Text in Afrikaans / Bophuthatswana het gedurende 1977 tot stand gekom as 'n onafhanklike staat. In die Grondwet daarvan is 'n uitvoerige menseregtehandves vervat wat as hoogste reg gegeld het - alle wetgewing in stryd daarmee was nietig. Die hoop was dat Bophuthatswana sou ontwikkel as 'n groeipuntvir die handhawing van menseregte in Suidelike Afrika. Aanvanklik het die howe gevolg gegee aan die bepalings van die menseregtehandves. Algaande is daar teruggekeer na 'n letterknegtige soeke na die wil van die wetgewer, wat daartoe gelei het dat die burger se menseregte deur die howe misken is. Die laaste beslissings van die howe verteenwoordig 'n terugkeer na die ware rol van die howe in 'n menseregtebestel. Die Wetgewende en Uitvoerende gesag was outokraties en het geen besef gehad van die essensie van menseregte nie. Die ondervinding in Bophuthatswana is grootliks dieselfde as elders in Afrika, waar menseregte vertrap is. Teen hierdie agtergrond word die grondwetlike toekoms van Suid-Afrika in oenskou geneem. / Bophuthatswana came into existence as an independent state during 1977. A justiciable bill of rights provided for judicial review. The hope existed that Bophuthatswana would be a growing point for the protection of human rights in Southern Africa. Although earlier judgments of the courts were promising and augured well for the future protection of human rights later judgments have reverted to the positivistic approach to constitutional interpretation. This led to the bill of rights being rendered inoperative. However, in the latest and most recent judgements there was a return to the bold and innovative interpretation of the first decisions. The legislative and executive branches of state was autocratic to the core as experienced elsewhere in Africa. The constitutional future of South Africa is evaluated against this background. / Law / LL.M.

Text in Afrikaans / Bophuthatswana het gedurende 1977 tot stand gekom as 'n onafhanklike staat. In die Grondwet daarvan is 'n uitvoerige menseregtehandves vervat wat as hoogste reg gegeld het - alle wetgewing in stryd daarmee was nietig. Die hoop was dat Bophuthatswana sou ontwikkel as 'n groeipuntvir die handhawing van menseregte in Suidelike Afrika. Aanvanklik het die howe gevolg gegee aan die bepalings van die menseregtehandves. Algaande is daar teruggekeer na 'n letterknegtige soeke na die wil van die wetgewer, wat daartoe gelei het dat die burger se menseregte deur die howe misken is. Die laaste beslissings van die howe verteenwoordig 'n terugkeer na die ware rol van die howe in 'n menseregtebestel. Die Wetgewende en Uitvoerende gesag was outokraties en het geen besef gehad van die essensie van menseregte nie. Die ondervinding in Bophuthatswana is grootliks dieselfde as elders in Afrika, waar menseregte vertrap is. Teen hierdie agtergrond word die grondwetlike toekoms van Suid-Afrika in oenskou geneem. / Bophuthatswana came into existence as an independent state during 1977. A justiciable bill of rights provided for judicial review. The hope existed that Bophuthatswana would be a growing point for the protection of human rights in Southern Africa. Although earlier judgments of the courts were promising and augured well for the future protection of human rights later judgments have reverted to the positivistic approach to constitutional interpretation. This led to the bill of rights being rendered inoperative. However, in the latest and most recent judgements there was a return to the bold and innovative interpretation of the first decisions. The legislative and executive branches of state was autocratic to the core as experienced elsewhere in Africa. The constitutional future of South Africa is evaluated against this background. / Law / LL.M.

