A presente dissertação é um diálogo com os estudos e as pesquisas que se ocupam com a construção da representação simbólica da família Wolff/Wolf em três obras distintas, de autores da literatura brasileira: Um Rio Imita o Reno (1938) de Vianna Moog, A Asa Esquerda do Anjo (1981) de Lya Luft e Valsa para Bruno Stein (1986) de Charles Kiefer. Desta maneira, nosso objetivo geral é analisar como se dá o relacionamento intertextual entre as famílias presentes nos textos, as quais possuem o mesmo sobrenome de origem alemã Wolff/Wolf. Sendo assim, analisaremos não apenas o sobrenome dessas famílias, mas também as questões inerentes aos textos literários, como símbolos e estrutura familiar, pois com as personagens dessas obras podemos analisar e indagar o contato dessas famílias de origem alemã com a cultura brasileira, resultando, desse modo, em uma hibridização de sua cultura, com a perda de elementos culturais alemães, assimilando, portanto, novos aspectos oriundos da cultura brasileira. / Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, drei verschiedene Werke von drei unterschiedlichen Autoren der brasilianischen Literatur zu analysieren: Um Rio Imita o Reno (1938) von Vianna Moog, A Asa Esquerda do Anjo (1981) von Lya Luft und Valsa para Bruno Stein (1986) von Charles Kiefer. Die intertextuelle Beziehung existiert wegen der Familien, die einen gleichen deutschen Familiennamen haben, „Wolf“. Es werden nicht nur die Familiennamen analysiert, als auch inhärente Themen der literarischen Texte, wie: Symbole, Familienstruktur, und ihren Kontakt mit der brasilianischen Kultur, wodurch sich eine Hybridisierung ihrer Kultur kristalisiert, die wegen des Verlustes ihrer deutschen kulturellen Elemente stattfindet. Dadurch entstehen neue Aspkete in dieser hybriden Kultur.

A presente dissertação é um diálogo com os estudos e as pesquisas que se ocupam com a construção da representação simbólica da família Wolff/Wolf em três obras distintas, de autores da literatura brasileira: Um Rio Imita o Reno (1938) de Vianna Moog, A Asa Esquerda do Anjo (1981) de Lya Luft e Valsa para Bruno Stein (1986) de Charles Kiefer. Desta maneira, nosso objetivo geral é analisar como se dá o relacionamento intertextual entre as famílias presentes nos textos, as quais possuem o mesmo sobrenome de origem alemã Wolff/Wolf. Sendo assim, analisaremos não apenas o sobrenome dessas famílias, mas também as questões inerentes aos textos literários, como símbolos e estrutura familiar, pois com as personagens dessas obras podemos analisar e indagar o contato dessas famílias de origem alemã com a cultura brasileira, resultando, desse modo, em uma hibridização de sua cultura, com a perda de elementos culturais alemães, assimilando, portanto, novos aspectos oriundos da cultura brasileira. / Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, drei verschiedene Werke von drei unterschiedlichen Autoren der brasilianischen Literatur zu analysieren: Um Rio Imita o Reno (1938) von Vianna Moog, A Asa Esquerda do Anjo (1981) von Lya Luft und Valsa para Bruno Stein (1986) von Charles Kiefer. Die intertextuelle Beziehung existiert wegen der Familien, die einen gleichen deutschen Familiennamen haben, „Wolf“. Es werden nicht nur die Familiennamen analysiert, als auch inhärente Themen der literarischen Texte, wie: Symbole, Familienstruktur, und ihren Kontakt mit der brasilianischen Kultur, wodurch sich eine Hybridisierung ihrer Kultur kristalisiert, die wegen des Verlustes ihrer deutschen kulturellen Elemente stattfindet. Dadurch entstehen neue Aspkete in dieser hybriden Kultur.

Introdução - A malária é uma das principais doenças humanas do mundo e afeta principalmente as populações pobres em regiões tropicais e subtropicais onde as condições ambientais são favoráveis tanto para a proliferação dos agentes etiológicos como dos mosquitos vetores. No Brasil, An. darlingi é considerado vetor primário de plasmódios humanos. Devido à importância médica, esse inseto tem sido objeto de campanhas de controle populacional. No entanto, não foi considerada a ocorrência de microevolução em An. darlingi e consequentemente, a possibilidade de populações diferentes apresentarem características biológicas distintas. Objetivo Verificar a presença de variabilidade genética e morfológica em populações de An. darlingi no Brasil. Metodologia - Foram analisados e comparados 26 atributos da morfologia externa de ovos de nove populações, bem como a morfometria geométrica da forma alar de espécimes de 10 localidades diferentes de Anopheles darlingi. Além disso, foram empregadas sequências do gene mitocondrial citocromo oxidase subunidade I (COI) para analisar a estrutura populacional de An. darlingi. Resultados e Conclusão Apesar dos atributos dos ovos apresentarem variação, somente as amostras de Tocantins e Pará foram diferenciadas das demais populações. As variações nas estruturas externas dos ovos são provavelmente adaptativas, com influência de fatores ambientais, como temperatura, umidade e disponibilidade de alimento para as fêmeas. A comparação da morfometria geométrica da asa demonstrou que existe maior similaridade entre as populações da costa (estados do Espírito Santo , do cerrado (estados de Goiás e Tocantins), do norte do rio Amazonas (estados do Amazonas e Amapá), e do sul do rio Amazonas (estados de Mato Grosso e Pará). As análises de COI demonstraram diferenciação das populações da costa da Mata Atlântica em relação às demais populações do Brasil central, Amazônia e Mata Atlântica do Interior. O padrão da diversidade de haplótipos de COI, os testes de neutralidade e a distribuição de diferenças pareadas indicaram recente expansão demográfica. A distância geográfica, as ecorregiões e fatores ambietais podem provavelmente limitar a dispersão da espécie, tendo alguma influência sobre a estrutura populacional de An. darlingi / Introduction Malaria is a major human disease that primarily affects poor persons in tropical and subtropical regions where environmental conditions are favorable to the proliferation of the etiological agent as well as vector mosquitoes. In Brazil, Anopheles darlingi is considered a primary vector of human plasmodia and has been the target of control campaigns because of its medical importance. However, the occurrence of microevolution in An. darlingi was not considered and, consequently, the possibility of different populations exhibit distinct biological characteristics. Objective Verify the presence of morphological and genetic variability in Brazilian Anopheles darlingi populations. Methods Twenty six attributes of external egg morphology were analyzed and compared in nine populations. Similarly, the geometric morphometry of wing shape was evaluated in ten An. darlingi localities. In addition, the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) was employed to analyze the population structure of An. darlingi. Results and Conclusion - Although, egg attributes showed variation, only samples from Tocantins and Pará were differentiated from other populations. Variation in external egg