Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A história da pólis de Esparta como, por vezes, nos foi apresentada tomou uma perspectiva historiográfica dotada de pressupostos Atenocêntricos, os quais acabaram apresentando-a como rústica, dotada de uma economia e uma cultura estática e demasiadamente inclinada às atividades militares. No entanto, através de nossa pesquisa verificamos que as práticas político-culturais dos cidadãos de Esparta eram dinâmicas, para sua época. Seguindo por esse viés, verificamos que as representações de Esparta, sobretudo dos esparciatas e dos seus basileus, variaram de acordo com o grupo social e o contexto histórico em que foram empregadas. Com isso, observamos que embora os cidadãos de Esparta tenham sido, em algumas circunstâncias, criticados pelos pensadores antigos, esta não foi uma tendência hegemônica. Sendo assim, mediante os indícios da documentação literária do período Clássico, notamos que os esparciatas e os seus basileus teriam sido homens dotados de um habitus tradicional, o qual valorizava o aprimoramento físico e mental, assim como a responsabilidade com os deveres sagrados. Através da interação entre os vestígios documentais e dos estudos historiográficos mapeamos parte das representações de Esparta que figuraram os diversos discursos no decorrer da história do Ocidente, no intuito de materializarmos as possíveis motivações político-culturais nas apropriações do habitus espartano. Por conseguinte, recorremos à documentação literária para entendermos como parte dos pensadores clássicos concebeu, por meio de uma memória ancestral, a formação da região da Lacedemônia e da pólis de Esparta, a qual teria se dado concomitantemente com a legitimação político-cultural da identidade étnica dos basileus e dos esparciatas. Por fim, analisamos as práticas rituais em honra ao deus Apolo como um mecanismo empregado pelos segmentos sociais hegemônicos da Lacedemônia para ratificar o seu poder político frente a grupos sociais submetidos. / The history of Sparta sometimes was presented in Athenocentric perspective, which considered Sparta as a rustic society, with static economy and culture, leaning only military activities. However, our research has shown that policies and cultural practices of the citizens of Sparta were dynamic for his time. Following in this way, we find that the representations of Sparta, especially the spartiates and its basileis, ranged according to the historical and social context. Thus, we observe that although the citizens of Sparta were criticized by some ancient thinkers, this wasnt a hegemonic tendency. Upon the evidence of Classical literary documentation, we note that the spartiates and their basileis were men endowed with a traditional habitus, which valued the physical and mental improvement, but also the responsibility to the sacred duties. Through interaction between documentary traces and historiographical studies we charted part of Sparta that figured the discourses throughout the history of the West, in order to materialize the possible political and cultural motivations in the appropriations of Spartans habitus. Therefore, we refer to literary documentation to understand as part of classical thinkers conceived the formation of Lacedaemon region and the polis of Sparta, which would have given concomitantly with the cultural and political legitimation of ethnic identity of the basileus and the spartiates. Finally, we analyze the rituals practices in honor of the god Apollo as a mechanism employed to ratify the political power of hegemonic social segments of Lacedaemon against the subjected social groups.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O eixo temático se desenvolveu a partir do questionamento sobre como foi o processo de reconstrução de Sagunto, que foi promovido por Roma. A região de Sagunto configura como o motivo central para o embate entre romanos e cartagineses. Todavia, com o término da Segunda Guerra Púnica (218-202 a.C.), a cidade estava destruída e uma embaixada saguntina foi enviada para Roma, a fim de solicitar ao Senado sua reorganização. O pedido aparece como sendo bem aceito pelos senadores romanos. Contudo, a partir desse momento, começa o silenciamento. A escassez de informações sobre a temática foi o primeiro problema encontrado ao longo da pesquisa. Sendo assim, foi necessário recorrer à documentação arqueológica da cidade, à numismática e à epigrafia para conseguir preencher as lacunas referentes ao tema de pesquisa. Os indícios possibilitaram não somente compreender a cidade de Sagunto e seus vários estatutos jurídicos perante Roma, como também lançar outro olhar sobre as práticas imperialistas. Ao evocar Edward Said como teórico deste trabalho, elemento de