Le but de cette recherche est la vérification des relations entre les pratiques de leadership et la performance de l’équipe. Nous nous concentrons sur deux pratiques de leadership distinctes : le leadership d’empowerment et le leadership autocratique. Cette recherche vise également à comprendre le rôle médiateur de l’engagement des membres envers les objectifs d’équipe dans ces relations. De plus, nous examinons la combinaison des deux pratiques de leadership chez un même responsable d’équipe, à savoir si l’adoption d’un style de leadership peut réduire ou amplifier l’effet de l’autre style de leadership. Les données de types secondaires ont été colligées auprès de 381 membres faisant partie de 101 équipes ainsi que des 101 supérieurs immédiats de ces équipes œuvrant dans une organisation de sécurité publique canadienne. Ces données ont été recueillies grâce à un questionnaire. Des analyses factorielles confirmatoires et des analyses de régression hiérarchique ont permis de vérifier nos huit hypothèses. Les résultats montrent que les pratiques de leadership sont modérément et significativement liées à la performance d’équipe. Les pratiques de leadership sont également liées fortement et significativement à l’engagement des membres envers les objectifs d’équipe. Par ailleurs, les résultats révèlent que l’engagement des membres envers les objectifs d’équipe joue un rôle médiateur complet dans la relation entre les pratiques de leadership et la performance d’équipe. Par contre, l’effet d’interaction entre les pratiques de leadership n’est pas significatif. La vérification du rôle médiateur de l’engagement des membres envers les objectifs d’équipe constitue un apport théorique dans la compréhension des équipes de travail. Sur le plan pratique, les résultats montrent que les responsables d’équipe ont intérêt à adopter des pratiques de gestion permettant l’atteinte des objectifs d’équipe tout en améliorant le sentiment d’engagement des membres et la performance d’équipe. / The purpose of this research is to study the effect that leadership practices can have on team performance. We decided to concentrate this study on two types of leadership practices that are distinct: empowerment leadership and autocratic leadership. This research also tends to explain the mediating role of team goal commitment in the relation between leadership practices and team performance. Furthermore, we examine the harmonization of both leadership practices present among a team leader to notice if the adoption of one type of leadership would diminish or amplify the impact of the other leadership type. Secondary data were collected in a public safety organization located in Canada. Overall, 381 members of 101 teams and their corresponding 101 immediate superiors were questioned through a questionnaire survey. Confirmatory factor analyses and a series of hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to verify our eight hypothesis. The results showed that leadership practices have a moderate and significant effect on team performance. Leadership practices are also strongly and significantly related to team goal commitment. Otherwise, the results points out the mediating role of team goal commitment. In fact, the mediating role of team goal commitment was complete between leadership practices and team performance. Contrariwise, the interaction effect between leadership practices turned out to be not significant. The verification of the mediating role of team goal commitment represents a theoretical implication within the comprehension of team work. Likewise, on the practical side results showed that team leaders had better to adopt managing practices that can allow the team to reach the team objectives while improving the members’ sense of commitment and the team performance.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:32:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arleandra de Lima Ricardo.pdf: 1113423 bytes, checksum: ac3cde1dd3c6b71e08d883d296cf80c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation displays the different forms of social control, monitoring and repression exerted by the Office of Political and Social Order (DOPS) of Pernambuco against the most varied social segments during the period between 1945 and 1956. The method of limiting and the monitoring extended to their own agents of the DOPS, to the Air base of Recife, the plants, the political parties (particularly to the Party Communist Brazilian), to the associations of classes and also to the feminist movement. It was also possible to expose mainly, the process of monitoring one of the militant women of the PCB, Adalgisa Rodrigues Cavalcanti. The research, through the analysis of documentation of the time, had as its principle, to understand the internal logic of this system of National Security. Thus disclosing how the DOPS, justified by ideology of the National Security, throughout the decade of 1950, not only continued the effective repression during the dictatorial period of Getúlio, but also extended its radius of action in to the society. The database that made possible such reflections was extracted from the State Library Jordão Emerenciano in Recife (PE) organized by Marcília Gama and her team. This database consists of dossiers and handbooks created by the agents of the DOPS. Such dossiers contain comments of the agents on the different social classes or the observations of these