[ES] El objetivo fundamental del presente trabajo es establecer una metodología de investigación sobre la clasificación, catalogación y levantamiento grafico de los elementos arquitectónicos funerarios de la ciudad de Valencia, es decir, una investigación de campo y laboratorio sobre modelos y tipologías de arquitecturas funerarias prototípicas de Valencia con empleo de técnicas graficas y fotográficas. Con esta tesis queda claro que es posible adaptar las nuevas tecnologías a la investigación patrimonial, con todo el rigor científico que la expresión gráfica y el estudio del patrimonio, nos puede exigir. El vaciado y localización de todos los datos existentes en el Archivo Municipal, ha sido una tarea lenta, así como la confirmación y verificación de los datos existentes y su contrastación con otras fuentes ha sido complicado, ya que la localización de fuentes escritas y bibliográficas realizada para su posterior estudio, crítica y análisis, es escasa, y en las pocas fuentes existentes, la documentación es mínima y, en algunos casos, con estimaciones o suposiciones opuestas a otras de distinto autor. Los métodos aplicados aportan una vía en la investigación arquitectónica en el ámbito de este patrimonio tan desconocido y tan poco estudiado. En cuanto al levantamiento gráfico queda establecido un sistema de levantamiento a la vieja usanza, o con métodos de rectificado del fotograma y el de homología, en aquellos proyectos en los que el estado de este era tal que incluso el manejarlos para su fotografiado suponía ya un deterioro del papel. Por su simplicidad y gran exactitud, se ha determinado utilizar éste último. Los posibles pasos a seguir para el levantamiento gráfico de este patrimonio, con la aplicación si cabe de nuevas tecnologías o con métodos tradicionales está claro. Se pensó en su momento el realizar tomas infrarrojas en los Panteones, con el objeto de analizar las patologías con el tratamiento digital de la imagen. Pero este método ha sido descartado por varios motivos como la poca información que nos da en este tipo de construcción, donde las patologías son continuas por cada frente; la dificultad y tiempo que se requiere, así como el programa de clasificación de imágenes y la imposibilidad de entrar en los mismos. El método elegido ha consistido en: determinación, crítica y análisis de fuentes escritas; determinación, crítica y análisis de datos del Archivo Municipal; determinación, crítica y análisis de bibliografía y toma de datos fotográfica y fotocopias; levantamiento gráfico por sistema tradicional o por homologías. / [EN] The main objective of this work is to establish a research methodology on the classification, cataloging and graphic survey of the funerary architectural elements of the city of Valencia, that is, a field and laboratory research on models and typologies of prototypical funerary architecture of Valencia with the use of graphic and photographic techniques. With this thesis it is clear that it is possible to adapt new technologies to heritage research, with all the scientific rigor that graphic expression and the study of heritage can demand. The emptying and location of all the existing data in the Municipal Archive has been a slow task, as well as the confirmation and verification of the existing data and its contrast with other sources has been complicated, since the location of written and bibliographic sources for its later study, criticism and analysis, is scarce, and in the few existing sources, the documentation is minimal and, in some cases, with estimates or assumptions opposed to others of different authors. The methods applied provide a way in architectural research in the field of this heritage so unknown and little studied. As for the graphic survey, a system of old-fashioned survey is established, or with methods of rectification of the photogram and homology, in those projects in which the state of this was such that even handling them for their photographing already supposed a deterioration of the paper. Because of its simplicity and great accuracy, it was decided to use the latter. The possible steps to follow for the graphic survey of this heritage, with the application, if possible, of new technologies or with traditional methods is clear. It was thought at the time to take infrared shots in the Pantheons, in order to analyze the pathologies with digital image processing. But this method has method has been discarded for several reasons such as the little information it gives us in this type of construction, where the pathologies are continuous for each front; the difficulty and time required, as well as the image classification program and the impossibility of entering the images. The chosen method has consisted of: determination, critique and analysis of written sources; determination, critique and analysis of data from the Municipal Archives; determination, critique and analysis of bibliography and photographic and photocopy data; graphic survey by traditional system or by homologies / Girbés Pérez, J. (2009). Arquitectura ecléctico funeraria de la ciudad de Valencia. El cementerio general de Valencia [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/188618 / TESIS

[ES] La arquitectura es uno de los testimonios artísticos más relevantes de la civilización maya y su investigación es, por tanto, fundamental para el avance en el conocimiento de esta cultura, pues en ella se reflejan los conocimientos científicos y técnicos de los antiguos mayas, así como otros aspectos relacionados con la cosmovisión o la organización del poder. La superposición de edificios de épocas distintas es una de las características más singulares de esta arquitectura, pues los mayas tenían un sentido simbólico de la construcción y cuando tenían que construir un edificio nuevo lo situaban directamente sobre uno preexistente, aprovechando su volumen para levantar una estructura mayor y dejando el edificio previo rellenado y clausurado. Lograron de esta manera construir edificios cada vez más monumentales, caracterizados por una historia constructiva muy compleja. En el área maya permanecen todavía numerosos edificios que han llegado a su configuración final a través de varias superposiciones. Esta práctica de construir sobre lo construido ha permitido en muchos casos que edificios de épocas antiguas se conserven intactos en el interior de los basamentos, lo que representa una gran oportunidad para la investigación arqueológica. Estos edificios previos que permanecen incluidos en el volumen de los posteriores superpuestos se conocen con el nombre de "subestructuras". Sin embargo, el estudio de estos conjuntos arquitectónicos es una operación muy compleja, sobre todo a la hora de poner en un sistema de referencia común las distintas subestructuras para comprender las interacciones entre ellas, desarrollar estudios comparativos y difundir los resultados de la investigación al gran público. Esta cuestión representa hoy un reto que no es posible afrontar solo con las técnicas de documentación y representación tradicionales. El avance de las tecnologías de levantamiento digital puede permitir en este caso lograr un registro con un alto nivel de precisión de las estructuras existentes y preexistentes, así como obtener recursos gráficos de gran utilidad para la representación y la difusión de la historia constructiva de los edificios mayas. Esta investigación aborda el estudio de esta práctica de construir sobre lo construido en la arquitectura maya desde un punto de vista arquitectónico y propone una metodología de documentación para el análisis de las subestructuras mediante técnicas de levantamiento digital. La información obtenida del trabajo de campo, complementada con la de las fuentes bibliográficas, ha permitido obtener un corpus de edificios que han llegado a su configuración final tras varias superposiciones y que conservan en su interior una o más subestructuras. Entre estos se han seleccionado diez casos de estudio de diferentes áreas geográficas, estilos arquitectónicos y épocas que han sido analizados en detalle para reconstruir su evolución arquitectónica y cronológica. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se propone un análisis arquitectónico de esta práctica de construir sobre lo construido según diferentes criterios, que ha permitido determinar cómo evolucionaron los edificios que llegaron a su configuración final tras varias superposiciones, establecer las principales variables que determinan su evolución arquitectónica y profundizar en las técnicas constructivas empleadas y en las razones económicas y simbólicas. Además, se ha experimentado la aplicación de las técnicas de levantamiento digital al estudio de las subestructuras, realizando tomas de datos in situ en la subestructura de la Acrópolis de la Blanca (Petén, Guatemala) y en la subestructura del Palacio del Gobernador de Uxmal (Yucatán, México). El análisis de los resultados obtenidos a lo largo de diferentes campañas de levantamiento ha llevado a la formulación y a la propuesta de unas líneas guías para la documentación digital de las subestructuras en la arquitectura maya. / [CAT] L'arquitectura és un dels testimonis artístics més rellevants de la civilització maia i la seua investigació és, per tant, fonamental per a l'avanç en el coneixement d'aquesta cultura, doncs en ella es reflecteixen els coneixements científics i tècnics dels antics maies, així com altres aspectes relacionats amb la cosmovisió o l'organització del poder. La superposició d'edificis d'èpoques diferents és una de les característiques més singulars d'aquesta arquitectura, doncs els maies tenien un sentit simbòlic de la construcció i quan havien de construir un nou edifici el situaven directament sobre un preexistent, aprofitant el volum per alçar una estructura major i deixant l'edifici previ omplert i clausurat. Aconseguiren així construir edificis cada vegada més monumentals, caracteritzats per una història constructiva molt complexa. En l'àrea maia es conserven encara nombrosos edificis que han arribat a la seua configuració final després de diverses superposicions. Aquesta pràctica de construir sobre allò ja construït ha permès en molts casos que edificis d'èpoques antigues es conserven intactes en el interior dels basaments, el que representa una gran oportunitat per a la investigació arqueològica. Aquests edificis previs que romanen inclosos en el volums dels posteriors superposats es coneixen amb es nom de "subestructures". L'estudi d'aquests conjunts arquitectònics però és una operació molt complexa, sobretot a l'hora de posar en un sistema de referència comú les diferents subestructures per a comprendre les interaccions entre elles, desenvolupar estudis comparatius i difondre els resultats de la investigació al gran públic. Esta qüestió representa hui un repte que no és possible enfrontar només amb les tècniques de documentació i representació tradicionals. L'avanç de les tecnologies d'alçament digital pot permetre en aquest cas aconseguir un alt nivell de precisió de les estructures existents i preexistents, així com obtenir recursos gràfics de gran utilitat per a la representació i la difusió de la història constructiva dels edificis maies. Aquesta investigació aborda l'estudi d'aquesta pràctica de construir sobre allò ja construït en l'arquitectura maia des d'un punt de vista arquitectònic i proposa una metodologia de documentació per a l'anàlisi de les subestructures mitjançant tècniques d'alçament digital. La informació obtinguda del treball de camp, complementada amb la de les fonts bibliogràfiques, ha permès obtindré un corpus d'edificis que han arribat a la seua configuració final després de diverses superposicions i que conserven al interior una o més subestructures. Entre d'aquests s'han seleccionat deu casos d'estudi de diferents àrees geogràfiques, estils arquitectònics i èpoques que han sigut analitzats en detall per a reconstruir la seua evolució arquitectònica i cronològica. A partir dels resultats obtinguts es proposa una anàlisi arquitectònica d'aquesta pràctica de construir sobre allò ja construït segons diferents criteris, que ha permès determinar com evolucionaren els edificis que arribaren a la seua configuració final després de diverses superposicions, establir les principals variables que determinen la seua evolució arquitectònica i aprofundir en les tècniques constructives emprades i en les raons econòmiques i simbòliques. A més, s'ha experimentat l'aplicació de les tècniques d'alçament digital a l'estudi de les subestructures, realitzant preses de dades in situ en la subestructura de l'Acròpolis de La Blanca (Petén, Guatemala) i en la subestructura del Palau del Governador d'Uxmal (Yucatán, Mèxic). L'anàlisi dels resultats obtinguts al llarg de les diverses campanyes d'alçament ha portat a la formulació i a la proposta d'unes línies guia per a la documentació de les subestructures en l'arquitectura maia. / [EN] The architecture of the Maya reflects both their scientific and technological knowledge, as well as aspects related to their cosmovision and power structures, and is generally considered one of the greatest artistic achievements of this ancient civilization. Therefore, research on Maya built heritage is crucial to gain a deeper understanding of this ancient culture. Superimposition of buildings from different periods is a unique characteristic of this architecture. The Maya had a symbolic approach to construction as they often built new structures directly over the existing ones, previously filled and closed, using their volume to achieve larger buildings. Through this process, they erected monumental buildings with complex construction histories. In the Maya area there are still a great number of buildings that reached their final configuration through different superimpositions. This "building upon the built" practice permitted many ancient structures to be preserved integrally inside the volume of the superimposed buildings, which today offers a great opportunity for archaeological research. Earlier buildings that remain within the newer superimposed ones are called "subestructuras" in Spanish. The documentation and study of these architectural complexes is often an intricate process, since it is necessary to introduce the vestiges of several superimposed buildings into a common reference system in order to show interactions, develop comparative studies and disseminate the results. This is a challenge that cannot be met by traditional documentation and representation techniques alone. In these cases, digital survey technologies contribute to the production of a highly accurate record of existing and pre-existing