A literatura científica vem debatendo sobre a existência de uma associação entre diabetes mellitus (DM) e demência, doença de Alzheimer (DA) e demência vascular (DV). O DM é um conhecido fator de risco para a doença cerebrovascular (DCV) e DV, porém não há consenso até o momento do real papel do DM no desenvolvimento das alterações neuropatológicas da DA. Objetivos: verificar a associação entre DM e demência, DM e alterações neuropatológicas da DA e DV. Métodos: os dados foram coletados do Banco de Encéfalos Humanos do Grupo de Estudos em Envelhecimento Cerebral da FMUSP estudados de 2004 a 2015. A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos: não diabéticos e diabéticos. Os diagnósticos de DM e de demência foram estabelecidos post-mortem mediante entrevista com informante. O diagnóstico de demência exigiu escore >= 1 na Escala de Avaliação Clínica da Demência (CDR) e Questionário sobre Declínio Cognitivo no Idoso (IQCODE) >= 3,42. O diagnóstico etiológico da demência foi determinado por exame neuropatológico por imuno-histoquímica. A proporção de casos de demência, de DA e de DV de não diabéticos e diabéticos foi determinada, assim como a relação entre DM e placas neuríticas (PN) e emaranhados neurofibrilares (ENF), e neuropatologia vascular. As análises estatísticas empregadas foram o teste de Mann-Whitney e regressão linear múltipla para variáveis quantitativas, teste de ?2, teste exato de Fisher e regressão logística múltipla para variáveis categóricas. Resultados: amostra total foi de 1.037 indivíduos, sendo 758 não diabéticos (73,1%) e 279 diabéticos (26,9%). Demência foi constatada em 28,7% em diabéticos. O DM não se associou à frequência mais elevada de demência (OR: 1,22; IC 95%: 0,81-1,82; p=0,34). O DM não está associado com ENF (p=0,81), PN (p=0,31), grupo infarto (p=0,94), angiopatia amiloide (p=0,42) e arteriolosclerose hialina (p=0,07). Após o ajuste para variáveis demográficas e para os fatores de risco vascular, o diagnóstico de DM não se associou ao diagnóstico neuropatológico de DA e vascular. Conclusão: o DM não está associado à demência e às alterações neuropatológicas da DA e de DV / The scientific literature has been debating the existence of an association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and dementia, Alzheimer\'s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD). DM is a known risk factor for cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and VaD, but there is still no consensus on the real role of DM in the development of AD neuropathology. Objectives: to investigate the association among DM and dementia, neuropathology (NP) of AD and VaD. Methods: Data were collected from the cases included in the Brain Bank of the Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group between 2004 and 2015. Cases were divided into 2 groups: no diabetics and diabetics. Clinical diagnosis of dementia was determined by the scores >= 1.0 in the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) and >= 3.42 in the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE). Etiological diagnoses of dementia were determined by neuropathological examination, using immunohistochemistry. The proportion of dementia cases, AD and VaD of no diabetics and diabetics were investigated as well as the relationship among DM and neuritic plaques (NPq) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Mann-Whitney test and multiple linear regression for quantitative variables, and chi-square test and multiple logistic regression for categorical variables were the statistical analyses applied. Results: Total sample included 1037 subjects, divided in 758 (73.1%) no diabetics and 279 diabetics (26.9%). Dementia was present in 27.8% of diabetics. DM did not increase the frequency for dementia (OR: 1.22; IC 95%: 0.81-1.82; p=0.34). DM was not associated with NFT (p=0.81), NPq (p=0.31), infarct group (0.94), cerebral amyloid angiopathy (0.42) and hyaline arteriolosclerosis (p=0.07). After adjustment for demographic variables and vascular risk factors, DM was not associated with DA and vascular NP. Conclusion: DM is not associated with dementia, AD and vascular neuropathology

