As bactérias patogênicas em moluscos bivalves podem ser agentes causadores de doenças como a gastroenterite e responsáveis por vários surtos de origem alimentar, representado um risco para os consumidores. Os vírus entéricos são a causa mais comum de surtos de gastroenterites não bacteriana em humanos no mundo e podem ser encontrados nas águas utilizadas no cultivo de moluscos bivalves. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a contaminação de mexilhões (Mytella falcata) e ostras (Crassostrea brasiliana) provenientes do Complexo Estuarino Lagunar de Cananéia-Iguape, Estado de São Paulo, por bactérias (coliformes totais, coliformes termotolerantes, patotipos de Escherichia coli), por astrovírus e norovírus humanos. Um total de 150 amostras de moluscos bivalves (75 ostras e 75 mexilhões) foram coletadas de junho de 2016 a fevereiro de 2017. A estimativa de coliformes totais nos tecidos das ostras variou de 14,1 a 154,5 número mais provável (NMP)/g e de coliformes termotolerantes de 3,0 a 48,6 NMP/g, enquanto que para as amostras de mexilhões, os coliformes totais variaram de 97,4 a 1300 NMP/g e coliformes termotolerantes de 3,6 a 927 NMP/g. E. coli foi detectada em 24 amostras (16%), em concentrações variando entre <3 e >927 NMP/g. Quatro amostras (17%) foram identificadas com Escherichia coli enteropatogênica (EPEC), apresentando o gene eae por PCR (Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase) e RFLP (Polimorfismo no Comprimento de Fragmentos de Restrição), e os amplicons positivos foram sequenciados. As porcentagens de similaridade relativas ao gene phoA de E. coli, para as cinco amostragens realizadas no estudo, apresentaram valores iguais ou superiores a 88,6%. As sequências de EPEC agruparam-se em diferentes clados com outras sequências do Brasil, Suíça e Uruguai, exibindo similaridade de 57,7 e 97,1% quando comparadas umas as outras. Quando comparadas a outras sequências de referência depositadas no GenBank, a similaridade variou entre 56,2 e 95,4%. Estes resultados são os primeiros a indicar a presença de EPEC em moluscos bivalves no Brasil. Astrovírus não foram identificados nas amostras de moluscos analisadas neste estudo. Norovírus (NoV) foi identificado em 21 (14%) das amostras, sendo 38% de mexilhões e 62% de ostras. As amostras de NoV genogrupo II (GII) foram agrupadas num clado único, juntamente com outras sequências de NoV GII, sendo mais próximas filogeneticamente de sequências originárias do Brasil, Japão e México, com similaridade de 93,8 a 96,6% do que com as outras sequências homólogas. A triagem de moluscos bivalves para coliformes, E. coli e presença de vírus entéricos significativos para a saúde pode ajudar na prevenção de surtos entre os consumidores e contribuir para a melhoria do ambiente estuarino. / The pathogenic bacteria in bivalve molluscs are causative agents of diseases such as gastroenteritis and responsible for several food-borne outbreaks, representing a risk to consumers. Enteric viruses are the most common cause of outbreaks of non-bacterial gastroenteritis in humans in the world and can be found in waters used in the cultivation of bivalve molluscs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the contamination of mussels (Mytella falcate) and oysters (Crassostrea brasiliana) from the estuarine complex Lagunar of Cananéia-Iguape, State of São Paulo, by bacteria (total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli) and by human astroviruses and noroviruses. A total of 150 samples of bivalve molluscs (75 oysters and 75 mussels) were collected from June 2016 to February 2017. The total coliform estimate in oyster tissues varied from 14.1 to 154.5 most probable number (MPN)/g and thermotolerant coliforms from 3.0 to 48.6 MPN/g, whereas for mussel samples, total coliforms ranged from 97.4 to 1300 MPN/g and thermotolerant coliforms from 3.6 to 927 MPN/g. E. coli was detected in 24 samples (16%) at concentrations ranging from <3 to >927 NMP/g. Four (17%) were identified with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), presenting the gene eae by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and RFLP (Restriction fragment length polymorphism), and the positive amplicons were sequenced. The percentages of similarity relative to the phoA gene of E. coli, for the five samplings carried out in the study, presented values equal or superior to 88.6%. The EPEC sequences were grouped in different clades with other sequences from Brazil, Switzerland and Uruguay, exhibiting similarity of 57.7 and 97.1% when compared to each other. When compared to other reference sequences deposited in GenBank, the similarity ranged from 56.2 to 95.4%. These results are the first to indicate the presence of EPEC in bivalve molluscs in Brazil. Astroviruses were not identified in the mollusk samples analyzed in this study. Norovirus (NoV) was identified in 21 (14%) of the samples, representing 38% of mussels and 62% of oysters. NoV genogroup II (GII) samples were clustered in a single clade, along with other NoV GII sequences, keeping phylogenetically closest to sequences originating in Brazil, Japan and Mexico, with similarity of 93.8 to 96.6% than with the other homologous sequences. The screening of bivalve molluscs for coliforms, E. coli and the presence of enteric viruses significant to health can help preventing outbreaks among consumers and contribute to the improvement of the estuarine environment.

