Orientador: Reginaldo Carmello Correa de Moraes / Banca: Samuel Alves Soares / Banca: Henrique Zeferino de Menezes / O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais é instituído em parceria com a Unesp/Unicamp/PUC-SP, em projeto subsidiado pela CAPES, intitulado "Programa San Tiago Dantas" / Resumo: Durante a Guerra Fria, houve nos Estados Unidos três distintas estratégias de superioridade científico-tecnológico-militar, cujo denominador comum entre elas foi o massivo investimento público em Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (P&D) destinado à Defesa. Em resposta às ações da União Soviética, o Governo Federal dos Estados Unidos rigorosamente articulou e financiou tais estratégias. Em especial, criou a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) para desenvolver a Ciência & Tecnologia & Defesa (C&T&D) norte-americana através de estudos novos, revolucionários e de risco, tais como foram os casos da pesquisa e desenvolvimento em internet, defesa de míssil balístico, testes de banimento nuclear, armas de precisão guiada, veículos não tripulados, satélites, e tecnologia stealth. Portanto, o objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar o papel que o Governo Federal e a DARPA desempenharam na construção das estratégias de supremacia em C&T&D dos Estados Unidos na Guerra Fria. / Abstract: In the Cold War, there were three strategies of superiority in Military Science & Technology in the United States, whose common denominator was the massive public investment on Research and Development (R&D) for Defense. In response to the actions of the Soviet Union, the Federal Government of the United States rigorously articulated and funded such strategies. In particular, it created the Advanced Research Projects Agency Defense (DARPA) to develop the U.S. Science & Technology & Defense (S&T&D) through new, revolutionary and risk studies, such as the research and development on the internet, ballistic missile defense, precision guided munitions, unmanned aerial vehicles, satellites, and stealth technology. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the role that the Federal Government and the DARPA played in building strategies for supremacy on C&T&D in the United States in the Cold War. / Mestre

Orientador: Oswaldo Giacoia Junior / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciiêcias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T11:40:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rabelo_RodrigoCumpre_D.pdf: 2368471 bytes, checksum: fff7509f5292c93e001c9735b4a2cc2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O intuito do presente trabalho é procurar, na filosofia de Friedrich Nietzsche, respostas à seguinte linha de questionamento: o que esperar da atividade artística, no plano existencial concreto? Qual é, e/ou qual pode, e/ou qual deve ser a natureza e a extensão do papel da arte na vida humana? A arte parece tão importante no contexto de sua filosofia que muitos estudiosos, notadamente em língua inglesa, chegam a lhe imputar o rótulo de esteticismo. Perceber o que significa dizer isso constitui uma etapa decisiva do presente trabalho. Para tanto, faz-se necessária uma exegese do conceito de arte no pensamento nietzscheano. Aí se determina o primeiro problema no estabelecimento desse inquérito: onde, no amplo, profundo e rico mundo de Nietzsche, focalizar tais indagações e expectativas? Pois a resposta acerca de qual a natureza do conceito de arte no pensamento nietzscheano não teria como ser unívoca: depende, antes de mais, do momento ao qual se escolha se referir, dentro da totalidade da obra por ele legada ?considerando impraticável, respeitando os limites de uma Tese de Doutoramento, analisar o problema ao longo de toda sua obra?. Escolho enfocar preferencialmente o arco mais maduro da obra nietzscheana: de ?A gaia ciência? a ?Ecce homo?. Segundo minha Tese, Nietzsche não rompe com a instrumentalização filosófica da arte ?segundo as mesmas razões pelas quais que ele não propõe, com seu pensar maduro, um esteticismo (conforme demonstro)?. Nesse sentido, Nietzsche é continuador daquela tradição, na medida mesma em que é filósofo, e não esteta ou historiador da arte. Para Nietzsche, aquilo que distingue e eleva a arte e o artista autênticos é aquilo mesmo que ele descreve como sendo a função da arte para o pensador da gaia ciência, para o crítico do ascetismo: a boa consciência para com a aparência. Ao fim e ao cabo, a filosofia nietzscheana não libera a arte da Filosofia, nem a valoriza como um fim em si mesmo. Porém: poderia ela, de alguma forma, vir a proporcionar tal liberação e valoração? Num certo sentido, parece-me que este poderia ter sido, ao menos, um caminho de desenvolvimento de suas idéias, que Nietzsche escolheu não tomar. / Abstract: The purpose of this study is to question the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche in search of answers to the following line of questioning: what to expect from the artistic activity, in the concrete existential plane? What is and/or what can and/or what should be the nature and extent of the role