structures, as well as graphic resources that may be helpful for representing and disseminating the Maya construction sequences. The main purposes of this study are to examine this "building upon the built" practice in Maya architecture with an architectural approach, and propose a methodology for digitally documenting the previous buildings that remain hidden inside the newer superimposed ones. Based on the information obtained from fieldwork and bibliographical research, we compiled a corpus of buildings that achieved their final configuration after several superimpositions and contain one or more previous buildings. Then, we selected ten case studies from different geographical areas, architectural styles, and time periods, and analysed them in detail to reconstruct their architectural and chronological evolution. Based on the results obtained, and according to ad hoc established criteria, an architectural analysis of this "building upon the built" practice is provided, which allows to determine how the buildings reached their final configuration, the variables of their architectural evolution, the construction techniques used, and the economic and symbolic aspects involved. Furthermore, we tested the application of digital survey techniques to the study of the earlier buildings by collecting data in the Acropolis of La Blanca (Petén, Guatemala) and the Palace of the Governor Palace at Uxmal (Yucatan, Mexico). After analysing the results obtained, we propose guidelines for the digital documentation of Maya buildings that remained hidden due to one or more superimpositions. / Montuori, R. (2022). La práctica de construir sobre lo construido en la arquitectura maya [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/190816

[ES] La tierra ha constituido uno de los materiales constructivos de mayor antigüedad y presencia en las sociedades del pasado, dada su elevada disponibilidad en el entorno, sencilla obtención y transformación. Durante los diferentes periodos históricos, el desarrollo de técnicas constructivas como las mixtas, el amasado, el adobe o la tapia, ha respondido a tradiciones y culturas constructivas específicas que, en base a la experimentación, suponen un perfeccionamiento en su ejecución en aras de mejorar las propiedades mecánicas y físicas, así como dar una respuesta personalizada a los agentes de degradación. Por ello, se trata de construcciones capaces de arrojar datos de gran relevancia en la caracterización de estas sociedades, su delimitación territorial, migraciones, contactos o formas de vida; pero también de constituir herramientas para su transmisión al gran público mediante el reconocimiento físico y visual de las mismas. En los años recientes, la construcción con tierra de la antigüedad ha suscitado un interés renovado en el ámbito académico, debido al atesoramiento de dicha información en tanto a las técnicas constructivas; y en el de conservación, dadas las contradicciones experimentadas en la prolongación de su vida útil, reducción del mantenimiento derivado del desuso y retención de valores de autenticidad. Sin embargo, son numerosos los factores que amenazan y dificultan la preservación de estos vestigios, al tratarse de una arquitectura desprovista de sus sistemas de protección tradicionales, con un encaje y funcionalidad limitada en la sociedad actual, y una comprometida valoración del material, asociado a connotaciones negativas y a la pobreza constructiva. El objetivo de la presente tesis es abordar el panorama peninsular en este marco, atendiendo a los contextos de mayor fragilidad y priorizando la arquitectura de tierra doméstica, productiva y funeraria adscrita a los periodos prehistórico, protohistórico, romano o, en menor medida, medieval. De esta forma, identificar, por una parte, una muestra representativa de casos de estudio con vestigios conservados in situ, y generar una base de datos tanto de origen bibliográfico (estudio de técnicas constructivas), como con información actualizada (estado de conservación y transformación actual), a través de la toma de los mismos en visitas de campo. Por otra, proponer una metodología de evaluación que represente los principales factores de peligrosidad en la dimensión natural (sismo, inundación, desertificación y precipitación), social y antrópica, en aras de establecer, por comparación y cruce de datos institucionales, grados de vulnerabilidad y riesgo que favorezcan la prevención y planificación de estrategias de conservación. / [CA] La terra ha constituït un dels materials constructius de major antiguitat i presència en les societats del passat, d'acord amb la seua elevada disponibilitat en l'entorn, senzilla obtenció i transformació. En els diferents períodes històrics, el desenvolupament de tècniques constructives com les mixtes, la paret de mà, els tovots o la tàpia, ha respost a tradicions i cultures constructives específiques que, atesa l'experimentació, suposen un perfeccionament en la seua execució a fi de millorar les propietats mecàniques i físiques, així com donar una resposta personalitzada als agents de degradació. Per això, es tracta de construccions capaces de llançar dades de gran rellevància en la caracterització d'aquestes societats, la seua delimitació territorial, migracions, contactes o formes de vida; però també de constituir eines per a la seua transmissió al gran públic mitjançant el reconeixement físic i visual. En els últims anys, la construcció amb terra de l'antiguitat ha suscitat un interés renovat en l'àmbit acadèmic, a causa del tresorejament d'aquesta informació en tant a les tècniques constructives; i en el de conservació, d'acord amb les contradiccions experimentades en la prolongació de la seua vida útil, reducció del manteniment derivat del desús i retenció de valors d'autenticitat. No obstant això, són nombrosos els factors que amenacen i dificulten la preservació d'aquests vestigis, en tractar-se d'una arquitectura desproveïda dels seus sistemes de protecció tradicionals, amb un encaix i funcionalitat limitada en la societat actual, i una compromesa valoració del material, associat a connotacions negatives i a la pobresa constructiva. L'objectiu de la present tesi és abordar el panorama peninsular en aquest marc, atesos els contextos de major fragilitat i prioritzant l'arquitectura de terra domèstica, productiva i funerària adscrita als períodes prehistòric, protohistòric, romà o, en menor mesura, medieval. D'aquesta manera, identificar, d'una banda, una mostra representativa de casos d'estudi amb vestigis conservats in situ, i generar una base de dades tant d'origen bibliogràfic (estudi de tècniques constructives), com amb informació actualitzada (estat de conservació i transformació actual), a través de la recollida d'aquests en visites de camp. Per una altra, proposar una metodologia d'avaluació que represente els principals factors de perillositat en la dimensió natural (sisme, inundació, desertificació i precipitació), social i antròpica, a fi d'establir, per comparació i encreuament de dades institucionals, graus de vulnerabilitat i risc que afavorisquen la prevenció i planificació d'estratègies de conservació. / [EN] Earth has been one of the oldest and most widely used building materials in past societies, given its high availability in the environment, ease of production and