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In 1997, 70% of British Armed Forces roles were opened to women. Women were still excluded from ground close combat (GCC) roles, where the primary purpose is to close in on and kill the enemy at short range, usually under 30 metres, using weaponry or hand to hand combat. Excluding women from GCC roles in the military was covered under Section 85(4) of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975. In order to legally retain the exclusion, the European Community Equal Treatment Directive stipulated that a review of the role of women in certain ground close combat environments should be undertaken every eight years. In this study I will be using post-structural policy analysis to examine the ways the 2010 and 2016 reviews on women in ground close combat have constructed gender difference. The findings have shown that cohesion and physical capacity have been deemed essential to combat effectiveness, therefore in this study I argue that the subtexts of these “essential” factors of combat are actively limiting the potential for gender equality in the British Armed Forces.

Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Performance management entails processes and systems that ensure that organisational activities are geared to promote the achievement of organisational goals. Management of performance is one of the crucial functions to be fulfilled by leaders and managers in an organisation. Management and leaders in an organisation serve as the compass that lead and direct these entities; they should be empowered to optimally fulfil the expected roles and functions. The study resulted from an observation made during internal audit engagements and concerns raised by South African Military Health Services (SAMHS) commanders during these engagements. An initial informal survey of performance management conducted by the researcher during the internal audit engagements confirmed a need for a formal scientific study, hence this formal study. The study was conducted amongst commanders in the SAMHS with their prior voluntary consent to participate in the study. The study participants comprised SAMHS commanders from different levels of this organisation, ranging from directors of professional departments, general officers commanding from different military health formations to officers commanding military units from various provinces. Literature relevant to the studied topic was researched, which ranged from books, legislation and internet articles, as well as internal prescripts of the Department of Defence. A questionnaire was designed and constructed to collect the study information. Central concepts of the study were identified and included in the questionnaire. The study questionnaire was administered to the commanders within the SAMHS, who responded with enthusiasm and diligence. The findings of the study confirmed to a great extent that a performance management training need exists amongst SAMHS commanders. It was also found that SAMHS commanders are willing to undergo performance management training to enhance their functioning. The empirical findings of the study were tabled and analysed on completion of the scientific study and conclusions were drawn from the findings. Based on the findings of the empirical study, conclusions were drawn and recommendations are made. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Prestasiebestuur behels prosesse en stelsels wat verseker dat die organisasie se aktiwiteite op die bereiking van die organisasie se doelwitte gerig is. Bestuur van prestasie is een van die belangrikste funksies wat deur die leiers en bestuurders in 'n organisasie vervul moet word. Die bestuur en leiers in 'n organisasie is die kompas wat leiding en rigting gee vir hierdie entiteite en moet bemagtig word om verwagte rolle en funksies optimaal te vervul. Die studie was die gevolg van 'n waarneming wat gemaak is tydens interne oudit betrokkenheid en bekommernisse wat deur bevelvoerders in die Suid-Afrikaanse Militêre Gesondheidsdiens (SAMGD) aan die lig gebring is. 'n Aanvanklike informele prestasiebestuur-opname wat deur die navorser tydens die interne oudit onderneem is, het die behoefte aan 'n formele wetenskaplike studie bevestig en tot hierdie studie gelei. Die studie is onder die bevelvoerders binne die SAMGD met hulle voorafgaande vrywillige toestemming tot deelname aan die studie onderneem. Die deelnemers aan die studie het SAMGD-bevelvoerders op verskillende vlakke van hierdie organisasie ingesluit. Hulle het vanaf direkteure in professionele departemente, bevelvoerende generaals van verskillende militêre gesondsheidformasies tot bevelvoerders vanuit verskeie provinsies gewissel. Relevante literatuur met betrekking tot die onderwerp is nagevors. Dit het boeke, wetgewing, artikels op die internet en interne voorskrifte van die Departement van Verdediging behels. 'n Vraelys is ontwerp en saamgestel om die nodige inligting vir die studie in te samel. Sentrale konsepte van die studie is geïdentifiseer en by die vraelys ingesluit. Hierdie vraelys is aan die bevelvoerders binne die SAMGD, wat met entoesiasme en ywer gereageer het, voorgelê. Die bevindinge van die studie het tot 'n groot mate bevestig dat daar 'n behoefte aan opleiding in prestasiebestuur onder bevelvoerders binne die SAMGD bestaan. Daar is ook tydens die studie bevind dat bevelvoerders binne die SAMGD bereid is om prestasiebestuurs opleiding te ondergaan om hul funksionering te verbeter. Die empiriese bevindings van die studie is na die wetenskaplike studie getabelleer en geanaliseer en gevolgtrekkings is daarvolgens gemaak. Aanbevelings word op grond van hierdie bevindings van die empiriese studie gemaak.

