No description available.

In this thesis, I explore the African, Caribbean, and Black communities— as it pertains directly to the Black racial classification— and their place within the Canadian blood donation system. The aim is to explore the ways in which the legacy of risk, the Black racial classification, pathology, and associations with disease may be manifested in donation policies and procedures (current and retired). Precisely, my interest lies in the subtle and diffuse ways in which Negrophobia (and its variant racism) survive in blood donation in spite of putative efforts to neutralize it. I undertook this study with the aim to fill a noticeable gap in the literature, by providing knowledge on the ways in which racial stereotypes can be disseminated discursively through institutionalized health policies. As data sources, I used explicitly publicly accessible national (and international) document materials on blood donation. With a critical discourse analysis methodology, the evidence presented demonstrate that under the guise of value-freedom, blood donation guidelines have the ability to reinforce dangerous assumptions providing a rationale for Negrophobic beliefs, behaviours and policies within the blood system. Studying blood donation in this manner offers evidence for the ways in which health institutions continue to treat Black populations based on racial stereotypes. This exceptional attention to the Black racial classification in blood donation provides important insights into the understanding of the lasting and plagued relationship that Black peoples have had with the scientific community, illustrating that institutionalized Negrophobia may remain imbedded despite decades of sociopolitical and medical progress.

Originada na escravidão e reforçada ainda hoje nas diversas formas de relações cotidianas, a imagem de sexualidade exagerada e inata, colada ao corpo negro, reproduz elementos de violência simbólica e condena, muitas vezes, o corpo negro à morte semiótica. Na tentativa de dissociar-se dessa imagem, o sujeito negro adota algumas estratégias que vão da atitude contida em relação ao exercício da sua afetividade e sexualidade, passando pelo questionamento dos condicionamentos eróticos e, por fim, constituindo uma outra semântica para o corpo negro. Dessarte, esta dissertação procurou perscrutar o enunciado e a enunciação das poesias eróticas de Cadernos Negros na tentativa de desvelar as relações estabelecidas entre as categorias semânticas liberdade vs. opressão; público vs. privado; e individual vs. coletivo. Cadernos Negros é um periódico literário, publicado ininterruptamente há 28 anos, cujo objetivo é divulgar uma enunciação negra na Literatura Brasileira. / The image of the black body has being linked to an exaggerated and innate sexuality originated in the slave era, and is even nowadays reinforced by daily and diverse social relations and interactions. This racialized notion of the black body reproduces elements of symbolic violence, and moreover, condemns the black body to a semiotic death. In an attempt to dissociate themselves from such images, the black writers adopt strategies that go from the attitude contained in the exercise of affectivity and sexuality, passing through the questioning of erotic conditioning, and finally, constituting an alternative semantics of the black body. From this perspective, this dissertation looks to articulate the enunciations of the Black Notebooks erotic poetry, in an attempt to highlight the established relations between semantic categories such as freedom vs. oppression, public vs. private, and individual vs. collective. The Black Notebooks is a literary periodical published uninterrupted in Brazil for 28 years. It\'s objective is to pursue the black utterance in Brazilian literature.

Originada na escravidão e reforçada ainda hoje nas diversas formas de relações cotidianas, a imagem de sexualidade exagerada e inata, colada ao corpo negro, reproduz elementos de violência simbólica e condena, muitas vezes, o corpo negro à morte semiótica. Na tentativa de dissociar-se dessa imagem, o sujeito negro adota algumas estratégias que vão da atitude contida em relação ao exercício da sua afetividade e sexualidade, passando pelo questionamento dos condicionamentos eróticos e, por fim, constituindo uma outra semântica para o corpo negro. Dessarte, esta dissertação procurou perscrutar o enunciado e a enunciação das poesias eróticas de Cadernos Negros na tentativa de desvelar as relações estabelecidas entre as categorias semânticas liberdade vs. opressão; público vs. privado; e individual vs. coletivo. Cadernos Negros é um periódico literário, publicado ininterruptamente há 28 anos, cujo objetivo é divulgar uma enunciação negra na Literatura Brasileira. / The image of the black body has being linked to an exaggerated and innate sexuality originated in the slave era, and is even nowadays reinforced by daily and diverse social relations and interactions. This racialized notion of the black body reproduces elements of symbolic violence, and moreover, condemns the black body to a semiotic death. In an attempt to dissociate themselves from such images, the black writers adopt strategies that go from the attitude contained in the exercise of affectivity and sexuality, passing through the questioning of erotic conditioning, and finally, constituting an alternative semantics of the black body. From this perspective, this dissertation looks to articulate the enunciations of the Black Notebooks erotic poetry, in an attempt to highlight the established relations between semantic categories such as freedom vs. oppression, public vs. private, and individual vs. collective. The Black Notebooks is a literary periodical published uninterrupted in Brazil for 28 years. It\'s objective is to pursue the black utterance in Brazilian literature.