of art in human life? Art seems to be so important in the context of his philosophy that many scholars, especially in the English language community, tend to impute it the label of aestheticism. To understand what such statement really means is a decisive step in the present work. Therefore, it is necessary to proceed to an exegesis of the concept of art in Nietzschean thought. That determines the first problem in establishing such an investigation: where, in the wide, deep and rich world of Nietzsche, to focus such questions and expectations? For the answer about the nature of the concept of art in Nietzschean thought would not be unambiguous: it depends, above all, on the moment to which one chooses to refer, in the totality of his work ?considering to be impractical, as I do, to analyze the whole of the problem throughout it, if one is due to respect the boundaries of a PhD Thesis. Therefore, I choose to focus mainly on the more mature arch of Nietzsche's works: from "The Gay Science" to "Ecce homo". This happens in the last movement of this work, entitled ?Ulterior considerations: toward the existential function of art?. According to my Thesis, Nietzsche does not break with philosophy's instrumentation of the art ?due to the same reasons according to which he does not propose an aestheticism his mature thinking (as I demonstrate) ?. In this sense, Nietzsche is follower of that tradition, to the extent that it is a philosopher and not an aesthete or an art historian. For Nietzsche, what distinguishes and elevates authentic art and artist is the same thing he uses to describe art's function to the thinker of the gay science and the critic of asceticism: the good conscience toward appearance. After all, Nietzsche's philosophy does not release art of philosophy, nor values it as an end in itself. However: could it, somehow, come to provide such a release and valuation? In a sense, it seems to me that this could have been at least one way of developing his ideas, that Nietzsche chose not to take. / Doutorado / Historia da Filosofia Contemporanea / Doutor em Filosofia

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka och synliggöra filmskaparens förhållande till konst och forskning. Under åtta år i olika perioder har filmprojektet Kropparnas Arkiv, pågått som jag parallellt med uppsatsen har slutfört. Filmen väver samman konst och forskning i ett möte mellan konstnär och forskare. Såväl i samtal med filmkollegor som inför nya filmprojekt framträder frågan, hur kan man söka det man inte vet vad det är? Detta kom nu att bli min forskningsfråga. Syftet är att efterforska och reflektera över hur den konstnärliga processen kan fördjupas inom mitt filmskapande. Jag har valt att intervjua tre kvinnor, en konstnär, en skådespelare tillika regissör och en forskare. Mitt urval gör inte anspråk på att vara representativt. Att skådespelaren, regissören och konstnären har beröringspunkter med mig, filmskaparen kan kanske vara mer uppenbart än att forskaren har det. Men är det verkligen så? Målet är att få syn på om det finns likheter, olikheter, vad som skiljer eller vad som förenar de tre intervjuade, i det här sammanhanget kallade informanter, med filmskaparen. Svaren från de intervjuade har jag sorterat under teman som –val eller urskiljning–praktisk nyfikenhet eller kreativitet och slutligen att framkalla det oväntade. I min undersökning använder jag mig av kvalitativa metoder, analyserar svaren och teoretiserar kring dem. Den fenomenologiska hermeneutiken tillika toposläran har varit ryggraden i min undersökning. Det är oundvikligt att Aristoteles och hans tankegångar är fundamentet till teorier och reflektioner som jag tillämpar i uppsatsen. Min ambition är att kunna ta med mig den konstnärliga blicken in i vetenskapsvärlden, att kunna ge en dubbel blick på den vetenskapliga terrängen, ett sätt som jag menar kan förmera och bidra till att vidga mitt seende. Hur och på vilket sätt finns det beröringspunkter och likheter mellan film, konst och forskning–humanismen och naturvetenskapen? Att svara på min forskningsfråga har varit en metod för att synliggöra en process, knappt mätbar men ändå synlig för den som vill se. Frågan skapar en process som speglar de intervjuades förhållningsätt till olika problemställningar inom deras arbetsområde och hur de går vidare i sökandet. Utmärkande för alla är gränser, både att skapa och att överskrida. För att spränga gränser är det nödvändigt att bryta tankebanor och begränsningar, något som alla informanterna gör. Det bekanta behövs för att utforska det obekanta. / Fear not going astray – discover the unknown A filmmaker’s take on art and science   The purpose of this essay is to examine and make visible the filmmaker’s relation to art and scientific research regarding the investigation of new knowledge. Can art and science meet, and in what way do they connect? I have finished Secrets of Animal Anatomy (aka Kropparnas Arkiv), a film project I was working on for eight years. I finished it while I was writing on this essay. The film combines art and science in a meeting between an artist and a