Children from armed forces families are identified internationally as a group facing challenging situations, circumstances which can have a negative impact on their educational experiences. The main focus in existing research has been on measuring children's outcomes, but these studies generate little insight into how children themselves make sense of their experiences. There are only a few in-depth qualitative studies, mostly conducted outside the UK, exploring the lived experiences of children from armed forces families. This study explores how children of armed forces personnel from schools across Scotland expressed their experiences. It aims to better understand approaches to the provision of inclusive educational support. A suite of methods - object elicitation, video diaries, peer interviewing, drawing, and vignettes - was employed, to generate expressions from a total of 41 children and young people aged eight to 14 years, from three primary and two secondary Scottish schools. A post-qualitative orientation supported the inquiry to look beyond children's voices in isolation. An assemblage approach was taken to the analysis of the audio/video recordings, transcripts, artefacts, and field notes from the research encounters. The analysis showed how the different and shifting conditions of the research led to the creation of ongoing productive encounters. A key insight was that schools have much unrealised capacity to positively contribute to the experiences of these children. Methodological insights alongside empirical findings are used to generate signposts for the provision of improved educational support. The thesis argues that, ultimately, any improvement will involve entering into reciprocal, experimental, and socio-materially mediated dialogues with children in ways that both align with children's lived experience of armed forces life but also allow for the exploration of change and becoming-different as outcomes of those dialogues.

<p>Interoperabilitet blir viktigare och viktigare för Sveriges del, även för funktionen sjukvård. Denna uppsats kommer att behandla likheter och skillnader mellan sjukvårdsdoktriner, handböcker och reglementen med NATO:s och framförallt Norges motsvarigheter, för att undersöka om den svenska Försvarsmakten sjukvårdsorganisation är interoperabel, och för att finna saker som kan förändras för att öka effektiviteten och interoperabiliteten. Under uppsatsen dras slutsatser som att svenska Försvarsmakten tagit åt sig stora delar av de kunskaper som NATO tidigare har gjort. Sverige ”kopierar” delar av NATO:s doktrin för sjukvård, NATO AJP-4,10 Allied joint medical support doctrine. Saker som skulle kunna påverka samarbete med andra länder på ett negativt sätt, t.ex. att alla länder har egna nationella regler samt vissa olikheter i doktriner och handböcker som hur vi i Sverige sätter färger på skadade vid olyckor med en stor mängd skadade, medan detta inte nämns i NATO:s doktrin diskuteras också i uppsatsen. Vi i Sverige har även vid dessa stora olyckor satt tidpunkter för när patienterna kan behövas vård, vilket inte heller går att finna i NATO:s doktrin. Väldigt få skillnader har hittats mellan Sveriges och NATO:s sjukvårdsorganisationer och arbetssätt. Däremot är likheterna väldigt många, vilket gör att samarbete mellan Sverige och NATO länder kan vara mycket effektivt. Detta gör att man i slutsatserna och diskussionen kan läsa om hur svenska Försvarsmaktens sjukvård är interoperabel, men självklart finns saker att förbättra för att öka effektiviteten.</p> / <p>Interoperability becomes more and more important for Sweden, also for the medical. This paper will discuss the similarities and differences between medical doctrines, manuals, regulations, etc. with NATO and particularly the Norwegian similarities, to investigate if the Swedish Armed Forces health care organization are interoperable, and to find things that can be changed to increase efficiency and to be more interoperable. In this paper the author’s conclusions that the Swedish Armed Forces have access to large parts of the knowledge that NATO had done. Sweden "copy" part of NATO's doctrine for medical care, NATO AJP-4, 10 Allied joint medical support doctrine. The author also sees things that could affect the cooperation with other countries in a negative way. Things like that all countries have their own national rules and some differences in doctrine and manuals like how we in Sweden puts colour on damaged in accidents with a large number wounded, while this is not mentioned in the NATO doctrine. We in Sweden have also set times for when patients may need treatment in major accidents, which again can be found in the NATO doctrine. Very few differences have existed between Sweden and NATO's healthcare organizations and practices. However, many similarities, which makes cooperation between Sweden and NATO countries can be very effective. This means that the conclusions and the discussion can be read on the Swedish Armed Forces' medical care is quite interoperable, but obviously there are things to improve in order to increase efficiency.</p>