classes as materials apprehended as proofs of subversion: periodicals, documents of the organizations, acts of meetings, etc / Esta dissertação expõe como ocorreram as diferentes formas de controle social, de vigilância e de repressão exercidas pela Delegacia de Ordem Política e Social (DOPS) de Pernambuco contra os mais variados segmentos sociais no período compreendido entre 1945 e 1956. O cerceamento e a vigilância que se estenderam aos próprios agentes da DOPS, à Base Aérea de Recife, às fábricas, aos partidos políticos (particularmente ao Partido Comunista Brasileiro), às associações de classe e, também, ao movimento feminino. Foi possível expor também, principalmente, o processo de vigilância em torno de uma das militantes do PCB, Adalgisa Rodrigues Cavalcanti. A pesquisa, através da análise da documentação da época, teve como princípio, compreender a lógica interna deste sistema de Segurança Nacional. Desta forma, revelar como a DOPS, justificada pela ideologia da Segurança Nacional, ao longo da década de 1950, não apenas continuou a repressão vigente no período ditatorial de Getúlio, assim como ampliou seu raio de ação na sociedade. A base de dados que possibilitou tais reflexões foi extraída do Acervo Estadual Jordão Emerenciano em Recife (PE) organizado por Marcília Gama e pela sua equipe. Essa base de dados é constituída por dossiês e por prontuários criados pelos agentes da DOPS. Tais dossiês contêm observações dos agentes sobre as classes ou sobre o estrato das classes vigiadas, além de materiais diversos apreendidos como provas de subversão: jornais, documentos das organizações, atas de reuniões, etc

Le but de cette recherche est la vérification des relations entre les pratiques de leadership et la performance de l’équipe. Nous nous concentrons sur deux pratiques de leadership distinctes : le leadership d’empowerment et le leadership autocratique. Cette recherche vise également à comprendre le rôle médiateur de l’engagement des membres envers les objectifs d’équipe dans ces relations. De plus, nous examinons la combinaison des deux pratiques de leadership chez un même responsable d’équipe, à savoir si l’adoption d’un style de leadership peut réduire ou amplifier l’effet de l’autre style de leadership. Les données de types secondaires ont été colligées auprès de 381 membres faisant partie de 101 équipes ainsi que des 101 supérieurs immédiats de ces équipes œuvrant dans une organisation de sécurité publique canadienne. Ces données ont été recueillies grâce à un questionnaire. Des analyses factorielles confirmatoires et des analyses de régression hiérarchique ont permis de vérifier nos huit hypothèses. Les résultats montrent que les pratiques de leadership sont modérément et significativement liées à la performance d’équipe. Les pratiques de leadership sont également liées fortement et significativement à l’engagement des membres envers les objectifs d’équipe. Par ailleurs, les résultats révèlent que l’engagement des membres envers les objectifs d’équipe joue un rôle médiateur complet dans la relation entre les pratiques de leadership et la performance d’équipe. Par contre, l’effet d’interaction entre les pratiques de leadership n’est pas significatif. La vérification du rôle médiateur de l’engagement des membres envers les objectifs d’équipe constitue un apport théorique dans la compréhension des équipes de travail. Sur le plan pratique, les résultats montrent que les responsables d’équipe ont intérêt à adopter des pratiques de gestion permettant l’atteinte des objectifs d’équipe tout en améliorant le sentiment d’engagement des membres et la performance d’équipe. / The purpose of this research is to study the effect that leadership practices can have on team performance. We decided to concentrate this study on two types of leadership practices that are distinct: empowerment leadership and autocratic leadership. This research also tends to explain the mediating role of team goal commitment in the relation between leadership practices and team performance. Furthermore, we examine the harmonization of both leadership practices present among a team leader to notice if the adoption of one type of leadership would diminish or amplify the impact of the other leadership type. Secondary data were collected in a public safety organization located in Canada. Overall, 381 members of 101 teams and their corresponding 101 immediate superiors were questioned through a questionnaire survey. Confirmatory factor analyses and a series of hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to verify our eight hypothesis. The results showed that leadership practices have a moderate and significant effect on team performance. Leadership practices are also strongly and significantly related to team goal commitment. Otherwise, the results points out the mediating role of team goal commitment. In fact, the mediating role of team goal commitment was complete between leadership practices and team performance. Contrariwise, the interaction effect between leadership practices turned out to be not significant. The verification of the mediating role of team goal commitment represents a theoretical implication within the comprehension of team work. Likewise, on the practical side results showed that team leaders had better to adopt managing practices that can allow the team to reach the team objectives while improving the members’ sense of commitment and the team performance.

