This study explores the international obligations of the European Union to the unaccompanied asylum-seeking and refugee child. In doing so, it involves an investigation into the concept and content of durable solutions for the refugee child. As such, it analyses the effect of the temporary European relocation scheme in the search for durable solutions. To that end, it engages a comprehensive explanation of the relevant refugee law, the law of the rights of the child and the European legislative framework governing the reception and protection of refugees. Cumulatively, an assessment is made as to the effectiveness of the durable solutions that currently exist. This study seeks to establish whether, in an attempt to relieve the pressure from the frontline member states by creating a system for effective integration, Europe encourages the development of a children’s rights perspective and ultimately, provides a path for the unaccompanied child’s development and self-fulfilment. / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LL. M.

The overall aim of this thesis was to examine the distribution of health literacy (HL) levels in newly arrived Arabic-, Dari-, or Somali-speaking refugees in Sweden. Further aims were to investigate sociodemographic characteristics associated with inadequate HL in this group, and to investigate whether HL levels are associated with experiences of the health examination for asylum seekers (HEA), health seeking behaviour and health. Three quantitative cross-sectional studies, using data from two different surveys, were conducted among Arabic-, Dari-, and Somali-speaking, newly arrived refugees taking part in courses in Swedish for immigrants or civic orientation. In addition, an explorative qualitative study, based on focus group discussions, was performed on Arabic- and Somali-speaking newly arrived refugees who had taken part in an HEA. All data were collected 2013-2016. The quantitative data were analysed using different statistical methods, foremost descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses. The qualitative data were analysed using Graneheim and Lundman’s method for latent content analysis. The main findings were that the majority of Arabic-, Dari-, or Somali-speaking refugees in Sweden have limited functional health literacy (FHL) and/or limited comprehensive health literacy (CHL). Having a low education level and/or being born in Somalia were associated with having inadequate FHL, but not with having inadequate CHL. Limited FHL was associated with inadequate CHL. Experiences of poor quality of communication and having benefited little from the HEA were more common among those with limited CHL, as compared to those with higher CHL. Experiences of communication problems and a lack of information related to the HEA were found in the qualitative studies as well. In addition, it was more common that those with limited CHL reported poor general health and impaired psychological well-being, and that they had refrained from seeking healthcare. In conclusion: limited HL is common among newly arrived refugees in Sweden and seems to be of importance for the experience of the HEA, health-seeking behaviour and health. HL needs to be taken into consideration in the work with refugees in order to increase equity in healthcare and health.