Plasmonic nanocrystals have a unique ability to support localized surface plasmon resonances and exhibit rich and intriguing optical properties. Engineering plasmonic nanocrystals can maximize their potentials for specific applications. In this dissertation, we developed three unprecedented Au nanorod-based plasmonic nanocrystals through rational design of the crystal shape and/or composition, and successfully demonstrated their applications in light condensation, photothermal conversion, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The “Au nanorod-Au nanosphere dimer” nanocrystal was synthesized via the ligand-induced asymmetric growth of a Au nanosphere on a Au nanorod. This dimeric nanostructure features an extraordinary broadband optical absorption in the range of 400‒1400nm, and it proved to be an ideal black-body material for light condensation and an efficient solar-light harvester for photothermal conversion. The “Au nanorod (core) @ AuAg alloy (shell)” nanocrystal was built through the epitaxial growth of homogeneously alloyed AuAg shells on Au nanorods by precisely controlled synthesis. The resulting core-shell structured, bimetallic nanorods integrate the merits of the AuAg alloy with the advantages of anisotropic nanorods, exhibiting strong, stable and tunable surface plasmon resonances that are essential for SERS applications in a corrosive environment. The “high-index faceted Au nanorod (core) @ AuPd alloy (shell)” nanocrystal was produced via site-specific epitaxial growth of AuPd alloyed horns at the ends of Au nanorods. The AuPd alloyed horns are bound with high-index side facets, while the Au nanorod concentrates an intensive electric field at each end. This unique configuration unites highly active catalytic sites with strong SERS sites into a single entity and was demonstrated to be ideal for in situ monitoring of Pd-catalyzed reactions by SERS. The synthetic strategies developed here are promising towards the fabrication of novel plasmonic nanocrystals with fascinating properties for nanoplasmonics and nanophotonics.

No description available.

No description available.

Esta tese realiza uma análise do romance Um defeito de cor (2006), de Ana Maria Gonçalves, sublinhando os aspectos formais do texto e indicando como eles acionam problematizações urgentes para a crítica literária produzida no Brasil. Os procedimentos estéticos com que a representação em primeira pessoa é realizada na obra são concebidos como chave para vincular a literatura às narrativas historiográficas, sobretudo aquelas produzidas pela História Social da Escravidão, dando a ver como a obra de Gonçalves se vale da encruzilhada epistêmica entre ficção e realidade. Propõe-se, assim, que a carta configurada na obra, por meio da qual se constrói a enunciação de uma mãe africana que relata sua trajetória de vida, e nela as constrições ao exercício da maternidade ao longo do século XIX no Brasil e na África, performatiza uma corporalidade negra, convocando a crítica contemporânea a realizar o desrecalque do corpo negro de sua discursividade. Como desdobramento dessa proposição, o trabalho contrapõe a narradora Kehinde, elaborada a partir de um foco narrativo complexo, à figura estereotipada da mãe preta, presente de reiteradas maneiras no cânone literário nacional. Visibilizam-se com essa estratégia os mecanismos simbólicos de interdição do reconhecimento da ascendência africana no/do Brasil pelo discurso nacionalista, ao mesmo tempo em que se reflete sobre as possibilidades de encenação e disrupção desse construto ideológico pelo romance de Gonçalves. / This thesis analyzes the novel Um defeito de cor (2006), by Ana Maria Gonçalves, highlighting the formal aspects of the text and indicating how they trigger urgent problematizations for the literary criticism produced in Brazil. The aesthetic procedures with which first-person representation is carried out in the novel are conceived as a key to linking literature to historiographical narratives, especially those produced by the Social History of Slavery, showing how the work of Gonçalves uses the epistemic crossroads between fiction and reality. It is proposed, therefore, that the letter set forth in the work, through which the enunciation of an African mother is constructed, which relates her life trajectory, and in her the constrictions to the exercise of motherhood throughout the nineteenth century in Brazil and Africa, performs a black corporality, summoning the contemporary critique to realize the vizualization of the black body of its discursivity. As an unfolding of this proposition, the work contrasts the narrator Kehinde, elaborated from a complex narrative focus, to the stereotyped figure of the \"mammy\", present in the national literary canon. The symbolic mechanisms of the interdiction of the recognition of African ancestry in Brazil by the nationalist discourse are visible with this strategy, while at the same time reflecting on the possibilities of staging and disruption of this ideological construct by Gonçalves\' novel.