No description available.

O mamastrovirus 5 (MAstV5) é classificado no gênero Mamastrovirus da família Astroviridae, sendo associado com surtos agudos de gastroenterite transitória em filhotes de cães ao redor do mundo. O objetivo desta dissertação foi detectar e analisar a variabilidade genética dos MAstV5 circulantes em cães no Brasil. Para isto, amostras de suabe retal foram coletadas de 269 cães de diferentes regiões do Brasil no período de 2008-2014, dos quais 26,39% foram positivos para MAstV5 através de RT-PCR convencional e de RT-Hemi-nested PCR, amplificando porção conservada do gene do capsídeo e do gene da polimerase, respectivamente. Quatro destas cepas tiveram seu genoma parcialmente sequenciado, caracterizado e analisado filogeneticamente. A caracterização dessas amostras revelou uma notável heterogeneidade genética entre as cepas de MAstV5. A baixa identidade entre as sequências do gene do capsídeo (<85%) indicaria uma possível nova classificação entre a espécie MAstV5 em dois genótipos. Conclue-se que o MAstV5 ocorre em cães no Brasil e as cepas circulantes possuem uma grande diversidade genética. / The Mamastrovirus 5 (MAstV5) is classified in the genus Mamastrovirus of the Astroviridae family, being associated with acute episodes of transient gastroenteritis in puppies around the world. The aim of this work was to detect and analyze the genetic variability of circulating MAstV5 in dogs in Brazil. For this, rectal swab samples were collected from 269 dogs from different regions of Brazil in the 2008-2014 period, of which 26.39% were positive for MAstV5 by conventional RT-PCR and RT-Hemi-nested PCR, amplifying conserved portion of the capsid gene and polymerase gene, respectively. Four of these strains had its genome sequenced partially characterized and analyzed phylogenetically. The characterization of these samples revealed a remarkable genetic heterogeneity among strains of MAstV5. The low identity between the sequences of capsid gene (<85%) indicate a possible new classification between the two genotypes MAstV5 species. We conclude that the MAstV5 occurs in dogs in Brazil and circulating strains have a high genetic diversity.

O mamastrovirus 5 (MAstV5) é classificado no gênero Mamastrovirus da família Astroviridae, sendo associado com surtos agudos de gastroenterite transitória em filhotes de cães ao redor do mundo. O objetivo desta dissertação foi detectar e analisar a variabilidade genética dos MAstV5 circulantes em cães no Brasil. Para isto, amostras de suabe retal foram coletadas de 269 cães de diferentes regiões do Brasil no período de 2008-2014, dos quais 26,39% foram positivos para MAstV5 através de RT-PCR convencional e de RT-Hemi-nested PCR, amplificando porção conservada do gene do capsídeo e do gene da polimerase, respectivamente. Quatro destas cepas tiveram seu genoma parcialmente sequenciado, caracterizado e analisado filogeneticamente. A caracterização dessas amostras revelou uma notável heterogeneidade genética entre as cepas de MAstV5. A baixa identidade entre as sequências do gene do capsídeo (<85%) indicaria uma possível nova classificação entre a espécie MAstV5 em dois genótipos. Conclue-se que o MAstV5 ocorre em cães no Brasil e as cepas circulantes possuem uma grande diversidade genética. / The Mamastrovirus 5 (MAstV5) is classified in the genus Mamastrovirus of the Astroviridae family, being associated with acute episodes of transient gastroenteritis in puppies around the world. The aim of this work was to detect and analyze the genetic variability of circulating MAstV5 in dogs in Brazil. For this, rectal swab samples were collected from 269 dogs from different regions of Brazil in the 2008-2014 period, of which 26.39% were positive for MAstV5 by conventional RT-PCR and RT-Hemi-nested PCR, amplifying conserved portion of the capsid gene and polymerase gene, respectively. Four of these strains had its genome sequenced partially characterized and analyzed phylogenetically. The characterization of these samples revealed a remarkable genetic heterogeneity among strains of MAstV5. The low identity between the sequences of capsid gene (<85%) indicate a possible new classification between the two genotypes MAstV5 species. We conclude that the MAstV5 occurs in dogs in Brazil and circulating strains have a high genetic diversity.