transformation. Throughout different historical periods, the development of construction techniques such as wattle and daub, cob, adobe, and rammed earth has been influenced by specific construction traditions and cultures. Through experimentation, these techniques have been refined to improve their mechanical and physical properties, as well as to provide personalised responses to degradation. Consequently, these constructions yield significant data for the characterization of these societies, their territorial boundaries, migrations, contacts, and ways of living. They also serve as tools for public dissemination through their physical and visual recognition. In recent years, ancient earth construction has sparked renewed interest in the academic and conservation fields. The accumulation of knowledge regarding these construction techniques and the challenges experienced in extending their lifespan, reducing maintenance resulting from disuse, while preserving their authenticity values, have contributed to this interest. However, numerous factors threaten and complicate the preservation of these remnants, as they lack traditional protective systems, have limited fit and functionality in today's society, and are associated with negative connotations and poor construction quality. The objective of this thesis is to address the situation on the Iberian Peninsula within this circumstances, focusing on contexts of greater fragility and prioritizing domestic, productive, and funerary earthen architecture from prehistoric, protohistoric, Roman, and to a lesser extent, medieval periods. The aim is twofold: first, to identify a representative sample of case studies with preserved remains in situ and generate a database from both bibliographic sources (study of construction techniques) and updated information (current state of conservation and transformation) through field visits and data collection. Second, to propose an evaluation methodology that encompasses the main factors of natural (earthquakes, flooding, desertification, and precipitation), social, and anthropic hazards. By comparing and cross-referencing institutional data, this methodology aims to establish degrees of vulnerability and risk that facilitate prevention and conservation planning strategies. / Gracias al Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, por financiar la presente tesis en el Centro de Investigación en Arquitectura, Patrimonio y Gestión para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Universitat Politècnica de València, así como las estancias de índole internacional y nacional durante los años de desarrollo. / Manzano Fernández, S. (2023). Arquitectura de tierra en yacimientos arqueológicos de la Península Ibérica: estudio de riesgos naturales, sociales y antrópicos y estrategias de conservación [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/197994

L’objectif de notre recherche est l’exploration et l’étude de la question de l’instrumentation informatique des projets de reconstitution archéologiques en architecture monumentale dans le but de proposer de nouveaux moyens. La recherche a pour point de départ une question, à savoir : « Comment, et avec quels moyens informatiques, les projets de reconstitution architecturale pourraient-ils être menés en archéologie? ». Cette question a nécessité, en premier lieu, une étude des différentes approches de restitution qui ont été mises à contribution pour des projets de reconstitution archéologiques, et ceci, à ses différentes phases. Il s’agit de comprendre l’évolution des différentes méthodologies d’approche (épistémologiquement) que les acteurs de ce domaine ont adoptées afin de mettre à contribution les technologies d’information et de communication (TIC) dans le domaine du patrimoine bâti. Cette étude nous a permis de dégager deux principales avenues: une première qui vise exclusivement la « représentation » des résultats des projets et une seconde qui vise la modélisation de ce processus dans le but d’assister l’archéologue dans les différentes phases du projet. Nous démontrons que c’est la deuxième approche qui permet la combinaison et met à la disposition des archéologues une meilleure exploitation des possibilités que l’outil informatique peut et pourra présenter. Cette partie permet de démontrer la nature systémique et complexe de la mise à contribution des TICs dans le domaine de la restitution archéologique. La multitude des acteurs, des conditions techniques, culturelles et autres, des moyens utilisés ainsi que la variété des objectifs envisagés dans les projets de reconstitution archéologiques poussent à explorer une nouvelle approche qui tient compte de cette complexité. Pour atteindre notre objectif de recherche, la poursuite de l’étude de la nature de la démarche archéologique s’impose. Il s’agit de comprendre les liens et les interrelations qui s’établissent entre les différentes unités techniques et intellectuelles en jeu ainsi que les différents modes de réflexions présents dans les projets de reconstitution archéologique du patrimoine bâti. Cette étude met en évidence le rapport direct entre le caractère subjectif de la démarche avec la grande variabilité des approches et des raisonnements mis en œuvre. La recherche est alors exploratoire et propositionnelle pour confronter notamment le caractère systémique et complexe de l’expérience concrète et à travers les publications savantes, les éléments de la réalité connaissable. L’étude des raisonnements archéologiques à travers les publications savantes nous permet de proposer une première typologie de raisonnements étudiés. Chacune de ces typologies reflète une méthodologie d’approche basée sur une organisation d’actions qui peut être consignée dans un ensemble de modules de raisonnements. Cette recherche fait ressortir, des phénomènes et des processus observés, un modèle qui représente les interrelations et les interactions ainsi que les produits spécifiques de ces liaisons complexes. Ce modèle témoigne d’un processus récursif, par essais et erreurs, au cours duquel l’acteur « expérimente » successivement, en fonction des objectifs de l’entreprise et à travers des modules de raisonnements choisis, plusieurs réponses aux questions qui se posent à lui, au titre de la définition du corpus, de la description, de la structuration, de l’interprétation et de la validation des résultats, jusqu’à ce que cette dernière lui paraisse satisfaire aux objectifs de départ. Le modèle établi est validé à travers l’étude de cas du VIIème pylône du temple de Karnak en Égypte. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les modules de raisonnements représentent une solution intéressante pour assister les archéologues dans les projets de reconstitution archéologiques. Ces modules offrent une multiplicité de combinaisons des actions et avantagent ainsi une diversité d’approches et de raisonnements pouvant être mis à contribution pour ces projets tout en maintenant la nature évolutive du système global. / The goal of our research is to explore and study the use of computerized tools in archaeological reconstruction projects of monumental architecture in order to propose new ways in which such technology can be used. The first question we ask is: "How and with which computerized tools can architectural reconstruction projects be conducted in archaeology? In our quest to answer this question, we begin with a study of the different restitution approaches used in various phases of archaeological reconstruction projects. This involves understanding how the different methods of approach have evolved (epistemologically), how those involved in such projects have put information and communication technologies to use in the field of built heritage. This study has identified two main avenues: one whose sole aim is the "representation" of project results and another whose aim is to model this process in order to assist the archaeologist through various phases of a project. We have demonstrated that it is the second approach which combines and offers archaeologists a better utilization of the possibilities offered by computer assisted tools. This allowed us to demonstrate the complex and systemic nature of ICT’s in the field of archaeological reconstruction. The multiple actors, conditions, means and goals considered in archaeological reconstruction projects have led us to explore a new approach that reflects this complexity. In order to achieve the goal of our research, it was necessary to further study the nature of the archaeological process. This involved understanding the links and interrelations between the various components that define the archaeological approach and the various thought processes involved in heritage building archaeological reconstruction projects. This study showed a direct relationship between the subjective nature of the process and the diversity of approaches and thought processes which can be implemented. This exploratory and propositional research reinforces the systemic and complex nature of our approach and prompts us to explore, in practice and through published literature, the elements of known reality. The study of archaeological reasoning through academic publications has allowed us to propose an initial typology of arguments studied. Each of these typologies reflects a methodological approach based on organized actions that can be recorded in a set of reasoning modules. This research has allowed us to highlight phenomena and observed processes, leading to a model representing interrelationships and interactions as well as the specific results of these complex interconnections. This pattern reflects a cyclical process of trial and error, in which the actors consecutively 'experience' (according to the project’s goals and through reasoning modules), several answers to the questions exposed to him under the corpus definition, description, structure, interpretation and validation of the results until the latter would appear to meet the original targets. The model developed was validated through a case study of the seventh pylon of the Karnak temple in Egypt. The results show that the reasoning modules offer an interesting solution assisting archaeologists in archaeological reconstruction projects. The multiple action combinations offered by these modules are an advantage to many approaches and thought processes which could be useful to such projects while maintaining the progressive nature of the overall system.

Os campos da Preservação de Monumentos Históricos e da Sustentabilidade na Construção Civil, apesar de distintos, apresentam certo grau de complementaridade. São áreas que dependem de processos eminentemente coletivos para seu avanço, e que se consagram como tradições culturais importantes no enfrentamento da deterioração dos espaços urbanos contemporâneos. A matéria é atual e urgente. Entretanto, o debate sobre o projeto arquitetônico como instrumento de valorização cultural e requalificação ainda é incipiente. Como analisar as intervenções atuais em edifícios degradados? Qual a relevância da Teoria da Restauração e da Sustentabilidade na construção no ideário cultural? Como reintegrar imóveis disfuncionais às dinâmicas urbanas? São questões complexas que merecem atenção. Por isso propomos a análise de três intervenções em edifícios ecléticos na cidade de São Paulo, e cujas estratégias de ocupação guardam intima relação com a adoção de usos e ocupações ordinárias. Debateremos, portanto, um projeto residencial - o condomínio Américo Simões, e dois acadêmicos - o Instituto Oscar Freire da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, e a FAU - Vila Penteado, da mesma universidade. Cada caso foi estudado através de sistema de valores, em que as dimensões individuais e coletivas do projeto são articuladas no intuito de produzir-se uma visão de conjunto das propostas. O primeiro valor é denominado cultural, ou seja, tem suas definições atribuídas às pesquisas históricas e estéticas e atribui aos bens imóveis valores de interesse comuns a toda a sociedade. O segundo, por outro lado, recebe o nome de valor autoral e volta-se ao reconhecimento das escolhas projetuais contemporâneas, do arquiteto responsável pela proposta, e que estão presentes no partido arquitetônico das restaurações. Do nosso ponto de vista, essa metodologia oferece possibilidades de aprendizado técnico e ético nesse debate particular, em que acreditamos ser desejável a aproximação entre as tendências de Preservação e Sustentabilidade nos projetos de arquitetura. / The fields of the Historical Monument Preservation and the Sustainability in the Civil Construction, although distinct, present certain degree of integration. They are areas that share of eminently collective processes in the advance of the knowledge, and that if contemporaries consecrate as important cultural traditions for the confrontation of the deterioration of the urban spaces. The substance is current and urgent. However, the debate on the architectural project in this area is incipient. How to evaluate the current interventions in degraded buildings? Which the relevance of the Theory of the Restoration and Sustainability in the construction of the recent cultural scenario? How to reintegrate abandoned buildings to the urban dynamics? These are complex issues that deserve attention. Therefore we consider the analysis of three interventions in eclectic buildings in the city of São Paulo, and whose strategies of occupation keep it summons usual relation with the adoption of uses and occupations. We will debate, therefore, a residential project - the condominium Américo Simões, and two academicals buildings - the Institute Oscar Freire of the College of Medicine of the USP, and the FAU - Vila Penteado, of the same university. Each in case were analyzed through a system of values, where the individual and collective dimensions of projects are articulated in intention to produce a vision of set of the proposals. The first value is called cultural, that is, it has its definitions attributed to the historical and aesthetic research and attributes to the real properties common values of interest to all the society. As, on the other hand, it receives the name from authorial value and turns it the recognition of the contemporary decisions, of the responsible architect for the proposal, and that they are gifts in the party architectural of the restorations. Of our point of view this methodology offers to learning possibilities technician and ethical of this debate in particular, where we believe to be desirable the approach enters the trends of Preservation and Sustainability in the architectural projects.