scientist. During the process, the question arose: how can you search for something when you don’t even know what it is you are searching for?. It is not wholly new, but has been implicit in discussions with colleagues and in film projects. This became my scientific question. My aim is to investigate how to make the artistic process of filmmaking and film deeper, by reflecting upon and investigating this question. I have chosen to interview three women – one artist, one actor-director, and one scientist. The selection is not meant to be representative. It may seem obvious that the actor, director and artist have more in common with each other than with the scientist, but is this necessarily true? Using this question as a starting point, I aim at finding out differences and similarities between the three interviewees and the filmmaker. I have categorised the interviewees’ answers under different themes like “Choice or distinguishing”, “Curiosity in practice or creativity”, and “To evoke the unexpected”. In my investigation, I employ qualitative methods; I analyse the answers and then theorise. Phenomenological hermeneutics, or Topos theory, has been the backbone of my study. It is undoubtedly so, that Aristotle and his thinking is the foundation of the theories and thoughts that I apply in this essay.   My ambition is to bring the artistic vision to the scientific world, and to view the terrain of science with a double gaze, which I believe can contribute to an understanding both wider and deeper. Is there a strong connection and strong similarities between film, art, and science, and are these three entities prerequisites for one another – humanities and science? Answering my question has been a method to make visible a method, barely measurable yet visible for those willing to see it. The question gives rise to a process, reflecting the interviewees’ stance on different problems within the scope of their work, and how they proceed in their search. What they all have in common is boundaries, creating them and transcending them. In order to break boundaries, it is necessary to create new lines of thought and transcend limitations. This is something common to all informants. The known is necessary to examine the unknown.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the depiction of rainbows in the art of Frederic Church in relation to mid-nineteenth century scientific developments in order to determine Church's reliance on contemporary concerns with light and color. An examination of four Church paintings with rainbows, three oil sketches, and nearly a dozen pencil drawings shows that Church's rainbow art represents a response to mid-century cultural values connecting science and art. Changes within Church's rainbow depictions occurred as the artist explored the visual representations of light, synthesizing the scientific knowledge of light and color available to him, and reconciling that information with the requirements of art.

Previous historiography on late Qing naval technology has been geared toward locating the root causes of the Qing’s defeat in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. Pushing back against this teleological view of late Qing naval development, this dissertation underscores the global, multidirectional, and highly contingent processes undergirding the Qing’s naval rebuilding project in the late nineteenth century. Starting from the 1860s, the Qing empire strove to reassert itself as a competitive naval power by establishing new dockyards and arsenals; procuring arms, warships, and machineries from abroad; as well as dispatching educational missions to European naval schools, technical institutes, factories, and shipyards. The Chinese diplomats and students that the Qing sent overseas served as transnational agents who cultivated close-knit networks with Western diplomats, merchants, shipbuilders, military officers, and arms manufacturers. These networks formed the basis upon which the Qing navigated a global marketplace of warships and armaments spanning Asia, Europe, and the Americas. Tracing the personal, material, and institutional networks connecting late Qing China to the world’s naval technology reveals how the Qing engaged actively in a global regime of arms production and arms trading. This regime, driven by the transnational sourcing of raw materials and the export-oriented tendencies of Western arms manufacturers, gave rise to a shared, decentralized, and surprisingly open terrain of material circulation and technological transmission. It produced highly fluid circuits of military industrial products and knowledge that blurred the boundaries between the arms race and the arms trade, secrecy and openness, competition and collaboration. This dissertation shows how the Qing tapped into these tensions through intertwining networks of trade and diplomacy. It also shows how the material and logistical processes underlying the importation of warships, machineries, and shipbuilding components constituted crucial channels for the transfer of naval engineering knowledge from the West to China.