O mamastrovirus 5 (MAstV5) é classificado no gênero Mamastrovirus da família Astroviridae, sendo associado com surtos agudos de gastroenterite transitória em filhotes de cães ao redor do mundo. O objetivo desta dissertação foi detectar e analisar a variabilidade genética dos MAstV5 circulantes em cães no Brasil. Para isto, amostras de suabe retal foram coletadas de 269 cães de diferentes regiões do Brasil no período de 2008-2014, dos quais 26,39% foram positivos para MAstV5 através de RT-PCR convencional e de RT-Hemi-nested PCR, amplificando porção conservada do gene do capsídeo e do gene da polimerase, respectivamente. Quatro destas cepas tiveram seu genoma parcialmente sequenciado, caracterizado e analisado filogeneticamente. A caracterização dessas amostras revelou uma notável heterogeneidade genética entre as cepas de MAstV5. A baixa identidade entre as sequências do gene do capsídeo (<85%) indicaria uma possível nova classificação entre a espécie MAstV5 em dois genótipos. Conclue-se que o MAstV5 ocorre em cães no Brasil e as cepas circulantes possuem uma grande diversidade genética. / The Mamastrovirus 5 (MAstV5) is classified in the genus Mamastrovirus of the Astroviridae family, being associated with acute episodes of transient gastroenteritis in puppies around the world. The aim of this work was to detect and analyze the genetic variability of circulating MAstV5 in dogs in Brazil. For this, rectal swab samples were collected from 269 dogs from different regions of Brazil in the 2008-2014 period, of which 26.39% were positive for MAstV5 by conventional RT-PCR and RT-Hemi-nested PCR, amplifying conserved portion of the capsid gene and polymerase gene, respectively. Four of these strains had its genome sequenced partially characterized and analyzed phylogenetically. The characterization of these samples revealed a remarkable genetic heterogeneity among strains of MAstV5. The low identity between the sequences of capsid gene (<85%) indicate a possible new classification between the two genotypes MAstV5 species. We conclude that the MAstV5 occurs in dogs in Brazil and circulating strains have a high genetic diversity.

No description available.

Abstract Background: Gastroenteritis is a common infection and the leading cause of morbidity worldwide and is mostly caused by viruses. Outbreaks appear in both developed and developing countries and result in large economic costs. Rapid detection is important for appropriate treatment, control and to prevent the spread of infection.  Objective: Evaluation and performance comparison between the BioFire®FilmArray® Torch System gastrointestinal panel and the Molecular BD MAXTMenteric viral panel to indicate a multiplex method for viral gastroenteritis diagnostic in a routine laboratory setting.  Material and methods: In this study, 58 different samples were used which consisted of selected stool specimens from patients who were tested and treated for gastroenteritis infection at Uppsala Academic Hospital and Norrlands University Hospital in Umeå during 2018-2021, samples from Quality control for molecular diagnostics viral gastroenteritis EQA pilot study during 2018-2019 and cultivated strains of different adenovirus species from 2018. All samples were analyzed with both systems for comparison of detected pathogens.  Results: Sensitivity and specificity values were 95% and 100% respectively for the BioFire®FilmArray®Torch System and 100% and 93.3% for the BD MAXTMSystem.   Conclusions: Bothsystems are rapid and adequate diagnostic tools. The BioFire®FilmArray®Torch System with greater coverage has the ability of detecting more pathogens and is more promising particularly in the occasional infection circumstance. The BD MAXTMSystem demonstrated almost the same results and seems to be a better option in times of an outbreak when the numbers of patients are significantly higher.