inovação da pesquisa, é possível construir a estrutura de atitudes e referências que os romanos, entre os séculos II a.C. e I d.C., aplicaram na região saguntina para consolidar o seu poder. Assim, por meio do estudo das entidades geográficas, compreende-se o espaço físico da cidade e, pelo conceito de entidades culturais, analisam-se o sistema administrativo e os colégios sacerdotais atuantes em Sagunto, no século I d.C. Logo, o imperialismo romano pode ser visto como um mecanismo que se vale de diversos elementos, os quais não se limitam à força no processo de ocupação. Em suma, política e cultura são peças centrais no processo de preservação do poder romano no espaço provincial. / The main theme of this paper evolved from questioning how was the process of reconstruction of Sagunt, which was promoted by Rome. The region of Sagunt configured as the central reason for the clash between the Romans and Carthaginians. However, with the end of the Second Punic War (218-201 B.C.), the city was destroyed and a Saguntine embassy was sent to Rome in order to ask the Senate for its reorganization. The request seemed to be well accepted by Roman senators. From that moment, silence began. The shortage of information about the subject was the first problem found during the research. Therefore, it was necessary to resort to archaeological documentation of the city, as well as to numismatics and epigraphy, in order to fill in the gaps regarding the research topic. The evidence enabled us to not understand the city of Sagunt and its various juridical statutes faced to Rome, but also look afresh at the imperialist practices. When Edward Said is evoked as theoretical reference, the aspect of innovation of this research, it is possible to build the structure of attitudes and references that Romans implemented in the Saguntine region, between the centuries II B.C. and I A.D., to consolidate their power. So, the study of geographic entities allows the understanding of the citys physical space . The concept of cultural entities enables an analyses of the administrative system and the priestly colleges operating in Sagunt in the first century A.D. Roman imperialism can be seen as a mechanism that draws on several elements, which are not limited to force in the occupation process. In short, politics and culture are central in the process of preservation of Roman power in the provincial area.

The following study seeks to explore the subjects of Christianisation and Christian identity during the transitional period of the fourth century from an ecclesiological perspective, and argues that the very question of Christian identity is, indeed, an ecclesiological one. It approaches the subject through the writings of Cyril of Jerusalem, specifically his Catechetical Lectures, the earliest complete catechetical programme that has come down to us, making it an invaluable resource for anyone hoping to understand the Catholic Church's efforts to preserve and construct its identity in the wake of Constantine's formal conversion to its faith. Moreover, Cyril, who became bishop of the Holy City around 350, affords us a unique perspective on the question at hand, teaching as he did from the 'very centre of the earth', following the creation of a Christian holy land and pilgrimage centre in the midst of what remained a largely pagan province, and in a city still central to Judaism. The ability to possess the sites and relics associated with the life of Christ and the Prophets for the first time in Christian history not only made the drama of salvation tangible in Jerusalem like nowhere else, but raised new and important questions around the extent to which this sacred topography was compatible with Christianity's departure from the temple-centred worship of the Old Testament. It also provides valuable insight into the relationship between the local and the universal as regards notions of the Church's catholicity, Cyril's definition of καθολικ? in his eighteenth lecture arguably being the earliest. Membership of the Church, and therefore Christian identity, is for Cyril primarily ontological, defined and effected through mysteriological participation, with baptism - the believer's death, rebirth, and union with Christ - representing the dividing line between insider and outsider, a fact enforced by the so-called Disciplina Arcani, by which all knowledge of the Church's sacraments were jealously guarded from the unbaptised. The thesis explores how this notion of ontological membership underpins and informs Cyril's dealings with the various groups against which he sought to define his own community - the Greeks, Jews, and heretics - while also looking at the ecclesiological significance of the baptismal act itself.