Submitted by Leonardo Sartoretto null (leonardosartoretto@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-11T14:59:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Crise e Transição - um capítulo da modernização conservadora da autocracia burguesa no Brasil.pdf: 1931441 bytes, checksum: 5f9182281ec1fa91f92c8adba24a82ec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-12T17:03:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sartoretto_l_me_mar.pdf: 1931441 bytes, checksum: 5f9182281ec1fa91f92c8adba24a82ec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-12T17:03:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sartoretto_l_me_mar.pdf: 1931441 bytes, checksum: 5f9182281ec1fa91f92c8adba24a82ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho procura compreender as transformações que ocorrem na base do poder político da autocracia burguesa brasileira em 1930. Nomeadamente a crise que leva a recomposição das suas frações no bloco do poder com a ascensão da Aliança Liberal ao Governo Provisório. Para tanto estudamos a formação e consolidação da fração agrárioexportadora e portadora do grande capital cafeeiro, já que esta vai ser a matriz do intenso desenvolvimento que a nossa formação social vai conhecer com base no ciclo do café. É através de sua gênese e desenvolvimento que observamos que, no bojo de seu avanço social, inclusive na composição de sua hegemonia que ocorre durante a Primeira República, contradições como a formação de uma industrialização com capitais oriundos da acumulação cafeeira vão transformando a estrutura produtiva de sua dominação. Por outro lado, seu domínio absoluto começa a ser contestado em 1922, ferindo mortalmente sua capacidade hegemônica. A Aliança Liberal, herdeira de toda essa crise política, ao agregar em si inúmeros grupos, camadas e frações sociais que já não se veem mais representadas pela política monocultora e agroexportadora do café, com grande ênfase ao apoio armado tenentista, se insurrece e desloca do centro do poder a fração paulista. Como grupo dirigente, ela então reorienta o centro dinâmico da economia brasileira, respondendo ao caráter de suas próprias contradições, e com medidas políticas como o corporativismo trava contato íntimo com a burguesia industrial. Novamente se apropriando do Estado para recompor a relação de suas frações burguesas, e outra vez alijando a classe trabalhadora do poder através de sua organização em moldes corporativistas, mesmo que isso as leve para dentro do próprio Estado, e ainda reprimindo com violência os grupos sociais que não lograram obedecer a esse ditame, como a reorganização do DEOPS bem expressa, características todas de uma legítima autocracia burguesa, agora reposta em novos patamares, o grupo dirigente encabeçado por Getúlio Vargas procede a uma genuína modernização conservadora desta forma de domínio brasileira. / The present work tries to understand the transformations that occur in the base of the political power of the Brazilian bourgeois autocracy in 1930. In particular, the crisis that leads to the recomposition of its fractions in the power bloc with the rise of the Liberal Alliance to the Provisional Government. In order to do so, we study the formation and consolidation of the agrarian-exporting fraction and the great capital of coffee, since this will be the matrix of the intense development that our social formation will know based on the coffee cycle. It is through its genesis and development that we observe that, in the midst of its social advance, including in the composition of its hegemony that occurs during the Old Republic, contradictions such as the formation of an industrialization with capital from the coffee accumulation transform the productive structure of Their domination. On the other hand, its absolute domination begins to be contested in 1922, mortally wounding its hegemonic capacity. The Liberal Alliance, inheriting all this political crisis, by aggregating in itself numerous groups, strata and social fractions that are no longer represented by the monoculture and agro-exporting policy of coffee, with great emphasis on the tenentista armed support, insurrection and dislocation of the Center of power the São Paulo fraction. As a leading group, it then reorients the dynamic center of the Brazilian economy, responding to the character of its own contradictions, and with political measures such as