structure is arguably adaptive in light of environmental factors such as temperature, humidity and food availability for females. Comparisons of wing geometric morphometry indicated that there is greater similarity between Coastal (Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro states) and Inner (São Paulo and Paraná states) populations of the Atlantic Forest, and differentiation of those from (Goiás and Tocantins states) and regions both north (Amazonas and Amapá states) and south (Pará and Mato Grosso states) of the Amazon Region. Cytochrome oxidase I analyses indicated differentiation between coastal Atlantic Forest populations (Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro states) and those from the cerrado, the Amazon and the interior Atlantic Forest. The pattern of COI haplotype diversity, neutrality tests and distribution of pairwise differences suggest a recent demographic expansion. Geographical distance, ecoregions and potentially environmental constraints may limit the species´ dispersal and influence the population structure of An. darlingi

Speech is by far the most natural form of communication between human beings. It is intuitive, expressive and contains information at several cognitive levels. We as humans, are perceptive to several of these cognitive levels of information, as we can gather the information pertaining to the identity of the speaker, the speaker's gender, emotion, location, the language, and so on, in addition to the content of what is being spoken. This makes speech based human machine interaction (HMI), both desirable and challenging for the same set of reasons. For HMI to be natural for humans, it is imperative that a machine understands information present in speech, at least at the level of speaker identity, language, location in space, and the summary of what is being spoken. Although one can draw parallels between the human-human interaction and HMI, the two differ in their purpose. We, as humans, interact with a machine, mostly in the context of getting a task done more efficiently, than is possible without the machine. Thus, typically in HMI, controlling the machine in a specific manner is the primary goal. In this context, it can be argued that, HMI, with a limited vocabulary containing specific commands, would suffice for a more efficient use of the machine. In this thesis, we address the problem of ``Who spoke what and where", in the context of a machine understanding the information pertaining to identities of the speakers, their locations in space and the keywords they spoke, thus considering three levels of information - speaker identity (who), location (where) and keywords (what). This can be addressed with the help of multiple sensors like microphones, video camera, proximity sensors, motion detectors, etc., and combining all these modalities. However, we explore the use of only microphones to address this issue. In practical scenarios, often there are times, wherein, multiple people are talking at the same time. Thus, the goal of this thesis is to detect all the speakers, their keywords, and their locations in mixture signals containing speech from simultaneous speakers. Addressing this problem of ``Who spoke what and where" using only microphone signals, forms a part of acoustic scene analysis (ASA) of speech based acoustic events. We divide the problem of ``who spoke what and where" into two sub-problems: ``Who spoke what?" and ``Who spoke where". Each of these problems is cast in a generic latent variable (LV) framework to capture information in speech at different levels. We associate a LV to represent each of these levels and model the relationship between the levels using conditional dependency. The sub-problem of ``who spoke what" is addressed using single channel microphone signal, by modeling the mixture signal in terms of LV mass functions of speaker identity, the conditional mass function of the keyword spoken given the speaker identity, and a speaker-specific-keyword model. The LV mass functions are estimated in a Maximum likelihood (ML) framework using the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm using Student's-t Mixture Model (tMM) as speaker-specific-keyword models. Motivated by HMI in a home environment, we have created our own database. In mixture signals, containing two speakers uttering the keywords simultaneously, the proposed framework achieves an accuracy of 82 % for detecting both the speakers and their respective keywords. The other sub-problem of ``who spoke where?" is addressed in two stages. In the first stage, the enclosure is discretized into sectors. The speakers and the sectors in which they are located are detected in an approach similar to the one employed for ``who spoke what" using signals collected from a Uniform Circular Array (UCA). However, in place of speaker-specific-keyword models, we use tMM based speaker models trained on clean speech, along with a simple Delay and Sum Beamformer (DSB). In the second stage, the speakers are localized within the active sectors using a novel region constrained localization technique based on time difference of arrival (TDOA). Since the problem being addressed is a multi-label classification task, we use the average Hamming score (accuracy) as the performance metric. Although the proposed approach yields an accuracy of 100 % in an anechoic setting for detecting both the speakers and their corresponding sectors in two-speaker mixture signals, the performance degrades to an accuracy of 67 % in a reverberant setting, with a $60$ dB reverberation time (RT60) of 300 ms. To improve the performance under reverberation, prior knowledge of the location of multiple sources is derived using a novel technique derived from geometrical insights into TDOA estimation. With this prior knowledge, the accuracy of the proposed approach improves to 91 %. It is worthwhile to note that, the accuracies are computed for mixture signals containing more than 90 % overlap of competing speakers. The proposed LV framework offers a convenient methodology to represent information at broad levels. In this thesis, we have shown its use with three different levels. This can be extended to several such levels to be applicable for a generic analysis of the acoustic scene consisting of broad levels of events. It will turn out that not all levels are dependent on each other and hence the LV dependencies can be minimized by independence assumption, which will lead to solving several smaller sub-problems, as we have shown above. The LV framework is also attractive to incorporate prior knowledge about the acoustic setting, which is combined with the evidence from the data to derive the information about the presence of an acoustic event. The performance of the framework, is dependent on the choice of stochastic models, which model the likelihood function of the data given the presence of acoustic events. However, it provides an access to compare and contrast the use of different stochastic models for representing the likelihood function.