This thesis is an aetiological investigation of the Hellenistic and Roman figural bronze statuettes in the round that form part of the Ashmolean Museum's antiquities collection. The collection serves as a lens through which to study aspects of ancient and modern receptions of Classical sculptural forms. This approach is based on the premise that the collection's composition has been historically determined not only by how the modern parties responsible for its creation and growth responded to the sculptural forms and images recovered from antiquity, but also by how sculptural forms developed in Greece during the Classical and early Hellenistic periods were received by makers and users of bronze statuettes in antiquity. The thesis has three primary objectives: firstly, to produce a useful and informative catalogue of the Ashmolean Museum's collection of Hellenistic and Roman figural anthropomorphic bronze statuettes in the round; secondly, to determine not only how that collection came to have the characteristics that it does, but also how the reception of ancient sculpture has historically affected the formation of collections of bronze statuettes and their compositions; thirdly, to use archaeological evidence of bronze statuettes to reconstruct possible contexts and to determine in greater detail the reception of canonical sculptural figure types in the form of small bronzes during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Part I of the thesis deals with the modern contexts for the statuettes, investigating the collection history, pulling out its salient characteristics and then comparing these to other major collections to make informed observations about how and why specific types of statuettes have survived from antiquity and the roles that modern reception of antiquity has played in shaping collections. This leads to Part II, which attempts to reconstruct possible ancient contexts for the Ashmolean bronzes by looking at the archaeological evidence for their production, movement use and display. Part III uses some of the figures of dwarfs, Herakles and Hermes in the collection to develop case studies that examine aspects of the visual relationships that existed between small bronzes and classical sculpture from the Classical and early Hellenistic periods.

This Thesis focuses on the history and development of the topography, layout, and facilities of the ancient port of Seville, which is located in the lower Guadalquivir River Basin. From a maritime archaeology perspective, it combines terrestrial and maritime archaeological evidence, literary and epigraphic material, as well as palaeo-geomorphological and palaeo-environmental studies. This Thesis is a longue durée or diachronic study ranging between the 1^st century BC and the 13^th century AD. The Thesis is divided into three main historical periods, and in addition to the port itself, studies the palaeo-geomorphology and palaeo-hydrology of the Guadalquivir River, as well as of the palaeo-climatology of the region during each of these eras. The first third of the Thesis examines the port of Hispalis during the Roman era. By considering the natural hydrography of the river and the meander of Hispalis, the Thesis proposes a model for the distribution of harbour facilities and their development through the Roman period. Building on this, it becomes possible to assess the extent and scale of these, as well as of the maritime commerce that the Roman port sustained. The second third of the Thesis focuses on the Late Antique period. Despite the lack of direct archaeological evidence for the port in this era, the Thesis suggests that there was a decline but continuity in the commercial activities in direct connection with the Mediterranean maritime networks. This section also examines the historical events that occurred in Hispalis from the maritime archaeology perspective, arguing that the port was at the core of all these historical episodes because of its geopolitical and strategic importance. The last third of the Thesis concentrates on the study of the port during the Islamic period. By understanding the extreme changes that occurred in the hydrography and geomorphology of the river in this epoch, the Thesis deciphers the process that led to the progressive siltation of the ancient channel of the river. The study of the archaeological material from the 1981 Plaza Nueva excavation, in combination with other proxies, allows a chronology to be proposed for the demise and subsequent disappearance of the ancient port. The transformation of the meander of the river resulted in the relocation and construction of a new port, which had a prominent role in the maritime history of the world during the centuries that followed.