The aims were to investigate the accuracy of ultrasound in diagnosis of structural fetal anomalies with special focus on false positive findings (I), to evaluate the additional value of second trimester fetal MRI on pregnancy management (II-III) and to estimate the ascertainment in the Swedish Birth Defects Registry and incidence of spina bifida and cleft lip/palate (IV). Retrospectively, 328 fetal autopsies were identified where pregnancies were terminated due to ultrasonographically diagnosed fetal anomalies. In 175 (53.4 %) cases ultrasound and fetal autopsy were identical, in 124 (37.8 %) ultrasound was almost correct, in 23 (7.0 %)  ultrasound diagnoses could not be verified, but fetal autopsy showed other anomalies with at least the same prognostic value and in six (1.8 %)  ultrasound diagnosis could not be verified and autopsy showed no or less severe anomalies (I). Prospectively, 29 pregnancies with CNS- (II) and 63 with non-CNS-anomalies (III) were included. In the CNS study MRI provided no additional information in 18 fetuses (62 %), additional information without changing the management in 8 (28 %) and additional information altering the pregnancy management in 3 (10%). In the non-CNS study the corresponding figures were 43 (68 %), 17 (27 %) and three (5 %), respectively. MRI in the second trimester might be a clinically valuable adjunct to ultrasound for the evaluation of CNS anomalies, especially when the ultrasound is inconclusive due to maternal obesity (II) and in non-CNS anomalies in cases of diaphragmatic hernia or oligohydramnios (III). In newborns, the ascertainments of birth defects are relatively high and assessable, but in pregnancy terminations they are lower or unknown. The incidence of newborns with spina bifida has decreased because of an increased rate of pregnancy terminations (>60%). There is room for improvement concerning the reporting of anomalies from terminated pregnancies (IV).

Chromosome abnormalities are one of the most important causes of congenital disorders. The main goal of this research is to give a broad view of the use and evolution of prenatal and postnatal cytogenetic diagnosis in Girona province between 1999 and 2009. It also aims at linking prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis with the existing screening methods. The main conclusions are the following: - A rise in the use of cytogenetic diagnosis has been detected. This has been caused by a growing preventive medicine trend. - Case studies match the literature consulted when the study population is similar in accordance with national health policies. - The overall sensitivity of obstetric ultrasound scan was 60,8%, and this result matches, and in many cases exceeds, those found in the literature consulted. - The moving from second-trimester to first-trimester aneuploidy prenatal screening has meant a significant increase in aneuploidy detections. - Prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis appears as an interdisciplinary field in which the extent of prenatal screening tests, like obstetric ultrasound scans and aneuploidy screening, is crucial. / Les anomalies cromosòmiques són una de les causes més importants dels defectes congènits. L’objectiu d’aquest treball és donar una visió global de l’ús i l’evolució del diagnòstic citogenètic prenatal i postnatal a les comarques de Girona en el període 1999-2009 i relacionar el diagnòstic citogenètic prenatal amb els diferents mètodes de cribratge. Les conclusions principals són: - Es constata un augment de l’ús del diagnòstic citogenètic com a resultat d’una tendència creixent en medicina preventiva. - La casuística coincideix amb la bibliografia consultada quan la població d’estudi és semblant, atenent a la política sanitària del país. - La sensibilitat global de l’ecografia obstètrica va ser del 60,8%, i és un resultat concordant i en molts casos millor en comparació amb la literatura consultada. - La substitució del cribratge del segon trimestre pel cribratge del primer trimestre ha suposat un increment important en la detecció d’aneuploïdies. - El diagnòstic citogenètic prenatal es mostra com a una àrea interdisciplinària en què la contribució de les proves de cribratge prenatal com l’ecografia obstètrica i el cribratge d’aneuploïdies són importants.