A concepção de aeronaves não convencionais a fim de alcançar um determinado desempenho ou melhoria operacional é sem dúvida um dos objetivos mais importantes da engenheira aeronáutica. Tais melhorias envolvem: redução de arrasto, redução da seção transversal, redução de ruído, redução da distância de decolagem e pouso, aumento da eficiência aerodinâmica, aumento da carga útil, entre outros. Por tanto, métodos de otimização multidisciplinar se tornaram em ferramentas muito úteis para aprimorar o projeto conceitual destas aeronaves. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento do projeto conceitual de uma aeronave não convencional de combate e a análise de desempenho aerodinâmico do seu sistema de admissão de ar (Intake), tendo como principal característica, estar localizado na parte superior da fuselagem da aeronave (Dorsal Intake). O delineamento conceitual foi desenvolvido através da implementação de metodologias de otimização multidisciplinar de projeto (MDO) na fase de projeto paramétrico, integrando conceitos como: entropia estatística, desdobramento da função qualidade (QFD) e análise de restrições. Além disso, foram usados métodos analíticos e teóricos, ferramentas de desenho assistido por computador (CAD) e simulações da dinâmica dos fluidos computacionais (CFD) para otimizar e obter a configuração final da aeronave. Posteriormente, 5 configurações de asa delta foram selecionadas para avaliar as mudanças de desempenho do dorsal intake sob a influência aerodinâmica das superfícies principais da aeronave (Asa e Fuselagem), em regimes de voo subsônico (Mach = 0.4), transônico (Mach = 0.9) e supersônico (Mach = 1.7; 2) a diversos ângulos de ataque (De α = 10º a α = 30º ). Os resultados encontrados neste trabalho foram avaliados em separado, subsequentemente foram integrados, a fim de obter a nova concepção de aeronave não convencional de combate; a aplicação de MDO permitiu estimar as variáveis de projeto ideais para o desenvolvimento do projeto da aeronave, em relação a sua missão. Em contrapartida, os resultados da integração intake-estrutura mostram que apropriadas características de desempenho e compatibilidade foram mantidas durante as fases de voo subsônicas, para as 5 configurações de asa. No entanto, para velocidades transônicas, a configuração canard apresentou um acréscimo nos níveis de recuperação de pressão total, devido ao fluxo de alta energia na parte superior da fuselagem, o qual é produzido pelo vórtice do canard a moderados ângulos de ataque. Finalmente, para velocidades supersônicas, a asa com dispositivos LEX (Leading Edge Extensions) obteve os melhores níveis de recuperação de pressão total, pois a implementação destes dispositivos apresentou uma montagem mais vantajosa com sua fuselagem para gerar o cone de Mach, aumentando os níveis de recuperação de pressão total e reduzindo a distorção na face do motor. No entanto, para velocidades maiores a Mach = 2, sem importar a configuração de asa, a expansão do escoamento sobre a fuselagem e as asas da aeronave produziu um aumento no número Mach local na entrada do intake, o que reduziu os níveis de desempenho e compatibilidade do mesmo. Em consequência, a posição do intake na parte superior da fuselagem representa uma opção de configuração viável para aeronaves que requerem apenas capacidades de ângulo de ataque razoáveis, tais como aeronaves de caça ar-terra, sendo a asa com dispositivos LEX a geometria que representa melhores qualidades de desempenho na maioria dos 3 regimes de voo avaliados. / The conception of non-conventional aircraft with the aim of achieving a certain performance or operational improvement is undoubtedly, one of the most important objectives of the aeronautical engineering. These improvements involve: drag reduction, cross section reduction, noise reduction, shortening of take-off and landing distance, increase of aerodynamic efficiency, payload increase, among others. Therefore, optimization multidisciplinary methods became in very important tools to upgrade the conceptual design phase of these aircraft. In this context, this work had as aim the development of the conceptual design of a nonconventional fighter aircraft and the aerodynamic performance analysis of its air intake, having as main characteristic to be located at the top of the fuselage (Dorsal Intake). The conceptual design was developed through the implementation of multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) methods in the parametric design phase, integrating concepts of: statistical entropy, quality function deployment (QFD) and constraint analysis. Besides that, it was used analytical and theoretical methods, computer-aided design (CAD) tools and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to optimize and obtain the final aircraft configuration. Subsequently, 5 delta wing configurations were selected to evaluate the dorsal intake performance changes under the aerodynamic influence of the main aircraft surfaces (Wings and Fuselage) in subsonic (Mach = 0.4), transonic (Mach = 0.9) and supersonic (Mach = 1.7; 2) flight regimes, at various angles of attack (From α = 10º to α = 30º ). The results found in this work were evaluated separately, later these were integrated, in order to get the new conception of non-conventional fighter aircraft; the MDO application allowed to estimate the ideal design variables for developing the aircraft design, regarding to its mission. On the other hand, the results of the intake-structure integration shown that appropriate performance and compatibility characteristics were maintained during the subsonic flight stages for the 5 wing configurations. However, for transonic velocities, the canard configuration presented an increase in the total pressure recovery levels, due to the high energy flux on the fuselage, which is produced by the canard vortex at moderate angles of attack. Finally, for supersonic velocities, the wing with LEX (Leading Edge Extensions) devices got the best levels of total pressure recovery, because the implementation of these devices presented a more advantageous assembly with its fuselage to generate the Mach cone, increasing the total pressure recovery levels and reducing the distortion at the engine face. However, for velocities higher than Mach = 2, regardless the wing configuration, the flow expansion on the fuselage and the wings produced an increase in the local Mach number in the intake entrance, which reduced the performance and compatibility levels of it. As a consequence, the top mounted intake position represents an option of viable configuration to aircraft that require only reasonable angles of attack capabilities, such as air-to-ground fighter aircraft, being the wing with LEX devices the geometry that represents better performance qualities in the majority of the 3 evaluated flight regimes.

To determine the ecotoxicity of analgetics, first the individual ecotoxicity values of individual analgetics are determined and then a mixture of two analgetics is tested. To determine the toxicity, both standard and alternative toxicity tests are used (daphnia magna, sinapsis alba, scenedesmus subspicatum, vibrio fischeri, thamnotoxkit FTM a daphnotoxkit FTM magna). The analgetics being whish tested are the commonly used medicines ibuprofen, ASA, diclofenac and paracetamol, which are the most frequently used medicines in the Czech Republic and whole Europe. To determine the ecotoxicity of the polymers, I‘m using an indirect method of examination, in which I determine the antagonistic or synergistic effects of the mixture of monomers from which the polymer is prepared and into which it slowly decomposes in nature. For the determination both standard and alternative toxicity tests are used. The polymers the toxicity of which is being determined are the habitually used polymer PET and the formaldehyde resine known as bakelite in Eastern Europe.