corporatism, it has intimate contact with the industrial bourgeoisie. Once again appropriating the state to recompose the relation of its bourgeois fractions, and again throwing away the working class of power through its organization in a corporatist way, even if it takes them into the state itself, and still repressing social groups with violence which have not been able to obey this dictum, such as the reorganization of the DEOPS expressed, all characteristics of a legitimate bourgeois autocracy, now restored to new heights, the leading group headed by Getúlio Vargas proceeds to a genuine conservative modernization of this form of Brazilian domination. / El presente trabajo busca comprender las transformaciones que ocurren en la base del poder político de la autocracia burguesa brasileña en 1930. En particular la crisis que lleva a la recomposición de sus fracciones en el bloque del poder con el ascenso de la Alianza Liberal al Gobierno Provisional. Para ello estudiamos la formación y consolidación de la fracción agrario-exportadora y portadora del gran capital cafetero, ya que ésta va a ser la matriz del intenso desarrollo que nuestra formación social va a conocer con base en el ciclo del café. Es a través de su génesis y desarrollo que observamos que, en el seno de su avance social, incluso en la composición de su hegemonía que ocurre durante la Primera República, contradicciones como la formación de una industrialización con capitales oriundos de la acumulación cafetera van transformando la estructura productiva de su dominación. Por otro lado, su dominio absoluto comienza a ser discutido en 1922, hiriendo mortalmente su capacidad hegemónica. La Alianza Liberal, heredera de toda esta crisis política, al agregar en sí innumerables grupos, capas y fracciones sociales que ya no se ven más representadas por la política monocultiva y agroexportadora del café, con gran énfasis al apoyo armado tenentista, se insurrece y se desplaza el centro del poder la fracción paulista. Como grupo dirigente, entonces reorienta el centro dinámico de la economía brasileña, respondiendo al carácter de sus propias contradicciones, y con medidas políticas como el corporativismo traba contacto íntimo con la burguesía industrial. Nuevamente apropiarse del Estado para recomponer la relación de sus fracciones burguesas, y otra vez alijando a la clase obrera del poder a través de su organización en moldes corporativistas, aunque eso las lleve hacia dentro del propio Estado, y aún reprimiendo con violencia a los grupos sociales que no lograron obedecer a ese dictamen, como la reorganización del DEOPS bien expresada, características todas de una legítima autocracia burguesa, ahora restablecida en nuevos niveles, el grupo dirigente encabezado por Getúlio Vargas procede a una genuina modernización conservadora de esta forma de dominio brasileña.

This thesis examines a gender quota in Algeria to determine if signs can be found that it was adopted to improve the regime’s image, rather than to empower women. Such symbolic gender reforms are also known as autocratic gender-washing and are problematic as they are generally viewed as democratisation efforts but have no such effect. In the case of autocratic gender-washing neither democracy nor women benefit as it only serves to legitimate an authoritarian regime. This thesis has a feminist institutionalist analytical perspective which serves to understand the gendered nature of institutions, the relationship between formal and informal institutions, and how they undergo change. There is also an assumption that descriptive representation should lead to substantive representation for gender quotas to be successful. The case of Algeria is chosen as it is considered an authoritarian regime but implemented a relatively drastic gender quota at 30% reserved seats, which they abolished after only ten years, in 2021. Women’s issues in Algeria are examined to better understand what benefits women as a group prioritised. This contextualisation reveals what topics to analyse to reveal genuine gender reform or autocratic gender-washing. A critical discourse analysis is conducted to find signs of whether the quota benefitted women as well as if the regime was given credit for it. The thesis finds that there are signs of autocratic gender-washing but also cautious suggestions of women benefitting from reform through adjusted policy design.