Le Canada est l’un des plus grands pays exportateurs de porc du monde et le Québec à lui seul compte pour 6% de ce commerce mondial. Pour conserver sa compétitivité et l’excellence de ses produits, une connaissance approfondie des agents infectieux circulant au sein des troupeaux est primordiale. Plusieurs pathogènes sont peu étudiés et pourtant retrouvés chez les porcs à travers la planète. Cette étude avait pour but l’évaluation de la prévalence des astrovirus porcins, calicivirus, kobuvirus porcin, rotavirus, torque teno sus virus ainsi que le virus de l’hépatite E lors du suivi de porcelets dans un réseau de production porcine, de la maternité jusqu’en fin d’engraissement. Nous voulions brosser un portrait de l’excrétion de ces virus à travers les différentes étapes de production des animaux. L’échantillonnage de porcelets sains et en diarrhée en pré-sevrage a permis de déterminer lesquelles de ces infections virales constituaient des facteurs de risque pour la diarrhée à ce stade de production. Le virome intestinal, la partie virale du microbiome, a également été caractérisé permettant de connaître la diversité des virus entériques porcins aux différentes étapes de production, ainsi qu’entre les porcelets sains et en diarrhée. De plus, la dissémination du virus de l’hépatite E dans l’environnement ainsi que les sources probables de contamination ont été décrites à l’aide d’échantillons provenant des environnements intérieurs et extérieurs de fermes d’engraissement, de la cour d’un abattoir et de transporteurs d’animaux. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de décrire les dynamiques temporelles d’excrétion de ces virus entériques porcins en fonction des stades de production des porcs, démontrant une différence dans l’excrétion de ces virus en fonction de l’âge. Les calicivirus, ainsi que les astrovirus porcins groupes 3 et 5 étaient des facteurs de risque de diarrhée en maternité. Pour la première fois au Canada, la détection et la caractérisation des souches du kobuvirus porcin ont été réalisées, permettant de mieux comprendre leur diversité et leur persistance à travers les stades de production. La diversité du virome entérique porcin a été analysée avec la plateforme de séquençage MiSeq et cette diversité était différente entre les porcelets sains et en diarrhée, ainsi qu’entre les stades de production. Cependant, les traitements enzymatiques utilisés pour le prétraitement des échantillons fécaux ne permettaient pas le séquençage de certains virus à ARN simple-brin. Des souches similaires du virus de l’hépatite E étaient présentes dans l’environnement des fermes, ainsi qu’aux endroits communs à forte circulation des intervenants du réseau. Les activités dans la cour de l’abattoir pourraient donc être impliquées dans la dissémination de ce virus. Cette étude a permis de mieux connaitre la prévalence et la distribution des virus entériques infectant les porcs. De plus, certains des virus entériques étudiés ont été reconnus comme facteurs de risque de la diarrhée en co-infections et devront être étudiés en détail pour comprendre leurs mécanismes en relation avec la diarrhée néonatale. Des interventions plus spécifiques lors d’éclosion de diarrhées porcines, dont l’étiologie est inconnue, pourront donc être réalisées, ainsi que l’élaboration de mesures de biosécurité plus adaptées en fonction du stade de production des porcs. / Canada is a major pork exporter around the world and the province of Quebec alone accounts for 6% of this trade. To maintain the province’s competitiveness and the excellence of its products, a comprehensive understanding of the infectious agents circulating in herds is essential. Several pathogens have been intensively studied, while others have yet to be investigated even though they have been reported in pigs all around the world. This study evaluated the prevalence of porcine astroviruses, calicivirus, porcine kobuvirus, rotavirus, torque teno sus virus and hepatitis E virus, monitored in a pig production network, from the nursing farms to the end of the fattening farms to portray the excretion patterns of these viruses through the different life stages of pigs. The sampling of healthy piglets alongside piglets with diarrhea in the nursing farms allowed to determine which viruses, or co-infections of viruses were factors of diarrhea at this life stage. The intestinal virome, the viral part of the microbiome, was characterized and viral diversity of porcine enteric viruses at different life stages, as well as between healthy and diarrheic piglets were evaluated. Moreover, the dissemination of the hepatitis E virus in the farm environment, as well as the possible sources of contamination were described, from the indoor and outdoor environment of fattening farms, the slaughterhouse yard and animal transporters. The results obtained in this study described the temporal excretion dynamics of these porcine enteric viruses according to the life stages of the pigs, demonstrating the difference in the excretion of the studied viruses according to the life stage. The calicivirus, as well as the porcine astrovirus groups 3 and 5 were found to be risk factors for diarrhea in the nursing farms. For the first time in Canada, the detection and characterization of porcine kobuvirus strains were evaluated and provided a better understanding of their diversity and the persistence of these strains in the network. The porcine enteric virome diversity was analyzed on a MiSeq sequencing platform and this diversity was different between healthy and diarrheic piglets, as well as between the different life stages. However, the different enzymatic treatments used as pretreatments for fecal samples altered the ability to detect certain single-stranded RNA viruses. Similar strains of the hepatitis E virus were present in the indoor and outdoor environment of the fattening farms, as well as in common places of high circulation from the various stakeholders in the pig production network. The activities in the slaughterhouse yard could therefore be involved in the spread of this virus. This study shed light on enteric viruses infecting pigs. In addition, some of the infections from enteric viruses studied were risk factors for diarrhea in co-infections and will need to be studied in more details to understand their mechanisms, in relation to neonatal diarrhea. More specific interventions during outbreaks of porcine diarrhea of unknown etiology could be carried out, as well as the development of more adapted biosecurity measures according to the life stage of the pigs.