In a third space, the boundaries between educational contexts and school disciplines are blurred to look at content from multiple perspectives. Out-of-school organisations, like museums, can offer educational resources that launch a museum-school partnership into a third space. This thesis describes the conceptualisation and validation of such a third space. An interdisciplinary museum programme that supports the cooperation between museum educators and teachers to encourage students in an art-based exploration of science issues is presented. A systematic comparison of the museum programme with the established Framework for Museum Practice resulted in applicable design recommendations for informal educators and schools that strive for a third space. Within an art-based science teaching strategy, this thesis additionally analysed students’ transformative aesthetic experiences and what role imagination plays in those. A newly developed visual analysis indicates how the museum programme offers students opportunities to look at complex aspects of the world depicted by contemporary art and to discern and value their intricacy. The results show how the interdisciplinary approach to science issues allows links between the conceptual and the emotional. By using their own eyes and each other’s company, students observe and create science-related art, expanding their knowledge, perceptions, values, and feelings. It is the imagination that drives cognitive operations, enabling students to envision other perspectives while at the same time considering their own subjectivity. With the conceptualisation of a third space, this thesis coins a suggestion to put the purpose of ‘subjectification’ into science education practice. In addition, it strengthens the position of Arts (A) in Science Technology Engineering Arts and Mathematics (STEAM) education by indicating the benefits of combining the cognitive with the affective and using the hands in conjunction with the head. / Students can discover the complexities of images, objects, and aspects of the world with their powerful eyes. With their imaginative minds, they can envision diverse perspectives while at the same time considering their own subjectivity. This thesis shows that by using their eyes and imagination in an art-based exploration of science issues, students can expand their knowledge, perceptions, values, and feelings. The presented art-based teaching approach is enveloped by an interdisciplinary museum programme that allows links between the conceptual and the emotional. Its design is conceptualised in this thesis as a third space, crossing boundaries between educational contexts and school disciplines. Guidelines are offered to support museum-school partnerships and an instructional design that builds on the framework of transformative aesthetic experiences. In addition, embodied and intuitive aspects of the imagination in conjunction with rationality about science issues, direct a discussion about the purpose of ‘subjectification’ in science education.

Text in Afrikaans / Hierdie studie is onderneem met die doel om 'n model te ontwikkel waarmee die wenner in 'n konvensionele landgeveg voorspel kan word. Gegewe die omvang van die vakgebied oorlog, is die studie beperk tot die taktiese vlak en fokus op landgevegte tydens konvensionele oorlogvoering. As eerste stap in die ontwikkelingpsproses, is die faktore wat wen kan bepaal krygskundig nagevors. Die sogenaamde honderdgevegte-datastel is saamgestel uit data van 100 gevegte uit die twintigste eeu en net vroeer, met die klem op gevegte waarin Suid-Afrikaanse magte betrokke was. Verskeie statistiese tegnieke is ondersoek om 'n geskikte tegniek vir die ontleding van die data te vind. Die ondersoek het aangetoon dat logistiese regressie die beste tegniek is vir die data. 'n Ontwikkelingsproses met drie voorspellers is ook saamgestel. Verskeie modelle is ondersoek, naamlik 1 'n Voorspellingsmodel met eensydige sub-modelle sonder gevegshouding, met en sonder opponentdata. I 2 'n Voorspellingsmodel met eensydige sub-modelle met gevegshouding, met en sonder opponentdata. 3 'n Voorspellingsmodel met tweesydige sub-modelle met opponentdata.. Die ontwikkelingsproses lewer verskeie modelle wat baie goed presteer sensitiwiteit > 80%). 'n Finale keuse lewer die volgende resultaat: 1 Vir die geval waar opponentdata nie beskikbaar is nie, is 'n eensydige submode! sonder gevegshouding ontwikkel waarvan die resultaat teen 'n skeidingsgrens gemeet word om die uitslag te bepaal. Die model het 'n sensitiwiteit van 85%, maar kan net 'n wen of gelykop, of, verloor of gelykop voorspel. 