Sizing (hydrophobization) is one of the most important process steps within the added-value chain of about 1/3rd of the worldwide produced paper & board products. Even though sizing with so-called reactive sizing agents, such as alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) was implemented in the paper industry decades ago, there is no total clarity yet about the detailed chemical and physical mechanisms that lead to their performance. Previous research was carried out on the role of different factors influencing the sizing performance, such as bonding between ASA and cellulose, ASA hydrolysis, size revision as well as the most important interactions with stock components, process parameters and additives during the paper making process. However, it was not yet possible to develop a holistic model for the explanation of the sizing performance given in real life application. This thesis describes a novel physico-chemical approach to this problem by including results from previous research and combining these with a wide field of own basic research and a newly developed method that allows tracing back the actual localization of ASA within the sheet structure. The carried out measurements and trial sets for the basic field of research served to evaluate the stock and process parameters that most dominantly influence the sizing performance of ASA. Interactions with additives other than retention aids were not taken into account. The results show that parameters, such as the content of secondary fibers, the degree of refining, the water hardness as well as the suspension conductivity, are of highest significance. The sample sets of the trials with the major impacting parameters were additionally analyzed by a newly developed localization method in order to better understand the main influencing factors. This method is based on optical localization of ASA within the sheet structure by confocal white light microscopy. In order to fulfill the requirements at magnification rates of factor 100 optical zoom, it was necessary to improve the contrast between ASA and cellulose. Therefore, ASA was pretreated with an inert red diazo dye, which does not have any impact on neither the sizing nor the handling properties of ASA. Laboratory hand sheets that were sized with dyed ASA, were analyzed by means of their sizing performance in correlation to measurable ASA agglomerations in the sheet structure. The sizing performance was measured by ultrasonic penetration analysis. The agglomeration behavior of ASA was analyzed automatically by multiple random imaging of a sample area of approx. 8650 µm² with a minimum resolution for particles of 500 nm in size. The gained results were interpreted by full factorial design of experiments (DOE). The trials were carried out with ASA dosages between 0% and 0.8% on laboratory hand sheets, made of 80% bleached eucalyptus short fiber kraft pulp and 20% northern bleached softwood kraft pulp, beaten to SR° 30, produced with a RDA sheet former at a base weight of 100 g/m² oven dry. The results show that there is a defined correlation between the ASA dosage, the sizing performance and the number and area of ASA agglomerates to be found in the sheet structure. It was also possible to show that the agglomeration behavior is highly influenced by external factors like furnish composition and process parameters. This enables a new approach to the explanation of sizing performance, by making it possible to not only examine the performance of the sizing agent, but to closely look at the predominant position where it is located in the sheet structure. These results lead to the explanation that the phenomenon of sizing is by far not a pure chemical process but rather a more physical one. Based on the gained findings it was possible so far to optimize the ASA sizing process in industrial-scale by means of ~ 50% less ASA consumption at a steady degree of sizing and improved physical sheet properties.

