitive disorders. Almost half of CAA patients receive anticoagulant therapy. Oral anticoagulation is associated with a higher number of cortical and subcortical microbleeds.

Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common cardiac arrhythmia in persons over age 65, is associated with an increased stroke risk necessitating the need for long-term oral anticoagulation for risk reduction. With the introduction of direct thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors in the US since 2010, these novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are increasingly being prescribed, replacing the use of warfarin, a vitamin K antagonist. AF catheter ablation (CA), an elective procedure requiring femoral vascular access is a treatment for drug refractory and persistent AF. Bedrest, limb immobilization, and limited head of bed elevation are nursing measures utilized following femoral venous, and sometimes arterial, sheath removal and hemostasis. Limited research is available on the appropriate duration of bedrest to minimize bleeding complications associated with AF ablation in patients who use NOACs. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to compare and evaluate the effect of bedrest duration on post-procedure bleeding outcomes, urinary complaints, and back pain among patients taking NOACs while undergoing AFCA. Thirty patients undergoing elective AFCA on NOACs were orally consented to participate in the study and placed on shortened (8 hours) or prolonged (>8 hours) bedrest following vascular hemostasis. Outcome measurements included bleeding after ambulation, back pain, and urinary complaints. Fifteen patients (50%) were on shortened bedrest and 15 (50%) were on prolonged bedrest. No statistically significant difference in bleeding, urinary complaints, or back pain were found. Since there is no clear advantage to prolonged bedrest for patients on NOACS after an AFCA procedure, clinicians should consider this when deciding on bedrest duration for their patients.

La valve aortique est une composante anatomique centrale du cœur, sujette à de hautes pressions. Les conséquences d’un dysfonctionnement sont graves, notamment l’insuffisance cardiaque qui elle-même peut causer plusieurs symptômes et un impact sur la qualité de vie. Pour prévenir cette complication, il est possible de remplacer la valve par une prothèse. Il en existe plusieurs types parmi lesquelles l’équipe chirurgicale et le patient peuvent choisir. Les dernières lignes directrices américaines n’ont pas de recommandations claires pour les patients entre 50 et 70 ans. Ces patients, âgés de 65 ans et moins et surnommés jeunes adultes dans notre étude, reçoivent de moins en moins de prothèses mécaniques, au profit de celles de type biologique. Ce mouvement semble fondé sur certaines études suggérant une survie comparable entre ces 2 alternatives. De plus, on déconseille souvent la valve mécanique car elle nécessite un traitement anticoagulant à vie. Or, peu d’études ont suivi à long terme ces patients plus jeunes en analysant l’impact sur la qualité de vie du traitement anticoagulant ainsi que le risque de saignement. Notre étude visait donc surtout à analyser l’incidence, la sévérité et l’impact de ces saignements majeurs et la qualité de vie suite à un remplacement de valve aortique chez ces patients. Après un suivi moyen de 11 ans, les résultats suggèrent un taux incident de saignement majeur de 0.8% par patient-année et la mortalité associée à ceux-ci est faible à 3.3%, soit 2 hémorragies intracrâniennes. En tout, 48 patients ont eu un saignement majeur (8.9%). D’un autre côté, l’impact sur la qualité de vie obtenu par un questionnaire spécifique aux valves est faible. En outre, seulement 10.5% des patients utilisaient l’automesure pour surveiller leur anticoagulation, suggérant beaucoup de place à l’amélioration à ce niveau. Cette étude permet donc de mieux orienter la prise de décision au moment de la chirurgie et mieux informer les patients. / The aortic valve is a central component of the heart, experiencing high strain. The consequences of any dysfunctions are usually important, notably heart failure, which in itself is associated with many symptoms and lower quality of life. To prevent this complication, it is possible to replace the valve with a prosthesis. There are many options for the surgeon’s team and the patient to choose from. The latest American guidelines do not have clear recommendations for patients aged between 50 and 70 years. These patients aged 65 years and less, categorized as non-elderly adults, are receiving less and less mechanical prosthesis in profit of the biological ones. This trend seems to be based in part on some studies suggesting comparable survival between these alternatives. Moreover, the mechanical valve is frequently not recommended because it necessitates a lifelong anticoagulant treatment. However, few studies have reported a long-term follow-up of these younger patients analyzing the impact on the quality of life and the risk of major bleeding. The goal of our study was to analyze the incidence, severity and impact of major bleedings and the quality of life after aortic valve replacement in these patients. After a mean follow-up of 11 years, results show a linearized rate of 0.8% per patient-year and the associated mortality is low at 3.3%, consisting of 2 intracranial hemorrhages. Overall, 48 patients experienced a major bleeding (8.9%). On the other hand, the impact on the quality of life measured with a valve-specific questionnaire is low. Also, only 10.5% of the patients were using self-management or self-medication to monitor their anticoagulation, suggesting a lot of room for improvement in this regard. This study helps better define long-term outcomes in this patient population in order to better inform patients about surgical options.

Author's name: Bc. Irena Malá School: Charles university, Prague 1st Faculty of Medicine Institut of Theory and Practice of Nursing Vídeňská 800, 140 59 Prague 4 - Krč Program: Health Care Administration Title: Early postoperative care of the patient with the left ventricular assist device HeartMate II Diploma thesis supervisor: PhDr. Hocková Jana, PhD. Number of pages: 170 Number of attachments: 41 Year: 2013 Key words: early postoperative care, hypotermia, blood transfusion, fluid resuscitation, perioperative cardiovascular dysfunction, pharmacologic support, ventricular assist device HeartMateII, monitoration, device, cardiac arrhythmias, ventilation management, postoperative anticoagulation, glycemic kontrol, renal insufficiency, nutrition, nursing, complications, physiotherapy, psychological aspects The occurrence of the heart failure is similar to an epidemic with high mortality. This fact, together with stagnate or even decreasing number of suitable donors, led to a need of replacing the heart pump activity with an artificial one. Mechanical cardiac support systems are sophisticated devices that are able to support a certain period of time or completely replace the function of the heart as a pump. The indications implantation of mechanical cardiac support is significant symptomatic heart...