Interoperabilitet blir viktigare och viktigare för Sveriges del, även för funktionen sjukvård. Denna uppsats kommer att behandla likheter och skillnader mellan sjukvårdsdoktriner, handböcker och reglementen med NATO:s och framförallt Norges motsvarigheter, för att undersöka om den svenska Försvarsmakten sjukvårdsorganisation är interoperabel, och för att finna saker som kan förändras för att öka effektiviteten och interoperabiliteten. Under uppsatsen dras slutsatser som att svenska Försvarsmakten tagit åt sig stora delar av de kunskaper som NATO tidigare har gjort. Sverige ”kopierar” delar av NATO:s doktrin för sjukvård, NATO AJP-4,10 Allied joint medical support doctrine. Saker som skulle kunna påverka samarbete med andra länder på ett negativt sätt, t.ex. att alla länder har egna nationella regler samt vissa olikheter i doktriner och handböcker som hur vi i Sverige sätter färger på skadade vid olyckor med en stor mängd skadade, medan detta inte nämns i NATO:s doktrin diskuteras också i uppsatsen. Vi i Sverige har även vid dessa stora olyckor satt tidpunkter för när patienterna kan behövas vård, vilket inte heller går att finna i NATO:s doktrin. Väldigt få skillnader har hittats mellan Sveriges och NATO:s sjukvårdsorganisationer och arbetssätt. Däremot är likheterna väldigt många, vilket gör att samarbete mellan Sverige och NATO länder kan vara mycket effektivt. Detta gör att man i slutsatserna och diskussionen kan läsa om hur svenska Försvarsmaktens sjukvård är interoperabel, men självklart finns saker att förbättra för att öka effektiviteten. / Interoperability becomes more and more important for Sweden, also for the medical. This paper will discuss the similarities and differences between medical doctrines, manuals, regulations, etc. with NATO and particularly the Norwegian similarities, to investigate if the Swedish Armed Forces health care organization are interoperable, and to find things that can be changed to increase efficiency and to be more interoperable. In this paper the author’s conclusions that the Swedish Armed Forces have access to large parts of the knowledge that NATO had done. Sweden "copy" part of NATO's doctrine for medical care, NATO AJP-4, 10 Allied joint medical support doctrine. The author also sees things that could affect the cooperation with other countries in a negative way. Things like that all countries have their own national rules and some differences in doctrine and manuals like how we in Sweden puts colour on damaged in accidents with a large number wounded, while this is not mentioned in the NATO doctrine. We in Sweden have also set times for when patients may need treatment in major accidents, which again can be found in the NATO doctrine. Very few differences have existed between Sweden and NATO's healthcare organizations and practices. However, many similarities, which makes cooperation between Sweden and NATO countries can be very effective. This means that the conclusions and the discussion can be read on the Swedish Armed Forces' medical care is quite interoperable, but obviously there are things to improve in order to increase efficiency.

This thesis is an exploration of the construction of the gendered body in combat in the late twentieth century, in Australia and the United States of America. While it is not a military history, aspects of military history, and representations of war and warriors are used as the vehicle for the analysis of the politics of representing gender. The mythic, the material and the media(ted) body of the gendered warrior are examined in the realms of ‘real’ military histories and news coverage, and in the ‘speculative’ arena of popular culture. Through this examination, the continuities and ruptures inherent in the gendered narratives of war and warriors are made apparent, and the operation of the politics of representing gender in the public arena is exposed. I have utilised a number of different approaches from different disciplines in the construction of this thesis: feminist and non-feminist responses to women in the military; aspects of military histories and mythologies of war specific to Australia and the United States; theories on the construction of masculinities and femininities; approaches to gender identity in popular news media, film and television. Through these approaches I have sought to bring together the history of women in the military institutions of Australia and the United States, and examine the nexus between the expansion of women’s military roles and the emergence of the female warrior hero in popular culture. I have, as a result, analysed the constructions of masculinity and femininity that inform the ongoing association of the military with ‘quintessential masculinity’, and deconstructed the real and the mythic corporeal capacities of the gendered body so important to warrior identity. Regardless, or perhaps because of, the importance of gender politics played out in and through the representations of soldier identity, all their bodies must be considered speculative.

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The Swedish Armed Forces as a big public actor own different media channels and promote life as a soldier from different angles. They create marketing campaigns, which are available widely on YouTube or Facebook. The increased activity on social media platforms, especially Facebook, have created a field for research. There are multiple Facebook pages, from which one can acquire information regarding life at a given regiment. They can be divided into official and unofficial Facebook pages. The fascinating aspect of this division is how differently each of the Facebook pages approaches the audience and how differently they are shaping their strategic communication and reputation, despite owning officially issued guidelines on how the Swedish Armed Forces ought to be presented in the online world. Through multimodal analysis with a shift towards the systematic linguistic in the framework of Machin and Halliday, official Facebook page of Livgardet and unofficial Facebook page of 12:e motoriserade skyttebataljonen have been analyzed to see whether the messages that the Swedish Armed Forces are conveying are aligned. Adding netnography in the frame of Kozinets, the audience has been studied to inquire whether there is a different purpose of using the official and unofficial Facebook page.  The results of this study shows, that the unofficial Facebook page is coherent in a different way, they might not be following the strategic communication guidelines strictly, but they are coherent in their actions and posts, whereas the official Facebook page, which is strictly following the strategic communication guidelines and does not appear as coherent with their actions. At the same time, the audience is using the unofficial Facebook page reconnect with the memories they have from when they did their duty. On the other hand, the official Facebook page is used by the audience as a place to show their appreciation and pride in the Swedish Armed Forces.