Sizing (hydrophobization) is one of the most important process steps within the added-value chain of about 1/3rd of the worldwide produced paper & board products. Even though sizing with so-called reactive sizing agents, such as alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) was implemented in the paper industry decades ago, there is no total clarity yet about the detailed chemical and physical mechanisms that lead to their performance. Previous research was carried out on the role of different factors influencing the sizing performance, such as bonding between ASA and cellulose, ASA hydrolysis, size revision as well as the most important interactions with stock components, process parameters and additives during the paper making process. However, it was not yet possible to develop a holistic model for the explanation of the sizing performance given in real life application. This thesis describes a novel physico-chemical approach to this problem by including results from previous research and combining these with a wide field of own basic research and a newly developed method that allows tracing back the actual localization of ASA within the sheet structure. The carried out measurements and trial sets for the basic field of research served to evaluate the stock and process parameters that most dominantly influence the sizing performance of ASA. Interactions with additives other than retention aids were not taken into account. The results show that parameters, such as the content of secondary fibers, the degree of refining, the water hardness as well as the suspension conductivity, are of highest significance. The sample sets of the trials with the major impacting parameters were additionally analyzed by a newly developed localization method in order to better understand the main influencing factors. This method is based on optical localization of ASA within the sheet structure by confocal white light microscopy. In order to fulfill the requirements at magnification rates of factor 100 optical zoom, it was necessary to improve the contrast between ASA and cellulose. Therefore, ASA was pretreated with an inert red diazo dye, which does not have any impact on neither the sizing nor the handling properties of ASA. Laboratory hand sheets that were sized with dyed ASA, were analyzed by means of their sizing performance in correlation to measurable ASA agglomerations in the sheet structure. The sizing performance was measured by ultrasonic penetration analysis. The agglomeration behavior of ASA was analyzed automatically by multiple random imaging of a sample area of approx. 8650 µm² with a minimum resolution for particles of 500 nm in size. The gained results were interpreted by full factorial design of experiments (DOE). The trials were carried out with ASA dosages between 0% and 0.8% on laboratory hand sheets, made of 80% bleached eucalyptus short fiber kraft pulp and 20% northern bleached softwood kraft pulp, beaten to SR° 30, produced with a RDA sheet former at a base weight of 100 g/m² oven dry. The results show that there is a defined correlation between the ASA dosage, the sizing performance and the number and area of ASA agglomerates to be found in the sheet structure. It was also possible to show that the agglomeration behavior is highly influenced by external factors like furnish composition and process parameters. This enables a new approach to the explanation of sizing performance, by making it possible to not only examine the performance of the sizing agent, but to closely look at the predominant position where it is located in the sheet structure. These results lead to the explanation that the phenomenon of sizing is by far not a pure chemical process but rather a more physical one. Based on the gained findings it was possible so far to optimize the ASA sizing process in industrial-scale by means of ~ 50% less ASA consumption at a steady degree of sizing and improved physical sheet properties.:Acknowledgment I Abstract III Table of Content V List of Illustrations XI List of Tables XVI List of Formulas XVII List of Abbreviations XVIII 1 Introduction and Problem Description 1 1.1 Initial Situation 1 1.2 Objective 2 2 Theoretical Approach 3 2.1 The Modern Paper & Board Industry on the Example of Germany 3 2.1.1 Raw Materials for the Production of Paper & Board 5 2.2 The Sizing of Paper & Board 8 2.2.1 Introduction to Paper & Board Sizing 8 2.2.2 The Definition of Paper & Board Sizing 10 2.2.3 The Global Markets for Sized Paper & Board Products and Sizing Agents 11 2.2.4 Physical and Chemical Background to the Mechanisms of Surface-Wetting and Penetration 13 2.2.4.1 Surface Wetting 14 2.2.4.2 Liquid Penetration 15 2.2.5 Surface and Internal Sizing 17 2.2.6 Sizing Agents 18 2.2.6.1 Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride (ASA) 19 2.2.6.2 Rosin Sizes 19 2.2.6.3 Alkylketen Dimer (AKD) 23 2.2.6.4 Polymeric Sizing Agents (PSA) 26 2.2.7 Determination of the Sizing Degree (Performance Analysis) 28 2.2.7.1 Cobb Water