Ethiopia is one of the five nations that bear the global burden of nearly 50% maternal mortalities and newborn deaths. Cause-specific maternal mortality and newborn death information are vitally important for prevention, but little is known about the causes of deaths. Many maternal mortalities and newborn deaths occur at home, outside the formal health sector, and few are attended by qualified medical professionals. Despite the fact that, non-medical factors are often more important in determining whether a woman/newborn lives or dies than the medical cause of death itself. This study determines and explores factors contributing to maternal mortalities and newborn deaths in Ethiopia with the aim of developing a community-based model for averting maternal mortalities and newborn deaths in Ethiopia. The study was organised in three phases. In Phase 1, a community-based-retrospective approach using explorative, descriptive and contextual study design, combining both qualitative and quantitative methods (mixed methods) were used to make an in-depth investigation and analysis of the circumstances and events surrounding individual cases of maternal mortality and newborn deaths. The result of the study revealed various direct and indirect as well as possible contributing factors to maternal mortalities and newborn deaths which outlined bases for forwarding Phase 2 of the study called concept analysis. In Phase 3, a prototype model was developed according to Chinn and Kramer’s approach to theory generation: initially, based on the empirical perspectives of the study, concept analysis was conducted. The structure and process of a model to avert maternal mortality and newborn death were described; and, six survey list; namely, agent, recipient, context, procedure, dynamic and terminus of Dickoff, James and Wiedenbach (1968) form the basis for development and description of a model for averting maternal mortality and newborn deaths in Ethiopia. Impediment in receiving prompt, adequate and appropriate care were common problems encountered even after reaching an appropriate medical facility. For any attempt to attain a significant reduction in maternal mortality and newborn death, the health care system in Ethiopia must assume its tasks to institute critical changes in both the structure and process of health care delivery services. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Submitted by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2018-01-02T14:58:35Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DISSERTAÇAO BARBARA ANDRADE.pdf: 1084891 bytes, checksum: 4dab7d757095536396a9a645558caf3f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2018-01-02T14:58:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DISSERTAÇAO BARBARA ANDRADE.pdf: 1084891 bytes, checksum: 4dab7d757095536396a9a645558caf3f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-02T14:58:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DISSERTAÇAO BARBARA ANDRADE.pdf: 1084891 bytes, checksum: 4dab7d757095536396a9a645558caf3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Estudos em Saúde Coletiva / O estudo traz um olhar para as singularidades da produção do cuidado pela perspectiva do usuário em uma Unidade de Pronto Atendimento (UPA). Além disso, agrega conhecimento sobre o histórico e o desenvolvimento da rede de urgência e emergência do município do Rio de Janeiro e alguns desafios das unidades de emergência na produção deste cuidado. Afirma-se a noção redes dinâmicas em saúde, que transbordam sua institucionalização temática para o reconhecimento de uma rede viva, transversal e potente a apoiar o usuário nos caminhos que faz pelos serviços de urgência e emergência do município. Apresenta metodologia qualitativa de pesquisa-intervenção, forjada em cartografias da Unidade de Pronto Atendimento, a partir de narrativas de trabalhadores da unidade e da constituição de um usuário-guia. Este se mostra como o guia revelador da produção do cuidado em sua rede viva. Tendo em vista a morte socioafetiva deste nos serviços de saúde, propõe-se o método de Autópsia Sócioafetiva. Tal proposta de método é elaborada a partir da autópsia psicossocial, uma reconstrução do status da saúde física e mental e das circunstâncias sociais, psicológicas e afetivas do usuário na produção do cuidado em seu processo saúde-doença-cuidado-morte pelas redes do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Ao desvelar as dinâmicas e interseções da rede viva do usuário, compreendem-se as singularidades e subjetividades de sua visão sobre a produção do cuidado. O estudo teve como objetivo analisar a produção do cuidado na Rede de Urgência e Emergência, envolvendo