Basé sur l’analyse de plusieurs ensembles archéologiques, ce travail propose une étude de l’habitat urbain d’Alexandrie, en Égypte, depuis sa fondation par Alexandre le Grand (331 av. J. -C.) jusqu'à la fin du Haut Empire. La thématique de l'architecture domestique dans la cité antique est à replacer dans un contexte méditerranéen plus étendu, cette ville étant enracinée dans la tradition grecque et romaine. Il est également essentiel de comprendre quelle a été l'influence de la civilisation égyptienne sur les modèles importés. Ces dernières années, des avancées considérables, grâce aux fouilles effectuées au cœur d'Alexandrie, ont élargi de manière substantielle la documentation archéologique disponible pour l'étude de l'architecture domestique de la cité. Une étude globale visant à proposer une définition de l'espace privé dans l'Alexandrie gréco-romaine nécessite l'analyse de la structuration de l'espace privé et de l’espace public, qui sont des entités complémentaires et indissociables formant une unité : « la ville ». Les questions de mise en œuvre, d'organisation fonctionnelle et symbolique de l'espace privé, en relation directe avec l'organisation, tout autant fonctionnelle et symbolique, de l'espace urbain seront abordées afin de mettre en évidence d'éventuelles affinités avec les schémas d'habitat domestique connus ailleurs en Méditerranée. L'objectif visé est la réalisation d'une étude du cas alexandrin incluant l'analyse des transformations et de l'évolution d'espaces d'habitat ainsi que l'explicitation des démarches de projets architecturaux et urbains qui ont régi, dans le temps, à travers de multiples ajustements, les évolutions de la ville antique d'Alexandrie. / Developed through the analysis of several archaeological sites, this research project focuses on the urban housing of the city of Alexandria in Egypt, from its foundation by Alexander the Great (331 B.C.) until the end of the High Empire. The theme of domestic architecture in ancient Alexandria has to be seen in a wider Mediterranean context, this city being rooted in the Greek and Roman tradition. It is also important to understand what the influence of Egyptian civilization was on imported models. In recent years, considerable progress achieved thanks to the excavations performed in the heart of Alexandria, has led to a substantial increase of the archaeological documentation available for the study of the domestic architecture of the city. A comprehensive study proposing a definition of private space in the Greco-Roman Alexandria requires the analysis of the structuring of private and public spaces, which are complementary and inseparable components of a single entity: "the city". Issues of implementation, functional and symbolic organization of private space in direct contact with the urban space organization, also functional and symbolic, will be discussed to highlight possible affinities with domestic housing schemes known elsewhere in the Mediterranean. The objective is to achieve a study of the Alexandrian case including the analysis of transformations and evolutions of habitat areas as well as the explanation of architectural and urban projects that have governed in time, through multiple adjustments, changes in the ancient city of Alexandria.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O eixo temático se desenvolveu a partir do questionamento sobre como foi o processo de reconstrução de Sagunto, que foi promovido por Roma. A região de Sagunto configura como o motivo central para o embate entre romanos e cartagineses. Todavia, com o término da Segunda Guerra Púnica (218-202 a.C.), a cidade estava destruída e uma embaixada saguntina foi enviada para Roma, a fim de solicitar ao Senado sua reorganização. O pedido aparece como sendo bem aceito pelos senadores romanos. Contudo, a partir desse momento, começa o silenciamento. A escassez de informações sobre a temática foi o primeiro problema encontrado ao longo da pesquisa. Sendo assim, foi necessário recorrer à documentação arqueológica da cidade, à numismática e à epigrafia para conseguir preencher as lacunas referentes ao tema de pesquisa. Os indícios possibilitaram não somente compreender a cidade de Sagunto e seus vários estatutos jurídicos perante Roma, como também lançar outro olhar sobre as práticas imperialistas. Ao evocar Edward Said como teórico deste trabalho, elemento de inovação da pesquisa, é possível construir a estrutura de atitudes e referências que os romanos, entre os séculos II a.C. e I d.C., aplicaram na região saguntina para consolidar o seu poder. Assim, por meio do estudo das entidades geográficas, compreende-se o espaço físico da cidade e, pelo conceito de entidades culturais, analisam-se o sistema administrativo e os colégios sacerdotais atuantes em Sagunto, no século I d.C. Logo, o imperialismo romano pode ser visto como um mecanismo que se vale de diversos elementos, os quais não se limitam à força no processo de ocupação. Em suma, política e cultura são peças centrais no processo de preservação do poder romano no espaço provincial. / The main theme of this paper evolved from questioning how was the process of reconstruction of Sagunt, which was promoted by Rome. The