2 Vir die geval waar opponentdata beskikbaar is, is 'n eensydige sub-model ivsonder gevegshouding ontwikkel wat in staat is om, deur die opponente se uitslag met mekaar te vergelyk, die wenner aan te wys. Hierdie model het 'n sensitiwiteit van 83,8% Verskeie statistiese en krygskundige gevolgtrekkings word gemaak, die belangrikste waarvan dat die gekose modelle wel daartoe in staat is om gevegsvoorspellings akkuraat te kan uitvoer. Die modelle kan ook aangewend word om gevegte te ontleed en tendense te verklaar. Krygskundig bevestig die resultaat die noodsaaklikheid van die maneuvreringsbenadering en goeie leierskap. Die resultaat van die studie het wye aanwendingspotensiaal op die gebied van die krygskunde, krygsfilosofie, krygspele en militere operasionele navorsing en laat ruimte vir interessante en noodsaaklike verdere navorsing in operasionele navorsing sowel as in die krygskunde. / The aim of this study is to develop models for the efficient prediction of the outcome of a land battle. The study is confined to conventional warfare at the tactical level. The first step was to identify the variables that may determine victory. Thirty such variables enjoying the support of various military historians and philosophers were selected. The hundred-battle data set, consisting of coded data for a hundred twentieth-century battles, was compiled. The thirty variables were encoded for each combatant. Since the outcome and most of the prediction variables are binary but a few are continuous, ordinary linear regression could not be used and several statistical and other techniques were evaluated. Logistic regression was found to be the best. A formalized development and selection process was applied to a number of broad model classes. These were 1 prediction models with one-sided sub-models without combat posture and with (without) opponent data 2 prediction models with one-sided sub-models with combat posture and with (without) opponent data 3 prediction models with two-sided sub-models without combat posture and with opponent data. The process provided several very good models and the following were selected. Without opponent data. A one-sided sub-model without combat posture, utilizing a discriminator was selected. It determines the outcome with a sensitivity of 85%. However, it only predicts victory or a draw, defeat or a draw. With opponent data. A one-sided sub-model without combat posture was selected. It predicts the outcome of battle by comparing the results of the two opponents. This model vishowed a sensitivity of 83,8%. Several statistical and military scientific conclusions followed, the most important being that the chosen models can accurately predict battle outcome or post facto determine the outcome. The models can also be used to analyze battles. In this role they confirm the importance of maneuver warfare and good leadership. The results of this study can be applied in military science, military philosophy and war gaming. The work fuses military philosophy with statistical analysis, is a first in the field and offers the possibility of breaking out of the mind-set of personal views and biases prevalent in military science. The method as such can be applied to different data bases representing war at other levels or with other technologies. / Philosophy / D.Phil. (Philosophy)

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: OTB, a Division of Denel, is a multi purpose test range specialising in the in-flight testing of guided missile systems and aircraft. Originally established as a launch facility for an ambitious low earth orbit satellite programme, and with a secondary function to support the South African military industry, its raison d'etre stemmed from strategic military considerations. Changes in the political and economical scene, which started in the early nineties, led to the cancellation of the satellite programme and a dramatic downswing in the production of arms in South Africa. This rendered much of the capability of OTB redundant. Although the government signalled its desire to maintain access to the services of a test range in order to support an indigenous arms industry, OTB was structured as a division of Denel at its formation as a company operated for profit. This left OTB faced with the challenge to