gestores, trabalhadores e usuários. Procuraram-se descrever as experiências na Unidade de Pronto Atendimento, com foco nas inovações do modo de produção do cuidado pelo olhar do usuário, levando em consideração as valises tecnológicas do trabalho em saúde, principalmente as interfaces da tecnologia leve nos serviços de urgência e emergência do SUS. As cartografias desenvolvidas apresentam os territórios existenciais da UPA e da multiplicidade de seus trabalhadores e usuários. Desta forma, apresenta as singularidades do cuidado em saúde de urgência e emergência a partir da narrativa da companheira do usuário-guia e de trabalhadoras da UPA. Revela fissuras/meandros da rede de saúde, a multiplicidade do território existencial do usuário e as disputas elaboradas pela garantia do direito à saúde. Aponta inovações no campo das tecnologias leves elaboradas pelos trabalhadores da unidade e apresenta as percepções destes sobre o sistema de regulação de vagas (SISREG). Por fim, a morte socioafetiva do usuário entra também em disputa na produção do cuidado, tanto pela rede de serviços de saúde, que se mostra insuficiente ao não conseguir dar um diagnóstico à companheira do usuário, quanto por sua rede viva que se reconstrói por linhas de captura elaboradas na fé e em grupos de apoio religiosos / This study aims to reveal the singularities of the production of health care from the perspective of the patient in a First Care Unit (UPA). It also intends to contribute to the discussion on the history and development of the urgency and emergency network in the city of Rio de Janeiro and some of the challenges faced by the emergency units in providing such care. We affirm the definition of health webs as dynamic webs that go beyond their institutionalized definition to the establishment of a live and powerful web that is capable of supporting the attended population on its ways through urgency and emergency units of the city. The study is developed through a methodology of research-intervention, drawing cartographies of the First Care Unit from the narratives of the workers of the unit and of a ‘guiding patient’. This ‘guide’ reveals the production of care in his ‘live web’. Considering the social-affective death of the patient in the health services, we propose the method of the Social – Affective Autopsy. This methodological proposal is built from the psycho-social autopsy, a reconstruction of the physical and mental health status, and social, psychological and affective circumstances of the patient through the production of care in the process of health-disease-care-death through the web of the Unified Health Care System (SUS). Revealing the dynamics and intersections of the patient’s living web we can understand the singularities and subjectivities of his vision on the production of care. Our objective was to analyze the production of care in the Urgent (First Care - UPA) and Emergency Care Units, involving administrators, workers and patients. We describe the experiences in the UPA foccusing on innovations in the production of health care as seen by the patients, taking into account the technological tools of health work, mainly the interfaces of soft technology in the urgency and emergency services of the SUS. The cartographic developments present the living territories of the UPA and the multiplicity of its workers and patients. We present the singularities of health care in urgency and emergency from the narrative of the patient-guide’s wife and of female workers of the UPA. Fissures of the health care web are revealed, the multiplicity of the existential territory of the patients, and the disputes to warrant the right to health care. Innovations in the field of soft technologies developed by the workers of the UPA are pointed out, as well as their perceptions on the patient schedule regulation system (SISREG). Finally, the socioaffective death of the patient also enters in dispute on the production of care, by the health services network that is unable to give a diagnose to the patients partner, as well as by his living that is rebuilt with the mediation of faith-based actions and religious support groups