Cette recherche, fondée sur une enquête de terrain et l’analyse d’archives, vise à comprendre l’histoire et la mise en tourisme des complexes industriels dédiés au sucre ainsi que leur intégration au patrimoine culturel taiwanais. Après une présentation des origines du sucre et de son implantation, nous traiterons de l’histoire économique de l’île de façon chronologique, afin de mieux cerner le contexte de création puis de fermeture des complexes industriels. Puis, en retraçant l’histoire de l’architecture moderne et de l’urbanisme au Japon et dans ses colonies, nous expliquerons quelle a été l’organisation spatiale et l’architecture des sites, conçus comme des modèles avancés de communautés industrielles modernes. Un tour d’horizon des vestiges présents et des éléments disparus permettra de faire un état des lieux du niveau de préservation du patrimoine industriel taiwanais et de découvrir que si certains édifices sont encore en parfait état, d’autres ont parfois subi des destructions ou de lourdes modifications architecturales après 1945. Enfin, le détail de la mise en tourisme des sites à l’heure actuelle nous renseignera d’une part sur les projets de réutilisation décidés pour faire vivre les anciens complexes industriels maintenant transformés en « parcs culturels » et la façon dont les Taiwanais souhaitent mettre en valeur ce patrimoine redécouvert progressivement à partir des années 1990. D’autre part, nous découvrirons quels discours ont été choisi (et par qui) lors de la présentation de l’histoire des sites et de la mémoire ouvrière, dans le contexte sous-jacent de conflits interethniques et politiques intenses que connaît Taiwan depuis plusieurs décennies. / This research, based on a field study and on archives analysis, aims to understand the history and the transition into touristic spots of industrial complexes dedicated to sugar as well as their integration into the Taiwanese cultural heritage. After presenting the origins of sugar and it’s implantation in Taiwan, we will address the island’s economical history in a chronological manner in order to better understand the context in which these industrial complexes were created and later closed. Then, by recounting the history of modern architecture and urbanism in Japan and Japanese colonies, we will explain the spatial and architectural organization of these sites, built as advanced models of modern industrial communities. An overview of the present remains and of the elements that are now gone will enable us to highlight the Taiwanese heritage’s current state of preservation. Furthermore, to point out that even though some buildings are still in perfect condition, others have undergone destruction or heavy architectural modifications after 1945. Finally, detailing of the current transition into touristic venues of these sites will inform us, on one hand, on the projects dedicated to bringing back to life old industrial complexes by transforming them into « cultural parks » and, on the other hand, on the way the Taiwanese want to showcase a heritage they have rediscovered starting in the early nineties. Furthermore, we will bring to light what kind of discourses have been chosen (and by whom), when the history of these sites and their working class memory are presented, in Taiwan’s underlying context of intense inter-ethnic and political conflicts of the past few decades.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo a investigação dos trabalhos de inventário do patrimônio da cidade de São Paulo, realizados entre os anos de 1974 e 1978, que tinham o objetivo de identificar imóveis a serem preservados na Área Central e na Zona Leste da cidade. Procurou-se compreender estes trabalhos como parte integrante das novas abor-dagens no campo da preservação do patrimônio que estavam em gestação na capital paulista, tanto no que diz respei-to aos conceitos quanto às metodologias neles adotados. Os trabalhos de inventário, assim como, as ações efetivas para a preservação de imóveis são compreendidos como parte de uma nova sensibilidade em relação ao patrimônio da cidade, então em rápido processo de transformação em decorrência das demolições advindas da verticalização ou da implantação de grandes obras viárias e de infra-estrutura, como a implantação do metrô. Procura-se estabelecer os nexos entre esses estudos e as práticas de planejamento urbano e de regulamentação do uso do solo realizados no período. Foram investigados os critérios e conceitos defendidos pelos agentes dos inventários focalizados, procuran-do-se detectar as referências e os diálogos intelectuais mantidos com as experiências nacionais e internacionais, crité-rios considerados decisivos na formação dos novos discursos e métodos empreendidos, especialmente àqueles que contribuíram à construção, entendimento e afirmação do conceito de \"patrimônio ambiental urbano\", utilizado pelos agentes preservacionistas a partir desse período. / This work has as its goal to analyse the inventory works of the heritage of the city of São Paulo, performed between 1974 and 1978, which had as objective to identify real estates to be preserved in the Downtown and East areas of the city. While reviewing these works, it was persued to comprehend them as a fundamental part of the new ap-proaches in the field of heritage preservation in development in the São Paulo state capital, concearning either the concepts and the methodologies adopted in them. The inventories, as well as the effective actions for the preserva-tion of the selected properties, are taken as part of a new sensitivity towards the city patrimony, so far in a quick transformation process due to demolishings caused by verticalization or by the implantation of great road construc-tions or of infrastructure, like subway stations. The focus is to establish the logical aspects between these studies and the practices of urban planning and the regulation of the use of the ground performed in this period. The criteria and concepts defended by the focused inventory agents were studied, trying to detect the references and dialogues kept with national and international experiences, intellectual dialogues considered decisive in the formation of new criteria, speeches and undertaken methods, specially those that contributed to the construction and stating of the concept of \"urban environmental heritage\", used by preservational agents from this period on.