replace government grant funding with revenues earned in the market place. Furthermore, the drastically lower domestic military spending provided insufficient business to support a test range at the technological level required to serve the demands of modern weapons testing. In order to survive, OTB had to be successful in broadening its client base in a highly competitive commercial environment, a feat only possible with the implementation of an effective marketing strategy. The objective of this study is to formulate a marketing strategy for OTB based on a market orientated approach, bearing in mind that the task at hand is the marketing of a service. The study covers the relevant marketing theory in some depth and employs it as a basis to conduct a situational review followed by the development of an appropriate marketing mix and implementation plan. Even though the development of a marketing strategy for the test range produces some unique issues to address, the applicability and extent of coverage afforded by existing marketing theory suggest that OTB's circumstances show significant commonality with those encountered in other situations and therefore may find broader application. Some of the notable findings are: (1) the integrated marketing effort demanded by the market orientated approach; (2) the distinctive elements contained in the marketing mix of a service organisation; and (3) the possibility and need to retain a strategically founded market while developing a commercially driven market requiring particularly sharp market segmentation and distinctive strategies respectively. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: OTB, In Divisie van Denel, is 'n multi-aanwendbare toetsbaan wat spesialiseer in die in-vlug toetsing van geleide missiele en vliegtuie. Die toetsbaan is oorspronklik ontwikkel as 'n fasiliteit vir die lansering van lae aardbaan satelliete met, as sekondere funksie, die ondersteuning van die Suid-Afrikaanse militere industrie. Die aanvanklike bestaansreg van die fasiliteit was dus gesetel in militer-strategiese oorwegings. In die vroee neentigs het politieke en ekonomiese veranderinge wat aan die ontwikkel was gelei tot die kansellering van die satellietprogram en 'n drastiese afname in die produksie van krygstuig in Suid-Afrika. Die gevolg was 'n onaanvaarbare onderbenutting van die toetsbaanvermoens en -kapasiteit. Alhoewel die regering aangedui het dat dit van voornemens was om toegang tot 'n funksionerende toetsbaan te verseker ten einde die plaaslike militere industrie te ondersteun, is OTB met die stigting van Denel as 'n divisie daarvan gestruktureer met die doel om winsgewend te opereer. Dit het OTB gelaat met die uitdaging om 'n staatsbefondste begroting met 'n inkomste uit die kommersiele markte te vervang. Voorts het die dramatiese afname in die plaaslike militere spandering tot sodanige verlaging van inkomste uit hierdie bron gelei dat dit nie meer voldoende was om die toetsbaan op die verlangde tegnologiese vlak te onderhou nie. Ten einde te oorleef moes OTB sy klientebasis verbreed in 'n hoogs kompeterende kommersiele omgewing, 'n doelwit wat slegs haalbaar is met die implementering van 'n effektiewe bemarkingstrategie. Die doel van hierdie studie is die formulering van 'n bemarkingstrategie vir OTB gebaseer op 'n markgeorienteerde benadering met inagneming dat die taak voor hande die bemarking van 'n diens is. Die studie dek die relevante bemarkingsteorie tot 'n redelike mate en steun voorts daarop om 'n situasie analise, gevolg deur die ontwikkeling van 'n gepaste bemarkingsamesteliing (marketing mix) en implementeringsplan te ontwikkel. Selfs al lewer die ontwikkeling van 'n bemarkingsplan vir die toetsbaan sommige unieke aspekte op, dui die toepaslikheid van, en die mate waartoe die bestaande teorie die probleme aanspreek daarop dat OTB se omstandighede duidelike ooreenkomste toon met die wat reeds in ander situasies ondervind is. Die bevindinge hier mag dus wyer toepassing hê. Sommige van die noemenswaardige waarnemings is: (1) die geintegreerde bemarkingpoging wat deur die markgeorienteerde benadering vereis word; (2) die onderskeidende elemente wat in die bemarkingsamestelling (marketing mix) vir dienste voorkom; en (3) die moontlikheid en belangrikheid om 'n strategies gefundeerde mark te behou terwyl 'n kommersiele mark ontwikkel word met die skerp marksegmentering en spesifiek gerigte strategie wat per marksegment onderskeidelik nodig is.

Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Twenty-first century armed forces increasingly have to operate amidst unprecedented uncertainty and complexity cascading onto the military domain. Not only are their roles and implicitly their whole being now constantly questioned; the historic rationale for their existence is also under pressure. New and even unorthodox responsibilities find their way into and increasingly begin to eclipse and challenge traditional elements that configure the military sphere. Adjustments towards new futures thus become essential, as the images of warless futures and endisms about war remain merely that - images. Subsequently, notions about the adaptive military and armed forces being open ended systems sensitive to and capable of remaining in step with unfolding futures, become imperatives. In addition to learning from history, military futures now increasingly co-feature as the domain to master in the pursuit of appropriate future armed forces. Exploring the future through a recognised field of study allows for alternative futures to unfold that are bound to differ from an historic review and its linear continuance. This also serves as a tenable argument for military futures. Only by systematically peeling away the dogma that armed forces are instruments for war and little else, can the required changes to and future contributions of military establishments towards alternative military futures be exposed. Subsequently, military forces become entities capable of changing alongside their societies towards futures not predominantly shaped for and by war. To this end, the topic of alternative military futures offers insights into the utility of armed forces as a more contributing and constructive future policy instrument. In researching alternative military futures through contiguous debates concerning the futuresmilitary nexus, military change, the Revolution in Military Affairs, and the unfolding strategic environment, it emerges that military change towards new futures is a rather slow and incremental process. Furthermore, the Revolution in Military Affairs, in spite of its prominence, offers limited future options to the majority of governments aspiring to exploit new ways and means for engaging military futures. In turn, the future strategic environment premises strategic futures leaving armed forces little choice but to prepare for a horizontal threat spectrum of simultaneity and complexity, and a vertical dimension of a destructive-constructive merger. This matrix calls for expanded military means to meet complex futures characterised by simultaneity and variety through a response hierarchy comprising destructive and constructive ways and means. These are future challenges also faced by the defence decision-makers and military practitioners in South Africa. Alternative military futures for the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) comprise some interface with the dynamics posited by theories on military change, contributions by the Revolution in Military Affairs and threat-response continuum posited by the future strategic environment. From this challenging premise alternative military futures embedded in the more constructive and preventative use of its military policy instrument towards Africa in particular, a South African defence paradigm is emerging for employing the South African National Defence Force in future. Renouncing the warfighting option to bring about change, accepting the volatile and complex African challenge and embracing democracy and multilaterism call for new defence thinking to probe the future. This search is bound to reveal the unfolding of alternative military futures that reach beyond the expectations of South African defence decision-makers and military practitioners from both the apartheid and struggle generations. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Militêre magte van die 21ste eeu opereer toenemend te midde van ongeëwenaarde onsekerheid en kompleksiteit wat op hul terrein van verantwoordelikheid aanspoel. Nie net die bydraes wat gewapende magte lewer nie, maar ook hul aard en wese word bevraagteken. Verskeie en selfs vreemde verantwoordelikhede kruip tans op die militêre verantwoordelikheidsgebied aan, wat weer die boustene van die militêre sfeer verwring of ondergrawe. Aanpassing om by toekomskwessies aan te pas raak dus noodsaaklik aangesien verwagtinge dat oorlog en die nut van militêre magte gaan verdwyn, 'n onderontwikkelde teorie verteenwoordig. Sieninge dat gewapende magte oop sisteme en aanpasbaar is met 'n sensitiwiteit vir wat in hul saamlewings plaasvind, asook dat hul in pas kan bly met hoe die toekoms ontvou, het noodsaaklike eienskappe geraak. Ter aanvulling van die historiese lesse, raak toekomsaspekte van die militêre domein nou kritiek vir die daarstelling van doelgeskikte en toekomsgerigte militêre magte. 