A literatura científica vem debatendo sobre a existência de uma associação entre diabetes mellitus (DM) e demência, doença de Alzheimer (DA) e demência vascular (DV). O DM é um conhecido fator de risco para a doença cerebrovascular (DCV) e DV, porém não há consenso até o momento do real papel do DM no desenvolvimento das alterações neuropatológicas da DA. Objetivos: verificar a associação entre DM e demência, DM e alterações neuropatológicas da DA e DV. Métodos: os dados foram coletados do Banco de Encéfalos Humanos do Grupo de Estudos em Envelhecimento Cerebral da FMUSP estudados de 2004 a 2015. A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos: não diabéticos e diabéticos. Os diagnósticos de DM e de demência foram estabelecidos post-mortem mediante entrevista com informante. O diagnóstico de demência exigiu escore >= 1 na Escala de Avaliação Clínica da Demência (CDR) e Questionário sobre Declínio Cognitivo no Idoso (IQCODE) >= 3,42. O diagnóstico etiológico da demência foi determinado por exame neuropatológico por imuno-histoquímica. A proporção de casos de demência, de DA e de DV de não diabéticos e diabéticos foi determinada, assim como a relação entre DM e placas neuríticas (PN) e emaranhados neurofibrilares (ENF), e neuropatologia vascular. As análises estatísticas empregadas foram o teste de Mann-Whitney e regressão linear múltipla para variáveis quantitativas, teste de ?2, teste exato de Fisher e regressão logística múltipla para variáveis categóricas. Resultados: amostra total foi de 1.037 indivíduos, sendo 758 não diabéticos (73,1%) e 279 diabéticos (26,9%). Demência foi constatada em 28,7% em diabéticos. O DM não se associou à frequência mais elevada de demência (OR: 1,22; IC 95%: 0,81-1,82; p=0,34). O DM não está associado com ENF (p=0,81), PN (p=0,31), grupo infarto (p=0,94), angiopatia amiloide (p=0,42) e arteriolosclerose hialina (p=0,07). Após o ajuste para variáveis demográficas e para os fatores de risco vascular, o diagnóstico de DM não se associou ao diagnóstico neuropatológico de DA e vascular. Conclusão: o DM não está associado à demência e às alterações neuropatológicas da DA e de DV / The scientific literature has been debating the existence of an association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and dementia, Alzheimer\'s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD). DM is a known risk factor for cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and VaD, but there is still no consensus on the real role of DM in the development of AD neuropathology. Objectives: to investigate the association among DM and dementia, neuropathology (NP) of AD and VaD. Methods: Data were collected from the cases included in the Brain Bank of the Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group between 2004 and 2015. Cases were divided into 2 groups: no diabetics and diabetics. Clinical diagnosis of dementia was determined by the scores >= 1.0 in the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) and >= 3.42 in the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE). Etiological diagnoses of dementia were determined by neuropathological examination, using immunohistochemistry. The proportion of dementia cases, AD and VaD of no diabetics and diabetics were investigated as well as the relationship among DM and neuritic plaques (NPq) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Mann-Whitney test and multiple linear regression for quantitative variables, and chi-square test and multiple logistic regression for categorical variables were the statistical analyses applied. Results: Total sample included 1037 subjects, divided in 758 (73.1%) no diabetics and 279 diabetics (26.9%). Dementia was present in 27.8% of diabetics. DM did not increase the frequency for dementia (OR: 1.22; IC 95%: 0.81-1.82; p=0.34). DM was not associated with NFT (p=0.81), NPq (p=0.31), infarct group (0.94), cerebral amyloid angiopathy (0.42) and hyaline arteriolosclerosis (p=0.07). After adjustment for demographic variables and vascular risk factors, DM was not associated with DA and vascular NP. Conclusion: DM is not associated with dementia, AD and vascular neuropathology

Sans corps, pas d'histoires. Vecteur d'action, instrument de la narration, et support d'un lien d'identification fort entre le spectateur et le personnage, le corps est la principale figure des médiums cinématographique et télévisuel. Si le cinéma a toujours, depuis ses balbutiements, glorifié la vivacité inépuisable des corps, parallèlement déjà, planait la face inversée de cette exposition, la menace muette de la mort. Mais si le dernier souffle avant la mort est bien souvent encore, au cinéma et à la télévision, synonyme d'ultime communion avec la vie et de résistance à la mort, qu'en est-il du corps et du personnage quand la mort s'en est saisi à jamais et qu'il ne reste plus aux vivants, personnages et spectateurs, qu'à se confronter au cadavre ? Figure parasitaire, le cadavre n'est ni un personnage ni même un figurant. A la fois signe vide et noyau narratif, c'est à partir de lui et de son examen pendant l'autopsie ou sur les lieux du crime que va se nourrir et se développer l'intrigue policière. Et s'il peut paraître secondaire, voire accessoire, à regarder les fictions