region of Sagunt configured as the central reason for the clash between the Romans and Carthaginians. However, with the end of the Second Punic War (218-201 B.C.), the city was destroyed and a Saguntine embassy was sent to Rome in order to ask the Senate for its reorganization. The request seemed to be well accepted by Roman senators. From that moment, silence began. The shortage of information about the subject was the first problem found during the research. Therefore, it was necessary to resort to archaeological documentation of the city, as well as to numismatics and epigraphy, in order to fill in the gaps regarding the research topic. The evidence enabled us to not understand the city of Sagunt and its various juridical statutes faced to Rome, but also look afresh at the imperialist practices. When Edward Said is evoked as theoretical reference, the aspect of innovation of this research, it is possible to build the structure of attitudes and references that Romans implemented in the Saguntine region, between the centuries II B.C. and I A.D., to consolidate their power. So, the study of geographic entities allows the understanding of the citys physical space . The concept of cultural entities enables an analyses of the administrative system and the priestly colleges operating in Sagunt in the first century A.D. Roman imperialism can be seen as a mechanism that draws on several elements, which are not limited to force in the occupation process. In short, politics and culture are central in the process of preservation of Roman power in the provincial area.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A história da pólis de Esparta como, por vezes, nos foi apresentada tomou uma perspectiva historiográfica dotada de pressupostos Atenocêntricos, os quais acabaram apresentando-a como rústica, dotada de uma economia e uma cultura estática e demasiadamente inclinada às atividades militares. No entanto, através de nossa pesquisa verificamos que as práticas político-culturais dos cidadãos de Esparta eram dinâmicas, para sua época. Seguindo por esse viés, verificamos que as representações de Esparta, sobretudo dos esparciatas e dos seus basileus, variaram de acordo com o grupo social e o contexto histórico em que foram empregadas. Com isso, observamos que embora os cidadãos de Esparta tenham sido, em algumas circunstâncias, criticados pelos pensadores antigos, esta não foi uma tendência hegemônica. Sendo assim, mediante os indícios da documentação literária do período Clássico, notamos que os esparciatas e os seus basileus teriam sido homens dotados de um habitus tradicional, o qual valorizava o aprimoramento físico e mental, assim como a responsabilidade com os deveres sagrados. Através da interação entre os vestígios documentais e dos estudos historiográficos mapeamos parte das representações de Esparta que figuraram os diversos discursos no decorrer da história do Ocidente, no intuito de materializarmos as possíveis motivações político-culturais nas apropriações do habitus espartano. Por conseguinte, recorremos à documentação literária para entendermos como parte dos pensadores clássicos concebeu, por meio de uma memória ancestral, a formação da região da Lacedemônia e da pólis de Esparta, a qual teria se dado concomitantemente com a legitimação político-cultural da identidade étnica dos basileus e dos esparciatas. Por fim, analisamos as práticas rituais em honra ao deus Apolo como um mecanismo empregado pelos segmentos sociais hegemônicos da Lacedemônia para ratificar o seu poder político frente a grupos sociais submetidos. / The history of Sparta sometimes was presented in Athenocentric perspective, which considered Sparta as a rustic society, with static economy and culture, leaning only military activities. However, our research has shown that policies and cultural practices of the citizens of Sparta were dynamic for his time. Following in this way, we find that the representations of Sparta, especially the spartiates and its basileis, ranged according to the historical and social context. Thus, we observe that although the citizens of Sparta were criticized by some ancient thinkers, this wasnt a hegemonic tendency. Upon the evidence of Classical literary documentation, we note that the spartiates and their basileis were men endowed with a traditional habitus, which valued the physical and mental improvement, but also the responsibility to the sacred duties. Through interaction between documentary traces and historiographical studies we charted part of Sparta that figured the discourses throughout the history of the West, in order to materialize the possible political and cultural motivations in the appropriations of Spartans habitus. Therefore, we refer to literary documentation to understand as part of classical thinkers conceived the formation of Lacedaemon region and the polis of Sparta, which would have given concomitantly with the cultural and political legitimation of ethnic identity of the basileus and the spartiates. Finally, we analyze the rituals practices in honor of the god Apollo as a mechanism employed to ratify the political power of hegemonic social segments of Lacedaemon against the subjected social groups.