Absorption 29 2.2.7.2 Contact Angle Measurement 30 2.2.7.3 Penetration Dynamics Analysis 31 2.2.7.4 Further Qualitative Analysis Methods 33 2.2.7.4.1 Ink Stroke 33 2.2.7.4.2 Immersion Test 33 2.2.7.4.3 Floating Test 34 2.2.7.4.4 Hercules Sizing Tester (HST) 34 2.2.8 Sizing Agent Detection (Qualitative Analysis) and Determination of the Sizing Agent Content (Quantitative Analysis) 35 2.2.8.1 Destructive Methods 35 2.2.8.2 Non Destructive Methods 36 2.3 Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride (ASA) 36 2.3.1.1 Chemical Composition and Production of ASA 37 2.3.1.2 Mechanistic Reaction Models 39 2.3.1.3 ASA Application 42 2.3.1.3.1 Emulsification 42 2.3.1.3.2 Dosing 44 2.3.1.4 Mechanistic Steps of ASA Sizing 46 2.3.2 Physico-Chemical Aspects during ASA Sizing 48 2.3.2.1 Reaction Plausibility 48 2.3.2.1.1 Educt-Product Balance / Kinetics 48 2.3.2.1.2 Energetics 51 2.3.2.1.3 Sterics 52 2.3.2.2 Phenomena based on Sizing Agent Mobility 53 2.3.2.2.1 Sizing Agent Orientation 54 2.3.2.2.2 Intra-Molecular Orientation 55 2.3.2.2.3 Sizing Agent Agglomeration 55 2.3.2.2.4 Fugitive Sizing / Sizing Loss / Size Reversion 56 2.3.2.2.5 Sizing Agent Migration 58 2.3.2.2.6 Sizing Reactivation / Sizing Agent Reorientation 59 2.3.3 Causes for Interactions during ASA Sizing 60 2.3.3.1 Process Parameters 61 2.3.3.1.1 Temperature 61 2.3.3.1.2 pH-Value 62 2.3.3.1.3 Water Hardness 63 2.3.3.2 Fiber Types 64 2.3.3.3 Filler Types 65 2.3.3.4 Cationic Additives 66 2.3.3.5 Anionic Additives 67 2.3.3.6 Surface-Active Additives 68 2.4 Limitations of State-of-the-Art ASA-Sizing Analysis 69 2.5 Optical ASA Localization 71 2.5.1 General Background 71 2.5.2 Confocal Microscopy 72 2.5.2.1 Principle 72 2.5.2.2 Features, Advantage and Applicability for Paper-Component Analysis 74 2.5.3 Dying / Staining 75 3 Discussion of Results 77 3.1 Localization of ASA within the Sheet Structure 77 3.1.1 Choice of Dyes 77 3.1.1.1 Dye Type 78 3.1.1.2 Evaluation of Dye/ASA Mixtures 80 3.1.1.2.1 Maximum Soluble Dye Concentration 80 3.1.1.2.2 Thin Layer Chromatography 81 3.1.1.2.3 FTIR-Spectroscopy 82 3.1.1.3 Evaluation of the D-ASA Emulsion 84 3.1.1.4 Paper Chromatography with D-ASA & F-ASA Emulsions 85 3.1.1.5 Evaluation of the D-ASA Emulsion’s Sizing Efficiency 86 3.1.2 The Localization Method 87 3.1.2.1 The Correlation between ASA Distribution and Agglomeration 88 3.1.2.2 Measurement Settings 89 3.1.2.3 Manual Analysis 90 3.1.2.4 Automated Analysis 92 3.1.2.4.1 Automated Localization / Microscopy Measurement 92 3.1.2.4.2 Automated Analysis / Image-Processing 93 3.1.2.5 Result Interpretation and Example Results 96 3.1.2.6 Reproducibility 97 3.1.2.7 Sample Mapping 98 3.1.3 Approaches to Localization-Method Validation 102 3.1.3.1 Raman Spectroscopy 102 3.1.3.2 Confocal Laser Scanning Fluorescent Microscopy 102 3.1.3.3 Decolorization 103 3.2 Factors Impacting the Sizing Behavior of ASA 104 3.2.1 ASA Type 105 3.2.2 Emulsion Parameters 107 3.2.2.1 Hydrolyzed ASA Content 107 3.2.2.2 ASA/Starch Ratio 109 3.2.2.3 Emulsion Age 110 3.2.3 Stock Parameters 111 3.2.3.1 Long Fiber/Short Fiber Ratio 111 3.2.3.2 Furnish Type 112 3.2.3.3 Degree of Refining 114 3.2.3.4 Filler Type/Content 116 3.2.4 Process Parameters 119 3.2.4.1 Temperature 119 3.2.4.2 pH-Value 120 3.2.4.3 Conductivity 122 3.2.4.4 Water Hardness 123 3.2.4.5 Shear Rate 125 3.2.4.6 Dwell Time 127 3.2.4.7 Dosing Position & Dosing Order 128 3.2.4.8 Drying 130 3.2.4.9 Aging 131 3.3 Factors Impacting the Localization Behavior of ASA 132 3.3.1 Degree of Refining 132 3.3.2 Sheet Forming Conductivity 135 3.3.3 Water Hardness 136 3.3.4 Retention Aid (PAM) 137 3.3.5 Contact Curing 138 3.3.6 Accelerated Aging 139 3.4 Main Optimization Approach 141 3.4.1 Optimization of ASA Sizing Performance Characteristics 142 3.4.2 Emulsion Modification 144 3.4.2.1 Lab Trials / RDA Sheet Forming 146 3.4.2.2 TPM Trials 147 3.4.2.3 Industrial-Scale Trials 149 3.4.2.4 Correlation between Sizing Performance Optimization and Agglomeration Behavior on the Example of PAAE 152 3.5 Holistic Approach to Sizing Performance Explanation 154 4 Experimental Approach 157 4.1 Characterization of Methods, Measurements and Chemicals used for the Optical Localization-Analysis of ASA 157 4.1.1 Characterization of used Chemicals 157 4.1.1.1 Preparation of Dyed-ASA Solutions 157 4.1.1.2 Thin Layer Chromatography 157 4.1.1.3 Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy 157 4.1.1.4 Emulsification of ASA 158 4.1.1.5 Paper Chromatography 159 4.1.1.6 Particle Size