Ce mémoire examine les pratiques des demandeurs d’asile dans les structures humanitaires médicales de l’île de Lesvos, en Grèce. Maintenus dans la zone-frontière que constitue l'île, les demandeurs d’asile vivent dans le camp de Moria, reconnu pour ses conditions de vie extrêmement mauvaises. Dans le cadre de leur processus d’asile, ils sont soumis à une procédure médicale, l’évaluation de vulnérabilité, dont le résultat influence leurs parcours. Dans le cadre d’un terrain ethnographique mené sur l’île à l’été 2018, j’ai effectué de la participation observante en tant qu’interprète au sein d’une clinique humanitaire, où des médecins bénévoles et des demandeurs d’asile négocient ensemble le pouvoir attribué à l’évaluation de vulnérabilité. Le mémoire analyse les pratiques des demandeurs d’asile à partir du concept d’agentivité circonscrite, une forme d'agentivité aux effets imprévisibles. Dans une première partie, je démontre que les demandeurs d’asile mettent en œuvre des stratégies pour négocier la situation inhumaine dans laquelle ils sont mis ainsi que pour obtenir une reconnaissance. Leurs stratégies se structurent autour d’une réappropriation des logiques du dispositif humanitaire, notamment des stéréotypes qui sont assignés aux réfugiés. Dans une seconde partie, j’examine en profondeur un élément de ces stratégies qui est central aux interactions de soin dans la clinique humanitaire : les documents médicaux. Je montre que ces documents sont une technologie flexible dont la fonction est détournée par les pratiques des demandeurs d’asile, qui les utilisent comme une ressource et comme une preuve. Finalement, j’analyse les différentes façons dont les médecins bénévoles réagissent à ces pratiques ainsi que leurs conséquences sur l’accès aux soins médicaux. Ces éléments établissent un portrait nuancé des effets du dispositif humanitaire établi aux frontières de l’Europe suite à la crise des réfugiés de 2015. / This study examines asylum seekers’ practices within medical humanitarian structures on Lesvos island, Greece. Maintained inside the border-zone constituted by the island, asylum seekers live in Moria camp, which is known for its extremely bad living conditions. In the context of their asylum process, they undergo a medical procedure, the vulnerability assessment, the result of which influences their trajectories. As part of an ethnographic fieldwork conducted on the island in the summer of 2018, I carried out observing participation as an interpreter in a humanitarian clinic, a space where volunteer doctors and asylum seekers negotiate the power attributed to the vulnerability assessment. This study analyses the practices of asylum seekers through the concept of circumscribed agency, which effects are unpredictable. I first show that asylum seekers set up strategies to negotiate the inhuman situation in which they find themselves, as well as to obtain recognition. Their strategies are structured around a reappropriation of the logics of the humanitarian device, notably the stereotypes assigned to refugees. The second part extensively examines an element of these strategies central to the care interactions taking place in the humanitarian clinic: the medical documents. I show that these documents act as a flexible technology and that their function is reconfigured by asylum seekers’ practices, who use them as resources and proofs. Finally, I highlight the different ways in which volunteer doctors react to these practices, along with their consequences on access to medical care. These elements provide a nuanced description of the effects of the humanitarian device established at Europe’s borders following the 2015 refugee crisis.

EXNEROVÁ, Marie. The Issue of Integration of Foreign Pupils with Focusing on Their Origin Country. Prague, 2014. Diploma thesis. UK, PedF. The aim of this thesis is to analyze and evaluate the current situation of the integration in the Czech education system focusing on the issues and specifics inclusion of foreign pupils and on consideration of the impact of pupils' country of origin on the process. The theoretical part of diploma thesis mentions the reasons for the integration of foreigners. Moreover, it highlights why and from where they are coming to the Czech Republic. It captures the current legislation and the rights of foreigners who want to settle permanently in the Czech Republic. Further, it shows the analysis of different ways of educating pupils with special needs, the placement of foreign pupils at Czech elementary schools and intercultural differences, which may have impact on pupils' integration. The practical part focuses on comparing the available theoretical knowledge and the everyday reality of Czech teachers who teach foreign pupils and can work on their daily practice. Based on the comparison of theoretical and practical knowledge the author explains the personal point of view on the integration of foreign pupils and suggests some ideas how to overcome mentioned shortcomings....

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By shedding light on accounts from unaccompanied Afghan asylum-seeking minors in Sweden who were child soldiers in Syria, this thesis explores and examines their narratives and their involvement in the civil war in Syria. The research aims to create a deeper understanding of how these children themselves made sense of their participation in the war by answering the following questions: How were the children approached by the recruiters? What kind of reasons for joining the war are put forward by the recruiters and what strategies do the children encounter: a) economic; b) identity formation; c) social deprivation; d) feeling of vulnerability; e) militarization; f) mental development; g) ideology/ religious-sectarian; or all together? How do the children perceive these encounters and make sense of their recruitment to the Shiite Fatemiyoun Brigade? To which extent has the ideology of Shi’ism played an important role for them in joining the Syrian War? This is a qualitative study based on in-depth interviews which combines procedures from two approaches and techniques: an ethnographic approach and a narrative approach that explores the interviewees’ experiences in a period of time and also generates detailed insights. Despite the fact that none of the respondents testified for being recruited at gunpoint or having been ill-treated, the respondents emphasized that they were forced to join due to the bad circumstances they were living in. In addition, many similarities with other cases regarding child soldiering in several countries have been explored in this thesis, for instance factors related to the socio- economic context and the experiences that are related to the children’s development processes. Differences can be located in various details regarding ideologies and indoctrination since the respondents did not share the politico-religious purposes of the recruiters.