L’objectif de notre recherche est l’exploration et l’étude de la question de l’instrumentation informatique des projets de reconstitution archéologiques en architecture monumentale dans le but de proposer de nouveaux moyens. La recherche a pour point de départ une question, à savoir : « Comment, et avec quels moyens informatiques, les projets de reconstitution architecturale pourraient-ils être menés en archéologie? ». Cette question a nécessité, en premier lieu, une étude des différentes approches de restitution qui ont été mises à contribution pour des projets de reconstitution archéologiques, et ceci, à ses différentes phases. Il s’agit de comprendre l’évolution des différentes méthodologies d’approche (épistémologiquement) que les acteurs de ce domaine ont adoptées afin de mettre à contribution les technologies d’information et de communication (TIC) dans le domaine du patrimoine bâti. Cette étude nous a permis de dégager deux principales avenues: une première qui vise exclusivement la « représentation » des résultats des projets et une seconde qui vise la modélisation de ce processus dans le but d’assister l’archéologue dans les différentes phases du projet. Nous démontrons que c’est la deuxième approche qui permet la combinaison et met à la disposition des archéologues une meilleure exploitation des possibilités que l’outil informatique peut et pourra présenter. Cette partie permet de démontrer la nature systémique et complexe de la mise à contribution des TICs dans le domaine de la restitution archéologique. La multitude des acteurs, des conditions techniques, culturelles et autres, des moyens utilisés ainsi que la variété des objectifs envisagés dans les projets de reconstitution archéologiques poussent à explorer une nouvelle approche qui tient compte de cette complexité. Pour atteindre notre objectif de recherche, la poursuite de l’étude de la nature de la démarche archéologique s’impose. Il s’agit de comprendre les liens et les interrelations qui s’établissent entre les différentes unités techniques et intellectuelles en jeu ainsi que les différents modes de réflexions présents dans les projets de reconstitution archéologique du patrimoine bâti. Cette étude met en évidence le rapport direct entre le caractère subjectif de la démarche avec la grande variabilité des approches et des raisonnements mis en œuvre. La recherche est alors exploratoire et propositionnelle pour confronter notamment le caractère systémique et complexe de l’expérience concrète et à travers les publications savantes, les éléments de la réalité connaissable. L’étude des raisonnements archéologiques à travers les publications savantes nous permet de proposer une première typologie de raisonnements étudiés. Chacune de ces typologies reflète une méthodologie d’approche basée sur une organisation d’actions qui peut être consignée dans un ensemble de modules de raisonnements. Cette recherche fait ressortir, des phénomènes et des processus observés, un modèle qui représente les interrelations et les interactions ainsi que les produits spécifiques de ces liaisons complexes. Ce modèle témoigne d’un processus récursif, par essais et erreurs, au cours duquel l’acteur « expérimente » successivement, en fonction des objectifs de l’entreprise et à travers des modules de raisonnements choisis, plusieurs réponses aux questions qui se posent à lui, au titre de la définition du corpus, de la description, de la structuration, de l’interprétation et de la validation des résultats, jusqu’à ce que cette dernière lui paraisse satisfaire aux objectifs de départ. Le modèle établi est validé à travers l’étude de cas du VIIème pylône du temple de Karnak en Égypte. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les modules de raisonnements représentent une solution intéressante pour assister les archéologues dans les projets de reconstitution archéologiques. Ces modules offrent une multiplicité de combinaisons des actions et avantagent ainsi une diversité d’approches et de raisonnements pouvant être mis à contribution pour ces projets tout en maintenant la nature évolutive du système global. / The goal of our research is to explore and study the use of computerized tools in archaeological reconstruction projects of monumental architecture in order to propose new ways in which such technology can be used. The first question we ask is: "How and with which computerized tools can architectural reconstruction projects be conducted in archaeology? In our quest to answer this question, we begin with a study of the different restitution approaches used in various phases of archaeological reconstruction projects. This involves understanding how the different methods of approach have evolved (epistemologically), how those involved in such projects have put information and communication technologies to use in the field of built heritage. This study has identified two main avenues: one whose sole aim is the "representation" of project results and another whose aim is to model this process in order to assist the archaeologist through various phases of a project. We have demonstrated that it is the second approach which combines and offers archaeologists a better utilization of the possibilities offered by computer assisted tools. This allowed us to demonstrate the complex and systemic nature of ICT’s in the field of archaeological reconstruction. The multiple actors, conditions, means and goals considered in archaeological reconstruction projects have led us to explore a new approach that reflects this complexity. In order to achieve the goal of our research, it was necessary to further study the nature of the archaeological process. This involved understanding the links and interrelations between the various components that define the archaeological approach and the various thought processes involved in heritage building archaeological reconstruction projects. This study showed a direct relationship between the subjective nature of the process and the diversity of approaches and thought processes which can be implemented. This exploratory and propositional research reinforces the systemic and complex nature of our approach and prompts us to explore, in practice and through published literature, the elements of known reality. The study of archaeological reasoning through academic publications has allowed us to propose an initial typology of arguments studied. Each of these typologies reflects a methodological approach based on organized actions that can be recorded in a set of reasoning modules. This research has allowed us to highlight phenomena and observed processes, leading to a model representing interrelationships and interactions as well as the specific results of these complex interconnections. This pattern reflects a cyclical process of trial and error, in which the actors consecutively 'experience' (according to the project’s goals and through reasoning modules), several answers to the questions exposed to him under the corpus definition, description, structure, interpretation and validation of the results until the latter would appear to meet the original targets. The model developed was validated through a case study of the seventh pylon of the Karnak temple in Egypt. The results show that the reasoning modules offer an interesting solution assisting archaeologists in archaeological reconstruction projects. The multiple action combinations offered by these modules are an advantage to many approaches and thought processes which could be useful to such projects while maintaining the progressive nature of the overall system.