Measurement 159 4.1.2 Optical Analysis of ASA Agglomerates 160 4.1.2.1 Microscopy 160 4.1.2.2 Automated Analysis 163 4.1.2.2.1 Adobe Photoshop 163 4.1.2.2.2 Adobe Illustrator 164 4.1.2.3 Confocal Laser Scanning Fluorescent Microscopy 166 4.2 Characterization of Used Standard Methods and Measurements 166 4.2.1 Stock and Paper Properties 166 4.2.1.1 Stock pH, Conductivity and Temperature Measurement 166 4.2.1.2 Dry Content / Consistency Measurement 167 4.2.1.3 Drainability (Schopper-Riegler) Measurement 167 4.2.1.4 Base Weight Measurement 168 4.2.1.5 Ultrasonic Penetration Measurement 168 4.2.1.6 Contact Angle Measurement 169 4.2.1.1 Cobb Measurement 169 4.2.1.2 Air Permeability Measurements 170 4.2.1.3 Tensile Strength Measurements 170 4.2.2 Preparation of Sample Sheets 171 4.2.2.1 Stock Preparation 171 4.2.2.2 Laboratory Refining (Valley Beater) 171 4.2.2.3 RDA Sheet Forming 171 4.2.2.4 Additive Dosing 173 4.2.2.5 Contact Curing 174 4.2.2.6 Hot Air Curing 174 4.2.2.7 Sample Aging 174 4.2.2.8 Preparation of Hydrolyzed ASA 175 4.2.2.9 Trial Paper Machine 175 4.2.2.10 Industrial-Scale Board Machine 177 4.3 Characterization of used Materials 178 4.3.1 Fibers 178 4.3.1.1 Reference Stock System 178 4.3.1.2 OCC Fibers 179 4.3.1.3 DIP Fibers 179 4.3.2 Fillers 180 4.3.3 Chemical Additives 180 4.3.3.1 ASA 180 4.3.3.2 Starches 181 4.3.3.3 Retention Aids 181 4.3.3.4 Poly Aluminum Compounds 181 4.3.3.5 Wet Strength Resin 181 4.3.4 Characterization of used Additives 182 4.3.4.1 Solids Content 182 4.4 Description of Implemented Advanced Data Analysis- and Visualization Methods 183 4.4.1 Design of Experiments (DOE183 4.4.2 Contour Plots 184 4.4.3 Box-Whisker Graphs 185 5 Conclusion 186 6 Outlook for Further Work 191 7 Bibliography 192 Appendix 207 7.1 Localization Method Reproducibility 207 7.2 DOE - Coefficient Lists 208 7.2.1 Trial 3.3.4 – Impact of Retention Aid (PAM) on Agglomeration Behavior and Sizing Performance 208 7.2.2 Trial 3.3.5 – Impact of Contact Curing on Agglomeration Behavior and Sizing Performance 208 7.2.3 Trial 3.3.6 – Impact of Accelerated Aging on Agglomeration Behavior and Sizing Performance 209

若是希望能了解泰國對外之行為，先必須了解泰國外交政策的五點原則：尋找政治保護者原則、反制觀念原則、尋找多邊政治支持者、「風下之竹」與防禦性的外交原則和自主獨立行原則為基礎，可以發現到，由於泰國所處的國際環境使然，其不得不在此一充滿衝突的區域環境中，謀求一套八面玲瓏的生存之道，而在區域環境的變化威脅到國家安全時，採取不同的外交策略，以期能夠將國家利益最大化，並將傷害減至最小。這種靈活彈性的外交手腕，始終維持了泰國國家領土及主權的完整，此種柔性務實的外交策略，確有值得效法之處。 泰國與東協之關係也是如此，泰國政府使用上面的原則為基礎與東協有互動關係，本文以三階段分期作一分析，評析泰國與東協的互動具有下列特點： 第一階段：一九四五年至一九六七年泰國與東協關係之歷史 一、二次世界大戰的經驗，使泰國獲得兩點主要教訓：第一、執行政策與霸權國家有密切關係，但在未來必須準備其他選擇途徑。第二、若是選擇執行中立政策，但不能保護本身不受到敵國的威脅。不如讓泰國和某些霸權國家有同盟關係，以保證自身的安全。 戰後泰國外交政策可分成兩階段：第一階段為戰爭剛結束時，泰國執行中立政策或稱為「先等看之政策」，為了避免種種可能問題，在冷戰初期，泰國沒有決定和哪一派結盟。中立政策一直到中國共產黨內戰獲勝，統治中國，開始有了轉變；第二階段自一九四九年後，稱為「轉變階段」或「泰、美盟國時期」。這一階段對泰國的未來，有著相當大的影響。 當時泰國是持反共政策，擔心共產主義之擴張（尤其來自中共）將威脅泰國國內的穩定。此外，二戰結束後泰國受到英國與法國以若干條件壓迫，美國介入助泰國解決所有問題，使美國成為泰國最主要的盟國。甚至幫泰國引導加入東南亞公約組織(SEATO)。 二、一九五四年九月泰國加入SEATO， SEATO的三個亞洲會員國中，泰國是最主要的，因為泰國是印支半島之中心，對亞洲內的政治發展擁有一定的影響力，並可擴大到海外。因此，泰國是SEATO東南亞安全議題之關鍵，所以一九五五年二月第一次SEATO會議結束後決定在曼谷設立SEATO的總部，並一九五七年三月在曼谷設立了SEATO軍事計劃辦事處。一九五七年七月Pote Sarasin擔任SEATO秘書長更提升泰國在SEATO的主要角色。泰國整期間參與SEATO，其與SEATO互動關係有若干方面包括：政治、軍事、經濟、社會和教育等。泰國參與SEATO之利益：（一）、參與SEATO，擴大使泰國的國際關係與使其政治的決策變寬，並使得泰國和美國及其他霸權國家的關係更為密切，甚至使泰國代表進入為SEATO理事會豐富了泰國的外交、政治及軍事經驗。（二）由於中共計劃擴張權勢，泰國獲得SEATO及美國援助。在危機或戰爭威脅下SEATO的支持會增加泰國的安全。 泰國在SEATO會員地位下，有著如下義務；（一）、支持強國之政策：大部分表現在聯合國的議決，泰國在表決時大部份跟隨著美國、法國及英國的腳步，反對蘇聯立場。事實上，泰國維持其與大國之關係（尤其是美國）的行為，使本身獲得相當利益。（二）、代表SEATO非亞洲國家的會員國，確定他們獲得利益保護；若干亞洲國家懷疑SEATO的目標，擔心帝國主義恢復。泰國的加入，使他們減少此種擔憂，了解SEATO對亞洲國家真正的目的所在。泰國與SEATO的關係使泰國落在危險的地位，被其他國家懷疑立場。另一方面，泰國也積極勸進SEATO依循組織宗旨，援助各殖民地尋求獨立，以避免其他國家對泰國做為西方國家衛星國的指控。在聯合國，如果有關於殖民地的問題，泰國也能站在亞洲國家的立場予以支持。不論如何，從一九六○年寮國危機爆發，使泰國領導者重新考慮SEATO的效能以及積極要求與美國雙邊關係的保障，使得一九六二年三月泰美簽署「他納-魯斯克協定（Thanat-Rusk Joint Communique）」，使兩國關係更加密切。從他納-魯斯克協定可發現泰國對SEATO的堅信減少。 三、從參與SEATO之經驗，使泰國領導者也開始認知到，若是僅靠西方的霸權國家，長期而言是弊大於利的。因此，泰國重新調整外交策略，支持與東南亞國家進行合作，也擴大其選擇空間。泰國認為建立新組織取代SEATO時，必須尋找本區域的國家，因為彼此有共同的利益。當時菲律賓和馬來西亞也與泰國有共同的概念。因此，泰菲馬討論成立新區域組織，泰國提議強調新區域組織應該重視經濟合作，主張區域經濟互賴、提昇出口基本產品、管理市場及控制售價。泰國認為組織結構應簡化，包括永久總部、但維持較小型的管理體系，強調實踐的合作。馬菲同意泰國所提出之概念。終於，一九六一年七月三十一日，馬、菲、泰三國在曼谷組成東南亞協會（Association of Southeast Asia, ASA），並發表曼谷宣言（Bangkok Declaration）。 一九六二年底至一九六三年初，組織活動開始減緩，因為印尼、馬來西亞與菲律賓間，對沙巴主權的爭議，終於使ASA的活動完全停頓。當菲律賓、馬來西亞及印尼發生衝突時，泰國扮演調停者的角色，由泰國外長他納花了幾個月，終於馬、菲和印尼三國，看見泰國的善意，願到曼谷進行會談，解決所有的衝突問題，結束自一九六三年初以來的對抗、僵持關係。一九六五年九月後，泰、馬、菲和印開始討論關於ASA之未來，此外其也決定納入新加坡為會員，總之，在一九六七年八月八日，五國外長在曼谷集會，同意將「東南亞協會」擴大為「東南亞國家協會(Association of Southeast Asian Nations, ASEAN)」，並發表「曼谷宣言」， 而使ASA也走上了解散的命運。 第二階段：冷戰時期泰國與東協關係 一、因而在冷戰時期國際情勢轉變，尤其是美國撤離東南亞地區，為了符合該轉變，使泰國必須調整本身的外交政策。