Trata-se de pesquisa teórica, de cunho histórico-cultural, tendo como objetivo discutir as estratégias utilizadas no Candomblé de Ketu capazes de empoderar a mulher negra e a possibilidade de serem aplicadas na educação formal. O conceito de corpo e seus significados na sociedade tornam-se fundamentais, uma vez que é do corpo que partem as possíveis identificações que ocorrem entre os indivíduos e despertam nas pessoas reações diversas a depender de suas características. A subjetividade ganha destaque, pois as identificações ocorrem a partir das histórias dos sujeitos reais e concretos, com experiências diversas. Discuti-la é preciso, por ser um importante instrumento a ser utilizado pelos profissionais da educação, que lidam constantemente com a diversidade racial entre alunas e alunos, numa sociedade preconceituosa como a brasileira e que os impõem, constantemente, à vulnerabilidade, seja por serem negros, pobres ou mulheres, ou uma junção das três categorias. A pesquisa revelou que as subjetividades das entrevistadas passaram por transformações significativas e positivas ao se iniciarem no Candomblé de Ketu, por terem, em seus corpos, a morada dos heróis-orixás. O presente estudo enfatiza o caráter construtivo - interpretativo e dialógico do conhecimento, a partir da interpretação de González Rey. A pesquisa de campo constituiu-se de entrevistas com duas ebomis (pessoas com mais de sete anos de iniciação no Candomblé de Ketu) pertencentes à orixá feminina Oxum, em São Paulo. Para a realização deste estudo, os instrumentos utilizados foram: dinâmica conversacional, pessoalmente, por telefone ou por e-mail, enfatizando o caráter processual nas relações com as participantes e diário de campo. Tais instrumentos forneceram indicadores de sentido subjetivo que, em nossa análise, nos levou à construção dos seguintes núcleos de sentidos subjetivos: o impacto da subjetividade de Eliana e Vera em relação: a) ao Candomblé de Ketu; b) à identidade; c) à mulher negra contemporânea; d) à educação formal e a criança negra. O impacto de cada um desses núcleos de sentido subjetivo sobre as ebomis entrevistadas foram os principais resultados dessa pesquisa, gerando novos conhecimentos, como os de que o Candomblé de Ketu tem estratégias voltadas para o empoderamento de mulheres negras que vivem em sociedades racistas e precisam reconstruir suas identidades. Assim sendo, este espaço religioso é capaz de oferecer, aos profissionais da educação, estratégias capazes de ganharem espaços de destaque no campo da educação, com o propósito de empoderar as crianças negras presentes nas salas de aulas brasileiras, ao promover a educação antiracista. / This is a piece of theoretical research, specifically historical-cultural, with the objective of discussing strategies used in Ketu Candomblé which can empower black women and their possibility of being applied in formal education. The concept of the body and its meaning in society have become fundamental, as it is from the body that possible identifications arise between individuals and gives rise to diverse reactions in people depending on their characteristics. In this research, the body is resignified, including through the mythic dance of the Orixás. Subjectivity is primary, as identifications occur from the stories of real and concrete people with diverse experiences. Discussing this is necessary as it is an important instrument to be used by education professionals who work constantly with racial diversity between male and female students in a society with prejudices such as in Brazil which are imposed on them constantly, exposing them to vulnerability, whether for being negroes, poor or women, or any combination of these. The research revealed that the subjectiveness of those interviewed underwent significant and positive transformations when they began attending Ketu Candomblé, as the orixá heroes resided within their bodies. This study emphasizes the constructive character - interpretative and dialogical of knowledge - through the interpretation of González Rey. The field research consisted of interviews with two ebomis (people with more than seven years of initiation in Ketu Candomblé) belonging to the female orixá Oxum, in São Paulo. In carrying out this study, the instruments used were: conversational dynamic, personally by telephone or by e-mail, emphasizing process of character in the relationships with the participants and the field diary. Such instruments supplied indicators of subjective meaning which, in our analysis, led us to the construction of the following nuclei of subjective meaning: the impact of subjectivity of Eliana and Vera in relation to: a) Ketu Candomblé; b) identity; c) contemporary black women; d) formal education and the black child. The impact of each of these nuclei of subjective meaning on the ebomis interviewed were the principal results of this research, giving rise to further knowledge, such as that Ketu Candomblé has strategies to empower black women living in racist societies and who need to rebuild their identities. Thus this religious space can offer education professionals strategies which can occupy leading spaces within education with the purpose of empowering Negro children in Brazilian classrooms and promote antiracist education.