policières sous l'angle de son non-regard fixe et opaque, il donne à voir quelque chose du crime, de son caractère profondément injuste, et des rapports qu'entretiennent les vivants avec une mort qui se présente sur la table d'autopsie, sous ses traits les plus abjects. L'enjeu de cette thèse sera d'envisager la façon dont les fictions policières mettent en scène le cadavre comme le reflet, d'une troublante précision, d'un défaut contemporain de distanciation face à la mort. Il s'agira bien pour nous, et selon un principe analogue à celui qu'applique le philosophe Maxime Coulombe dans son essai sur les zombies, de considérer le cadavre fictionnel comme « analyseur de la société contemporaine » et comme « symptôme de ce qui taraude la conscience de notre époque » / Without bodies, no stories. A vehicle of action, a narrative agent, and the support of a strong identification link between the audience and the character, the body is the main figure of cinematographic and television mediums.If cinema has always, from its early stages, glorified the endless liveliness of bodies, the reverse side of this exposure has simultaneously been lingering: the mute threat of death. However, in films or in television series, if the last breath before death is often synonymous with a ultimate communion with life and with a resistance to death, what happens to the body and the character when death has seized them for ever, and the living – characters and audience – are only left facing the corpse? As a parasite figure, the corpse is neither a character nor even an extra. Both an empty sign and a narrative core, the crime plot will indeed develop from the corpse and its examination, during the autopsy or on the crime scene. And whereas the corpse may seem secondary, even minor, if we look at crime fictions from the angle of its fixed and opaque non-look, it still allows us to see something of the crime and of its deeply unfair nature, and of the relations between the living and a death that appears in its most abject features on the autopsy table. In this study, we will examine how crime fictions stage corpses as disturbingly precise reflects of a contemporary lack of perspective in front of death. Similarly to the philosopher Maxime Coulombe in his essay on zombies, we will consider the fictional corpse as an "analyser of contemporary society" and as a "symptom of what is tormenting the consciousness of our time"

The research is concerned with how the post-mortem report can be used as a source of information in the investigation of murder cases to identify crime, individual crimes and trace suspects, etc. The understanding of the post-mortem report, and the information which can be obtained from it, will assist the police investigators to handle murder cases in a professional way. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the existing manner in which police investigators use post-mortem reports in their investigations, with the intention of determining its strengths and weaknesses, and considering how the usage can be improved. Secondly, the researcher wanted to explore how investigators use postmortem reports as a source of information in their investigations. To accomplish this, the researcher perused international and national literature in an attempt to explore the field. The researcher wanted to apply the new research knowledge in order to develop good practice in the field. This has been done by recommending new procedures to enhance performance and to improve the conviction rate in court cases. / Police Practice / M.Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

Aufgrund der rasanten technischen Entwicklung im Bereich der pränatalen Diagnostik in den letzten Jahren werden mehr angeborene Fehlbildungen zu einem früheren Zeitpunkt der Schwangerschaft und detaillierter erkannt. Das führt dazu, dass die zur Autopsie gelangenden Feten zunehmend kleiner sind und komplexere Befunde aufweisen. Gleichzeitig werden die genetischen Ursachen von mehr Erkrankungen, Fehlbildungen und Syndromen aufgedeckt, so dass die DNA-Diagnostik, Chromosomenanlyse u.a. molekulargenetische und biochemische Erkenntnisse die klinisch-genetische Diagnostik zunehmend ergänzen. Durch Festlegung einer gezielten Autopsiestrategie und Nutzung moderner Kommunikationsmittel kann der Pathologe die in den letzten Jahren gestiegenen klinischen Anforderungen erfüllen. Ein Problem ist es jedoch, dass nicht genügend Pathologen auf dem Gebiet der Fetalpathologie spezialisiert sind. Das trifft nicht nur für Deutschland zu, sondern das ist mehr oder weniger eine weltweite Situation. Ein möglicher Lösungsansatz dieses Problems wäre die Nutzung von Softwareprogrammen, die dazu