此外，泰國政府認為國家的穩固和發展，與鄰國的穩定有密切關係，各國之合作將會影響區域的前途。該概念使得泰國參與東協，泰國參與該組織有明顯的目標，即是為了本國的穩固和經濟利益。泰國選擇以東協作為本身外交政策核心的戰略。泰國調整外交政策，以東協取代美國撤離東南亞區域的權力空缺。因為泰國認為，東協將是泰國在國際政治上討價還價之重要手段。從一九七六年後，泰國政府相當重視東協為泰國外交的核心政策之一部分。冷戰時期，泰國在短期和長期之外交政策可總結為：支持東協的合作和創造東南亞之統一性，依循組織的宗旨，促進經濟與社會發展，以及推動政治合作，包括致力於解決對區域的穩固和安全有影響的任何問題，以使東南亞地區成為真正的和平區與中立地帶。此外，與各國促進經濟和貿易關係，不論彼此的政治體系差異。最後則是與各國改善關係，形成各東南亞會員國之共同利益。從前面的政策引導，冷戰時期泰國在東南亞地區所扮演的區域保護者與調停者角色。 二、從一九六七年泰國參與東協後，東協的活動對經濟、政治、文化之合作，以及會員國的穩定鞏固問題上，重要性日益擴張。同時泰國政府之政策，是希望利用東協達成其經濟和政治之目標。一九七六年八月三十日，泰國政府頒布條例，成立泰國的東協辦事處(Thailand ’s ASEAN National Secretariat)，屬外交部之下的單位。其地位等於「司」，任務則是主管有關東協的事項。在一九七七年一月十二日，政府頒布法令，將東協辦事處分為四組。 一九八四年七月二十七日政府發布條例，將東協辦事處改名為東協司，但職能未變。此後，為了符合國際情勢之轉變和國家的利益，東協司仍調整單位內的機制三次：一九九一年、一九九九年和二○○三年。從一九七五年至冷戰結束泰國外交，從泰國外交部調整機制有主要的關注考量是強調安全與穩固方面，尤其在面臨柬埔寨問題，泰國傾注全力解決該問題，因而其認為該事項與泰國的生存有密切關係。但在調整機制三次後，可發現符合冷戰結束泰國外交政策之轉變為重視經濟方面為主。 三、一九七八年十二月廿四日，越南揮軍入侵柬埔寨，使東協各國感到莫大之安全威脅尤其是泰國：成為「前線」國家。在泰國執行解決柬埔寨問題之方針：（一）、尋找方式使越南撤軍，離開柬埔寨和寮國，並使兩國恢復和平及獨立主權，因而泰國將不需要處理難民問題，也不用面臨邊境穩定與否的問題；（二）、泰國希望柬埔寨與寮國有獨立主權，因其認為兩國是泰越間之緩衝國；（三）、泰國希望越南脫離蘇聯之權力範圍，使泰國不必擔心蘇聯擴張權勢接近甚至進入泰國境內。泰國政府為了達成上面三點的目標，而執行解決越柬戰爭問題之政策，可分為兩個方式；（一）、外交途徑；透過東協與聯合國，堅持由柬民決定自己的命運，外國不應干涉，並強迫越南全面撤軍離開柬埔寨。（二）、經濟壓力；使越南受到全面壓力， 強迫河內接受泰國要求。在解決柬埔寨過程中，雖然有時東協會員國對解決該問題之意見有差異，不過東協總都支持泰國的提議與方式。因而東協不要泰國與中共有密切關係引起東協內部對柬埔寨問題的態度分歧。換言之，東協支持泰國的提議，因為其不需要霸權國干涉本區域內的事項。 泰國與東協在解決柬埔寨合作的主要轉變是於一九八八年八月四日察猜上台後，他提出「化印支戰場為市場」的策略，其調整對印支國家的態度，以更有彈性的主張，透過經濟方式來維繫國家之間的關係。其內涵已明顯從「對抗」轉入「共存」，從「緊張」轉入「和解」。在中南半島上自行產生的新主義，目的是追求區域內各國的利益，而非實現超強國家的野心。察猜對柬埔寨問題政策改變的主要因素為：察猜和察猜政府顧問之角色與軍方和內閣之態度。差猜的提議改變了泰國與東協解決柬埔寨的問題作法，以及此引發了察猜政府與外交部之間的衝突。甚至，該計劃也被認為是破壞東協的團結。不論如何，差猜的「化印支戰場為市場」政策，也是解決柬埔寨問題的主要因素之一，並引起東南亞地區脫離政治和安全問題走向新世紀經濟整合發展時代。 在解決柬埔寨問題方面符合泰國國家利益。泰國外交部表示：「我們認為東協是泰國利用的其中之一的外交工具，為了使泰國達成或維持國家的利益。泰國在選擇使哪個工具來解決哪個問題，必須考慮到當時哪個工具對那個事項能達成最高的效能。如柬埔寨問題泰國政府認為使用東協為工具將獲得解決問題最高的效能。」 第三階段：後冷戰泰國與東協之關係 一、後冷戰泰國對東協政策，以三個政策為主導：察猜政府的「化中南半島戰場為商場」政策、安南德政府的「建設性交往」(Constructive Engagement)政策和查華利的「完整的區域主義」(Complete Regionalism)政策為主導。雖然，泰國三個政府之外交政策之名稱差異，卻有同樣的目標，即是其使泰國獲得經濟利益（進入印支半島和緬甸市場）和加強泰國在區域之角色（使泰國成為東南亞的領導者）。因此，東協擴張之政策泰國也扮演主要的角色，尤其是緬甸的事項。泰國推動和支持東協擴張，一方面為在經濟方面加強貿易和投資擴張；另外在政治和安全方面，因為四分之三的新東協會員與泰國有領土接壤（緬甸、寮國和柬埔寨）。而其希望以東協擴張之關係，與鄰國解決毒品問題、劃定邊境問題和武裝衝突等。總之，東協擴張對泰國十分有利，不但增加泰國的貿易和投資成長率、援助泰國解決鄰國的煩惱問題，並加強泰國在東南亞區域之角色。 二、一九九八年七月二十四日泰國所提出的「彈性交往」新主張打破了一九六七年東協不「干預他國內政」的原則，使東協會員可以直接對區域任何問題表示意見。從這主張反映出，泰國以歷史的經驗與其關心本區域未來的問題作一融合，尤其是在東協擴張之事項，使東協有預防衝突或提醒危機預警的機制。要是東協會員國間能夠真正的體認這種新東協精神，東協會員國必可達到互相輔助成長，減少許多的經濟和社會成本，進而達成真正團結而統一的東協。雖然泰國的「彈性交往」被多數的東協會員拒絕，但是至少泰國「彈性交往」新主張，表示泰國對東協的重視，希望以該主張使東協各會員對本區域的共同責任。 三、一九九九年十一月二十八日泰國首相乃川，提出「東協三人小組」(ASEAN Troika)的機制。此機制提出的用意是：使東協能夠適時處理緊急且重要的區域性政治與安全議題，及其他可能導致此地區和平與和諧危害的相關事宜。泰國提出「東協三人小組」的原則，是其第二次企圖成立東協穩固機制。為了促進東協會員彼此的合作，提醒任何對區域有影響以及使幫助東協會員合作尋找解決問題的方式，甚至希望能使東協會員團結。雖然該原則不能使各會員滿意，但其至少是一個方式使東協解決任何問題，可知泰國對區域有多麼關心。 泰國在成立AFTA的過程中，扮演相當主要的角色，尤其是泰國首相安南德和其專家工作小組，以若干方式解決成立AFTA的障礙，使各東協會員國支持及簽署成立AFTA之協定。在堆動成立AFTA的成就是泰國區域經濟合作的最主要業績之一。泰國以外交方式說服了東協會員同意和簽署成立自由貿易區協定，在過程中，泰國以外交方式說服東協會員同意和簽署成立自由貿易區協定，展現了以下三項執行外交政策之能力： 一、增進東協會員對泰國立場瞭解的能力：這一連串的工作並不只是為了泰國己身的利益，或是要控制東協，而是為了東協共同的利益。安南德的在各地總是表示：「這是高於一切的目標，即東協會員國必須有堅定的政治意志(political will)，以及必須將該意志徹底落實，有效執行，促進區域合作。減少只重視本國短期利益的情形，必須強調區域的長期利益。」 二、泰國整合東協會員國觀念的能力：例如引入印尼的CEPT作為AFTA的主要機制，或是調整想法以與其他東協國家求取調和，都是使各會員支持泰國成立AFTA提議的主要因素。 三、泰國妥協的能力：為了結合各國的利益，泰國不斷說服東協會員國，要求他們支持成立AFTA之提議，終於在第四屆東協高峰會，六個東協領袖簽署成立AFTA的協定。 在AFTA成立後，泰國也不斷扮演主要的角色，從主辦關於AFTA之活動、提出若干措施，使AFTA早日達成目標，泰國所推動的不僅是取爭本身的利益，並且希望東協成為經濟強大的組織，甚至在國際舞台上有討價還價的能力及競爭力。泰國參與東協自由貿易區（AFTA）對泰國貿易和投資十分有利，總之，泰國參與AFTA之影響有： 1.東協關稅降低，使泰國產品的價格降低，增加泰國出口競爭力。 2.泰國關稅降低，使泰國從東協進口原料和半成品價格低，也使泰國生產成本降低，增加泰國的出口力。 3.消費者可以更便宜地買消費品。 4.堅實及擴大市場之基礎，使東協各國均吸引外國的投資，尤其泰國有若干方面的優點，例如：有能力的勞工、市場範圍大、社會公開、便利的公共設施，以及泰國可作為印支半島國家進出大門，使泰國成為最吸引外資的國家。 5.東協內的競爭，使泰國開始調整本身產業效能和發展技術。 6.東協內的進出口擴張，使泰國減少對其他國家貿易的依賴。 四、ARF是亞太地區的安全組織之一，由東協扮演主要角色，泰國也是ARF的創始國之一，並且一九九四年第一屆ARF會議在泰國曼谷舉行。泰國總是重視和支持ARF的活動，甚至在ARF中企圖提出新概念。在一九九九年至二○○○年泰國外長蘇林擔任ARF主席，他更加強泰國在ARF的角色。蘇林在擔任ARF主席的主要成就包括： （一）、推動北韓為ARF會員：這事項對亞太地區安全有助益，也有助本地的和平和穩固。 （二）、促進ARF和東協扮演援助解決東帝汶的問題的角色：從東帝汶內政發生暴動，泰國主動要求東協和ARF會員國進入東帝汶提供援助以及參與聯合國和平部隊。其不僅是維持區域的和平和穩定，這與其他組織合作，尤其是聯合國，此外也使東協會員和ARF有機會合作維持本區域的和平，使國際社會認知到本區域的團結。泰國在東帝汶維持和平行動之領導角色，其獲得非常大的成就，並廣為國際社會所接受。 （三）、推動擴張ARF與其他集體安全組織之地位：例如歐洲安全與合作組織（OSCE）和美洲國家組織（OAS）等：泰國外長蘇林所推動的目標為了希望ARF在國際舞台上增加自己的角色、經驗和盟國，甚至使國際承認ARF為世界主要的集體安全之一組織。泰國仍繼續推動ARF與OSEC間的活動。 （四）、從一九九九年底北韓核武危機爆發，受到全球國家關注，泰國自不例外。雖然泰國僅是一個亞洲小國，但在該問題上所扮演的角色仍不可忽略。泰國其不僅對該問題表示關心，也積極提出若干方式解決問題，尤其以推動ARF作為解決北韓核武危機之平台，以及提出應加重ARF主席對區域問題之角色的提議等。

This item contains the agenda, minutes, and attachments for the Faculty Senate meeting on this date. There may be additional materials from the meeting available at the Faculty Center.