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo abordar a História Eclesiástica, obra pioneira de Eusébio de Cesareia, a partir do ponto de vista de sua monumentalidade. Isto é: contemplando a maneira com que os temas abordados, e sobretudo a maneira como esses temas foram expostos nas páginas da História Eclesiástica, contribuíram para a constituição de uma identidade cristã em um período em que se deu uma passagem geracional de um contexto em que os cristãos eram perseguidos pelas autoridades romanas para um período em que o cristianismo adquiriu um novo status dentro do Império Romano. Para que essa abordagem seja possível, para que seja possível tratar da História Eclesiástica como uma referência para o mundo cristão do século IV e para as futuras gerações cristãs, será considerado todo o entorno religioso e cultural que de alguma maneira influenciou o desenvolvimento e a difusão do cristianismo e esteve presente na obra monumental do bispo de Cesareia, assim como autores cristãos de diferentes períodos que encontraram na História Eclesiástica uma referência para compreender os conflitos religiosos de seu próprio tempo. / The present research aims to approach the Ecclesiastical History, a pioneer historical work written by Eusebius of Caesarea, from the point of view of its monumentality. In other words, comprising the way that the addressed subjects, especially the way those subjects were exposed on the pages of the Ecclesiastical History, contributed to the formation of a christian identity in a period in which there was a generational transition from a context when christians were pursued by the roman authorities to a period when the christian religion acquired a new status in the Roman Empire. In order to succeed in this approach, in order to make possible to consider the Ecclesiastical History a refference to the christian world from the 4th century and for future christian generations, it will be taken into account the whole religious environment that somehow influenced the growth and spread of christianity and was present in the monumental work of the bishop of Caesarea, as well as christian authors from different historical periods that found in the Ecclesiastical Historial a refference to understand the religious conflicts from their own time.

Le traité intitulé Noé, écrit par Ambroise de Milan, est représentatif de sa pensée et de son activité en 378. Il synthétise déjà les études et les travaux produits tout au long des quatre cycles liturgiques qu’il a vécus depuis le début de son épiscopat en 374. Tout en suivant le fil du récit de la Genèse, l’exégète milanais fait le portrait du Juste, pour l’offrir à des fidèles soucieux, en temps de carême, de vivre au quotidien leur engagement chrétien et d’enrichir leur connaissance du texte et de la spiritualité bibliques.Nous nous sommes appuyés sur le texte latin de l’édition italienne SAEMO de 1984, pour en fournir une traduction. Nous y avons joint des notes, qui montrent le lien avec les autres oeuvres d’Ambroise et sa lecture de Philon d’Alexandrie, et un commentaire sous forme d’introduction. Nous décrivons la méthode de l’exégèse du pasteur milanais à travers ses aspects littéraires et rhétoriques, pour entrer ensuite dans la vie liturgique qui donne son sens au traité, avant d’évoquer des aspects de la théologie ambrosienne. / The treatise entitled Noe, written by Ambrose of Milan, represents his thought and his activity in 378. Firstly, it summarises the studies and work he completed throughout the four liturgical cycles he had known since the beginning of his episcopacy in 374. While following the thread of the story of The Genesis, the Milanese exegete draws the portrait of The Just Man to the faithful eager to live their daily Christian commitment, in times of lent, and enrich their knowledge of the biblical text and spirituality.We have used the Latin text of the Italian edition SAEMO dating back to 1984, in order to translate it. We have added notes, showing the link with Ambrose's other works and his reading of Philon of Alexandria, as well as a commentary as an introduction. We are describing the method of the Milanese pastor's exegesis through their literary and rhetorical angles, so as to enter then the liturgical life which gives its meaning to the treatise, before evoking the aspects of Ambrose's theology.