Laranjeiras is the second oldest city in the state of Sergipe, registered by the Institute of National Historical and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN) since 1996, is presented as in Brazil where few still stands strong presence of material culture configured in vernacular architecture. Over the years, this historic city has suffered from various social and urban transformations. In the year 1864, pass the second epidemic of cholera. No hospital and no aid to improvements in population health, was implemented in 1866 the Charity Hospital São João de Deus as an alternative to alleviate the suffering of families laranjeirenses, an institution linked to the Santa Casa de Misericordia, work until the second half of the twentieth century bringing a great contribution to the treatment of local health. Therefore, this study aims to identify, through historiography, which would have been the old Charity Hospital São João de Deus, allowing a perspective of analysis of social representations present in this urban site today in ruin. Comparing to search through bibliographic sources such as reports President of the Province, Periodicals, Books memoirists, and oral sources (interviews) and material sources (Ruins). Data were analyzed qualitatively, allowing more objective view information collected through both the literature researched as what was collected among respondents, for a better analysis of the researched object and represented. Well being of fundamental importance, finish the job with the material culture, the importance of this study and interpreting the ruins of this heritage, emphasizing the aspects and completing the official documentation does not tell us about such spaces. Understood as an urban heritage still analyzes the representation of society Laranjeirense through local social interpretation. / Laranjeiras é a segunda cidade mais antiga do Estado de Sergipe, tombada pelo Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN) desde 1996, é apresentada como poucas no Brasil onde ainda se destaca uma forte presença da cultura material configurada na arquitetura vernacular. Com o passar dos anos, esta cidade histórica vem sofrendo com diversas transformações sociais e urbanas. No ano de 1864, passa pela segunda epidemia de Cólera. Sem hospital e nenhum auxílio para melhorias na saúde da população, foi implementado em 1866 o Hospital de Caridade São João de Deus como alternativa para amenizar o sofrimento das famílias laranjeirenses, instituição ligada à Santa Casa de Misericórdia, funcionará até a segunda metade do século XX trazendo uma grande contribuição para o tratamento da saúde local. Sendo assim, o presente estudo tem o objetivo de identificar, através da historiografia, o que teria sido o antigo Hospital de Caridade São João de Deus, possibilitando assim uma perspectiva de análise das representações sociais presentes neste sítio urbano hoje em ruína. Cotejando a pesquisa através de fontes bibliográficas, como os Relatórios de Presidente de Província, Periódicos, Livros Memorialistas, além de fontes orais (entrevistas) e as fontes materiais (Ruínas). Os dados foram tratados qualitativamente, permitindo visualizar com maior objetividade as informações recolhidas tanto através da bibliográfica pesquisada quanto o que foi colhido entre os entrevistados, para uma melhor análise entre o objeto pesquisado e o representado. Sendo também de fundamental importância, finalizar o trabalho com a cultura material, no estudo e importância no presente, interpretando as ruínas deste patrimônio, ressaltando aspectos e completando o que a documentação oficial não nos revela sobre tais espaços. Compreendido como um patrimônio urbano analisa-se ainda a representação da sociedade Laranjeirense através da interpretação social local.

Os campos da Preservação de Monumentos Históricos e da Sustentabilidade na Construção Civil, apesar de distintos, apresentam certo grau de complementaridade. São áreas que dependem de processos eminentemente coletivos para seu avanço, e que se consagram como tradições culturais importantes no enfrentamento da deterioração dos espaços urbanos contemporâneos. A matéria é atual e urgente. Entretanto, o debate sobre o projeto arquitetônico como instrumento de valorização cultural e requalificação ainda é incipiente. Como analisar as intervenções atuais em edifícios degradados? Qual a relevância da Teoria da Restauração e da Sustentabilidade na construção no ideário cultural? Como reintegrar imóveis disfuncionais às dinâmicas urbanas? São questões complexas que merecem atenção. Por isso propomos a análise de três intervenções em edifícios ecléticos na cidade de São Paulo, e cujas estratégias de ocupação guardam intima relação com a adoção de usos e ocupações ordinárias. Debateremos, portanto, um projeto residencial - o condomínio Américo Simões, e dois acadêmicos - o Instituto Oscar Freire da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, e a FAU - Vila Penteado, da mesma universidade. Cada caso foi estudado através de sistema de valores, em que as dimensões individuais e coletivas do projeto são articuladas no intuito de produzir-se uma visão de conjunto das propostas. O primeiro valor é denominado cultural, ou seja, tem suas definições atribuídas às pesquisas históricas e estéticas e atribui aos bens imóveis valores de interesse comuns a toda a sociedade. O segundo, por outro lado, recebe o nome de valor autoral e volta-se ao reconhecimento das escolhas projetuais contemporâneas, do arquiteto responsável pela proposta, e que estão presentes no partido arquitetônico das restaurações. Do nosso ponto de vista, essa metodologia oferece possibilidades de aprendizado técnico e ético nesse debate particular, em que acreditamos ser desejável a aproximação entre as tendências de Preservação e Sustentabilidade nos projetos de arquitetura. / The fields of the Historical Monument Preservation and the Sustainability in the Civil Construction, although distinct, present certain degree of integration. They are areas that share of eminently collective processes in the advance of the knowledge, and that if contemporaries consecrate as important cultural traditions for the confrontation of the deterioration of the urban spaces. The substance is current and urgent. However, the debate on the architectural project in this area is incipient. How to evaluate the current interventions in degraded buildings? Which the relevance of the Theory of the Restoration and Sustainability in the construction of the recent cultural scenario? How to reintegrate abandoned buildings to the urban dynamics? These are complex issues that deserve attention. Therefore we consider the analysis of three interventions in eclectic buildings in the city of São Paulo, and whose strategies of occupation keep it summons usual relation with the adoption of uses and occupations. We will debate, therefore, a residential project - the condominium Américo Simões, and two academicals buildings - the Institute Oscar Freire of the College of Medicine of the USP, and the FAU - Vila Penteado, of the same university. Each in case were analyzed through a system of values, where the individual and collective dimensions of projects are articulated in intention to produce a vision of set of the proposals. The first value is called cultural, that is, it has its definitions attributed to the historical and aesthetic research and attributes to the real properties common values of interest to all the society. As, on the other hand, it receives the name from authorial value and turns it the recognition of the contemporary decisions, of the responsible architect for the proposal, and that they are gifts in the party architectural of the restorations. Of our point of view this methodology offers to learning possibilities technician and ethical of this debate in particular, where we believe to be desirable the approach enters the trends of Preservation and Sustainability in the architectural projects.