L’enjeu de cette thèse est de présenter les différents statuts de l’image du corps, dans la photographie contemporaine en Martinique. La photographie a joué un rôle dans la conquête coloniale et la construction d’une image fantasmée de l’Autre. Il nous apparaît essentiel d’évoquer l’importance du contexte colonial puis postcolonial. Dans la photographie contemporaine des années 1970 à nos jours en Martinique, les images du corps posent la question du regard. Cette dimension de la transformation de l’être en tant qu’objet à l’être en tant que sujet, est au cœur de notre réflexion soutenue par celle des penseurs originaires de la Caraïbe (Frantz Fanon, Edouard Glissant, Stuart Hall) : images du corps marqué, fragmenté, dépossédé, de traces de mémoire, en errance ou en quête d’identité. La question plurielle de la visibilité et de l’invisibilité de l’image du corps sont au cœur de notre démarche de recherche. Sans pour autant être exhaustif, à la suite d’une analyse d’un corpus limité de photographies, des thématiques susceptibles d’exprimer une fixité de l’image du corps ou son caractère plus ouvert, sont dégagées. Le choix de quatre photographes Martiniquais en priorité, David Damoison, Gilles Elie-dit-Cosaque, Jean-Luc De Laguarigue et Joël Zobel, offre la possibilité de définir un cadre d’analyse et de comparaison, avec le souci d’établir des liens avec les concepts à l’œuvre dans les images de quelques photographes de la Caraïbe anglophone, originaires de Jamaïque et de Barbade. Comment les enjeux identifiés sont-ils présents dans l’œuvre de ces photographes Martiniquais et se prolongent ils dans les perspectives de la nouvelle scène artistique contemporaine ? / The aim of this thesis is to present the different statuses of the image of the body, in contemporary photography in Martinique. Photography played a role in the colonial conquest and the construction of a fantasized image of the Other. It seems essential to us to evoke the importance of the colonial and post-colonial context in the fantasized elaboration of the image of the Other. In contemporary photography from the seventies to the present day in Martinique, the images of the body pose the question of the gaze. The dimension of the transformation of the human being as an object to being as a subject is at the heart of our reflection supported by the thinkers originating from the Caribbean (Frantz Fanon, Edouard Glissant, Stuart Hall): images of the body marked, dismembered, fragmented, dispossessed, traces of memory, wandering or absent to itself or in search of identity. The pluralistic question of the visibility and invisibility of the image of the body are at the heart of our research process. Without being exhaustive, following an analysis of a limited corpus of photographs, themes that are capable of expressing a fixed image of the body or its more open character are uncovered. The choice of four Martinique photographers as a priority, David Damoison, Gilles Elie-dit-Cosaque, Jean-Luc De Laguarigue and Joël Zobel, offers the possibility of defining a framework of analysis and comparison, with the concern to establish links with the concepts at work in the images of some photographers of the English-speaking Caribbean, originating in Jamaica and Barbados. How are the identified issues present in the work of these Martinican photographers and are they in the perspective of the new contemporary art scene?