This study sought to analyse the influence of principal leadership on the performance of selected schools in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. The problems addressed in the research were what leadership and leadership styles in the school context entail, concept of school performance, attributes of leadership as perceived by principals and how these attributes impact on school performance and establish whether school performance is dependent upon principal leadership and his/her leadership style. It was a qualitative study. Stakeholders of the schools were interviewed and observations were made. The relationship between leadership and leadership style, in general, and school performance were investigated. The research established that unless principals were well equipped with knowledge and skills in management and leadership, they would not be able to improve school performance. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Education Management)

Το περιεχόμενο της εργασίας χωρίζεται σε τρία μέρη. Στο πρώτο μέρος γίνεται η παραίτητη Θεωρητική Επισκόπηση. Σκοπός της Θεωρητικής Επισκόπησης είναι η γνωριμία με το θέμα της εργασίας καθώς επίσης και η κατατόπιση με το αντικείμενο της Ηγεσίας αλλά και της Παρακίνησης των Εργαζομένων. Στο δεύτερο μέρος, γίνεται η παρουσίαση της Μεθοδολογίας Έρευνας που ακολουθήσαμε στην εργασία μας. Παρουσιάζεται η σχετική θεωρία γίνονται οι απαραίτητες αποδοχές, επιλέγεται το δείγμα και περιγράφεται το ερωτηματολόγιο, ανοικτού τύπου που χρησιμοποιήθηκε για τη συλλογή των πληροφοριών. Στο τρίτο μέρος, γίνεται η εμπειρική έρευνα όπου έχουμε την συγκριτική ανάλυση της Αγροτικής Τράπεζας με τη Τράπεζα Κύπρου και έπειτα ακολουθούν τα συμπεράσματα της ανάλυσης. Το ζήτημα της ηγεσίας έχει συζητηθεί στη παγκόσμια βιβλιογραφία μέσα από πολλούς προσδιορισμούς, όπως κλασσική ηγεσία, ηγεσία, οραματική, καινοτομική, εφευρετική, δημιουργική, εμπνευσμένη, ηθική, μεταμορφωσιακή, αναδυόμενη, ηγεσία με ρίσκο, αβεβαιότητα ή στην άκρη του χάους, ηγεσία που υπηρετεί, αυτοηγεσία κλπ. Όλοι όμως οι ερευνητές και μελετητές συμφωνούν στη διάκριση μεταξύ διευθυντών (managers) και ηγετών (leaders). Οι πρώτοι εμπλέκονται στην επίλυση οργανωσιακών προβλημάτων, ενώ οι δεύτεροι αναζητούν τις δυνατότητες υπέρβασής τους. Φυσικά σημαντικό ρόλο στις Επιχειρήσεις- Οργανισμούς παίζει η παρακίνηση των ανθρώπων γενικότερα (ανθρώπινες ανάγκες και κίνητρα) και ειδικότερα σε αυτή την εργασία παρουσιάζονται οι πιο σημαντικές θεωρίες ή υποδείγματα παρακίνησης των εργαζομένων. Είναι η τέχνη της παρακίνησης των υφισταμένων για την εκτέλεση των καθηκόντων τους με ζήλο και εμπιστοσύνη, συνεισφέροντας έτσι στους οργανωσιακούς – επιχειρησιακούς σκοπούς και στόχους, το μέγιστο δυναμικό τους. Είναι ακόμη η ικανότητα να βλέπει και να χρησιμοποιεί τα κατάλληλα κίνητρα για τον καθένα και τη καθεμιά και η ικανότητα να εμπνέει. / The scope of work is divided into three parts. The first part is the Theoretical Overview. The purpose of the theoretical review is to familiarize the subject of work as well as the subject of leadership and of motivation. The second part, we present the Research Methodology followed in our work. Presents the relevant theory are necessary salaries, choosing a sample and described the questionnaire used open-ended collection of information. The third part is an empirical investigation where we have the comparative analysis of the Agricultural Bank of Bank of Cyprus and then follow the conclusions of the analysis. The issue of leadership has been discussed in world literature through many determinations as traditional leaders, leadership, visionary, innovative, inventive, creative, inspirational, moral, emerging, led by risk, uncertainty or the edge of chaos, leadership that serves. But all researchers and scholars agree on the distinction between directors (managers) and leaders (leaders). The first involved in solving organizational problems, and the second looking for opportunities to overcome them. Naturally an important role in Business Organizations, plays motivate people in general (human needs and motivation) and especially in this project the most important theories and models of employee motivation. It is the art of motivation existing for the performance of their duties with zeal and confidence, thus contributing to organizational - operational goals and objectives, its maximum potential. It is still the ability to see and use the right incentives for everyone and each and the ability to inspire.

This study sought to analyse the influence of principal leadership on the performance of selected schools in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. The problems addressed in the research were what leadership and leadership styles in the school context entail, concept of school performance, attributes of leadership as perceived by principals and how these attributes impact on school performance and establish whether school performance is dependent upon principal leadership and his/her leadership style. It was a qualitative study. Stakeholders of the schools were interviewed and observations were made. The relationship between leadership and leadership style, in general, and school performance were investigated. The research established that unless principals were well equipped with knowledge and skills in management and leadership, they would not be able to improve school performance. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Education Management)