'n Ondersoek van die toekomsveld deur van 'n erkende studieterrein gebruik te maak bevorder sieninge oor wat moontlik kan ontvou. Hierdie vooruitskouinge kan weer die historiese benadering en die linieêre voortsetting of projeksie daarvan aanvul. Hierdie onderlinge aanvulling is ook tersaaklik in die geval van die militêre toekomsomgewing. Slegs deur die dogma dat gewapende magte alleenlik geskik is vir die voer van oorloë en weinig anders, te weerlê, kan die veranderinge en bydraes van gewapende magte binne nuwe toekomsdimensies ondersoek en afgebaken word. Militêre magte kan dus voorgestel word as entiteite wat tog saam met hul gemeenskappe aanpas by veranderinge en die toekoms tegemoet kan gaan sonder dat laasgenoemde hoofsaaklik deur oorlog gevorm en onderlê word. Op hierdie wyse bied die onderwerp bekend as alternatiewe militêre toekomste meerdere insigte rakende die langer termyn nuttigheid van meer konstruktiewe gewapende magte. Die naspeur van toekomstige militêre aangeleenthede deur van die toekoms-militêre samehang, militêre verandering, die Rewolusie in Militêre Aangeleenthede, en die opkomende strategiese omgewing gebruik te maak, bied bepaalde insigte: die aanwesigheid van 'n samehang tussen toekomsstudies en die militêre faktor en dat die aard van militêre veranderinge as 'n inkrementele proses waarneembaar is. Ten spyte van die prominensie wat dit geniet, blyk dit dat die Rewolusie in Militêre Aangeleenthede beperkte opsies bied aan diegene wat beplan om die weg te volg om militêre aspekte van die toekoms tegemoet te gaan. Die toekomstige strategiese omgewing dui weer daarop dat gewapende magte min beweegruimte gegun word om vir tradisionele rolle voor te berei. 'n Horisontale spektrum van gelyktydigheid en kompleksiteit vorm saam met 'n vertikale destruktiewe-konstruktiewe kontinuum 'n matriks. Hierdie matriks vereis nou van weermagte die totstandbringing van uitgebreide militêre vermoëns en middele om kompleksiteit wat deur gelyktydigheid en verskeidenheid gekenmerk staan te word, die hoof te bied. Hierdie toekomstige kwessies word ook deur Suid-Afrikaanse besluitnemers en militêre bevelvoerders in die gesig gestaar. Toekomskwessies vir Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Weermag (SANW) word vervat in dieselfde aspekte wat deur die aard van militêre veranderinge, die rol van die Rewolusie in Militêre Aangeleenthede en verwikkeldheid van die strategiese omgewing gereflekteer word. Gegewe hierdie uitdagende situasie, blyk dit dat alternatiewe vir die SANW neig om merendeels die konstruktiewe en voorkomende gebruik van die militêre beleidsinstrument te weerspieël. Hierdie neiging omvat dan ook 'n onteenseglike Afrika fokus met die gevolg dat die meer voorkomende en konstruktiewe gebruik van die land se weermag prominent in die opkomende Suid-Afrikaanse verdedigingsparadigma figureer. Deur die oorlogsopsie as 'n wyse om verandering te bewerkstellig af te keur, die onstabiele en komplekse Afrika-uitdaging te aanvaar en demokrasie en multilateralisme voor te staan, vereis nuwe verdedigingsdenke vir die toekoms. Vanuit hierdie vertrekpunt is dit waarkynlik dat militêre alternatiewe en toekomskwessies kan ontvou wat veel wyer strek as dit waarop besluitnemers vanuit beide die apartheids - sowel as struggle geledere reken.

Thesis (MA)-- Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: On the way to a contemporary eco-aesthetic. My thesis consists of three chapters; the first chapter contains a basic background study and philosophic research of concepts which are relevant to my work; the second chapter is a discussion of ecofeminism as political and spiritual phenomena (my work resorts in the genre of ecofeminism); and the third chapter is an analytic consideration and discussion where my works are presented as a visual explanation of my own interpretation of the dialogue between art and science with underlying geographical and ecological concepts. Some of these concepts purport the ritual of cycles and the aesthetic experience thereof. They deal with the earth as maternal patron where the layers of society (evidence of existence) becomes evident in the layering of the earth. This evidence of existence can be found in the waste generated from the cyclic existence of living beings and organisms. In addition, the traditional scrub or healing activities which are ascribed to women, are used as an argument to effectuate a consciousness of symbioses. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: My tesis bestaan uit drie hoofstukke; die eerste hoofstuk behels 'n basiese agtergrondstudie en filosofiese ondersoek na konsepte wat na my mening betrekking het op my werk; die tweede hoofstuk is 'n bespreking oor ekofeminisme as politieke en spirituele verskynsel (my werk ressorteer onder ekofeminisme as genre); en die derde hoofstuk 'n analitiese beskouing en bespreking waar my werk aangebied word as visuele verduideliking van my persoonlike interpretasie van die dialoog tussen kuns en wetenskap met onderliggende geografiese en ekologiese konsepte. Van hierdie konsepte gaan oor die ritueel van siklusse en die estetiese belewenis daarvan. Dit handeloor die aarde as die moederskoot waar die lae van samelewings (bewyse van bestaan) gelees kan word in die gelaagdheid van die aarde. Hierdie bewyse van bestaan kan gevind word in die afval wat gegenereer word uit die sikliese bestaanswyse van lewende wesens en organismes. Hiermee saam word die tradisionele skrop- of helende aktiwiteite wat aan vroue toegeken word, as argument gebruik om 'n bewussyn van simbiose te bewerkstellig.