dienen, unerfahrene Pathologen moderne Anleitungen während der Autopsie von Feten zu geben. Das kann mit einer telepathologischen Betreung durch einen Experten auf diesem Gebiet kombiniert werden. Darüberhinaus erlaubt die derzeitige digitalisierte Befunddokumentation den Vergleich aktueller mit gespeicherten Fällen sowie Recherchen und stellt eine gute Basis zur Erstellung von Lehrmaterial dar. / Due to the enormous technical developments in recent years in the area of prenatal ultrasound more malformations are detected in greater detail and at an earlier point in time during pregnancy than in the past. As a result, fetuses of increasingly smaller size and with complex diagnoses are presented for autopsy. At the same time, the genetic causes of ever more diseases, malformations and syndromes are being discovered, so that DNA diagnostics, chromosome analysis and, among others, molecular-genetic and biochemical investigations have come increasingly to complement clinical-genetic diagnostics. Through establishment of a clinically oriented autopsy strategy and the use of modern communication media, pathologists can satisfy the increased clinical demands of recent years. The remaining problem is that we do not have enough pathologists experienced in fetal pathology. This is not only true for Germany, it is more less the situation worldwide. One means of dealing with this problem may be the use of software programs to guide inexperienced pathologists through the modern autopsy procedure. This can be combined with the use of telepathological advise given by an expert in the field. Over and above this, digitized documentation of findings can be used in research, which allows the comparison of current with previously saved cases and presents a good basis for the development of education material.

Aufgrund der rasanten technischen Entwicklung im Bereich der pränatalen Diagnostik in den letzten Jahren werden mehr angeborene Fehlbildungen zu einem früheren Zeitpunkt der Schwangerschaft und detaillierter erkannt. Das führt dazu, dass die zur Autopsie gelangenden Feten zunehmend kleiner sind und komplexere Befunde aufweisen. Gleichzeitig werden die genetischen Ursachen von mehr Erkrankungen, Fehlbildungen und Syndromen aufgedeckt, so dass die DNA-Diagnostik, Chromosomenanlyse u.a. molekulargenetische und biochemische Erkenntnisse die klinisch-genetische Diagnostik zunehmend ergänzen. Durch Festlegung einer gezielten Autopsiestrategie und Nutzung moderner Kommunikationsmittel kann der Pathologe die in den letzten Jahren gestiegenen klinischen Anforderungen erfüllen. Ein Problem ist es jedoch, dass nicht genügend Pathologen auf dem Gebiet der Fetalpathologie spezialisiert sind. Das trifft nicht nur für Deutschland zu, sondern das ist mehr oder weniger eine weltweite Situation. Ein möglicher Lösungsansatz dieses Problems wäre die Nutzung von Softwareprogrammen, die dazu dienen, unerfahrene Pathologen moderne Anleitungen während der Autopsie von Feten zu geben. Das kann mit einer telepathologischen Betreung durch einen Experten auf diesem Gebiet kombiniert werden. Darüberhinaus erlaubt die derzeitige digitalisierte Befunddokumentation den Vergleich aktueller mit gespeicherten Fällen sowie Recherchen und stellt eine gute Basis zur Erstellung von Lehrmaterial dar. / Due to the enormous technical developments in recent years in the area of prenatal ultrasound more malformations are detected in greater detail and at an earlier point in time during pregnancy than in the past. As a result, fetuses of increasingly smaller size and with complex diagnoses are presented for autopsy. At the same time, the genetic causes of ever more diseases, malformations and syndromes are being discovered, so that DNA diagnostics, chromosome analysis and, among others, molecular-genetic and biochemical investigations have come increasingly to complement clinical-genetic diagnostics. Through establishment of a clinically oriented autopsy strategy and the use of modern communication media, pathologists can satisfy the increased clinical demands of recent years. The remaining problem is that we do not have enough pathologists experienced in fetal pathology. This is not only true for Germany, it is more less the situation worldwide. One means of dealing with this problem may be the use of software programs to guide inexperienced pathologists through the modern autopsy procedure. This can be combined with the use of telepathological advise given by an expert in the field. Over and above this, digitized documentation of findings can be used in research, which allows the comparison of current with previously saved cases and presents a good basis for the development of education material.