• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 367
  • 111
  • 70
  • 37
  • 34
  • 13
  • 10
  • 6
  • 6
  • 5
  • 4
  • 4
  • 4
  • 3
  • 3
  • Tagged with
  • 856
  • 856
  • 145
  • 91
  • 89
  • 86
  • 84
  • 64
  • 63
  • 61
  • 60
  • 60
  • 60
  • 59
  • 58
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
811

Salt-Sensitive Hypertension, Renal Injury, and Renal Vasodysfunction Associated With Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats Are Abolished in Consomic SS.BN1 Rats

Potter, Jacqueline C., Whiles, Shannon A., Miles, Conor B., Whiles, Jenna B., Mitchell, Mark A., Biederman, Brianna E., Dawoud, Febronia M., Breuel, Kevin F., Williamson, Geoffrey A., Picken, Maria M., Polichnowski, Aaron J. 02 November 2021 (has links)
Background Abnormal renal hemodynamic responses to salt-loading are thought to contribute to salt-sensitive (SS) hypertension. However, this is based largely on studies in anesthetized animals, and little data are available in conscious SS and salt-resistant rats. Methods and Results We assessed arterial blood pressure, renal function, and renal blood flow during administration of a 0.4% NaCl and a high-salt (4.0% NaCl) diet in conscious, chronically instrumented 10- to 14-week-old Dahl SS and consomic SS rats in which chromosome 1 from the salt-resistant Brown-Norway strain was introgressed into the genome of the SS strain (SS.BN1). Three weeks of high salt intake significantly increased blood pressure (20%) and exacerbated renal injury in SS rats. In contrast, the increase in blood pressure (5%) was similarly attenuated in Brown-Norway and SS.BN1 rats, and both strains were completely protected against renal injury. In SS.BN1 rats, 1 week of high salt intake was associated with a significant decrease in renal vascular resistance (-8%) and increase in renal blood flow (15%). In contrast, renal vascular resistance failed to decrease, and renal blood flow remained unchanged in SS rats during high salt intake. Finally, urinary sodium excretion and glomerular filtration rate were similar between SS and SS.BN1 rats during 0.4% NaCl and high salt intake. Conclusions Our data support the concept that renal vasodysfunction contributes to blood pressure salt sensitivity in Dahl SS rats, and that genes on rat chromosome 1 play a major role in modulating renal hemodynamic responses to salt loading and salt-induced hypertension.
812

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of neurovascular coupling in the retina

Villafranca-Baughman, Deborah 01 1900 (has links)
Cette thèse de doctorat englobe deux projets majeurs visant à étudier l'interaction entre les nanotubes à effet tunnel inter-péricytes (IP-TNT), le couplage neurovasculaire et la modulation des cellules gliales dans le contexte du glaucome. Le premier projet se concentre sur la caractérisation et l'importance fonctionnelle des IP-TNT dans la régulation du couplage neurovasculaire, tandis que le second projet explore le rôle des cellules gliales, en particulier S100Β, dans la modulation des réponses des péricytes pendant l'hypertension oculaire (HTO), un facteur de risque important pour le développement du glaucome. Dans le premier projet, nous avons étudié la présence et les implications fonctionnelles des IP-TNT dans l'unité neurovasculaire. Grâce à des techniques d'imagerie avancées et à des expériences d'imagerie en direct chez la souris, nous avons visualisé et caractérisé ces nanotubes à effet tunnel qui relient les péricytes voisins dans la rétine. Nous avons découvert que les IP-TNT jouent un rôle crucial en facilitant la communication intercellulaire et la signalisation calcique entre les péricytes. Ces nanotubes contribuent à la régulation du flux sanguin capillaire et au couplage neurovasculaire, assurant l'apport efficace d'oxygène et de nutriments aux neurones actifs. Nos résultats mettent en lumière les interactions cellulaires complexes au sein de l'unité neurovasculaire et élargissent notre compréhension des mécanismes qui sous-tendent le couplage neurovasculaire. Dans le second projet, nous nous sommes concentrés sur le rôle des cellules gliales, en particulier la protéine S100Β qui se lie au calcium, dans la modulation des réponses des péricytes au cours de l'HTO, une caractéristique pathologique clé du glaucome. Grâce à une combinaison d'expériences in vivo, d'analyses moléculaires et de techniques d'imagerie, nous avons étudié l'impact de la S100Β sur les niveaux de calcium des péricytes et sur le flux sanguin capillaire. Nous avons observé que la S100Β est régulée à la hausse dans les cellules gliales, y compris les cellules de Müller et les astrocytes, au cours de l'HTO. L'administration de la protéine recombinante exogène S100Β a exacerbé l'influx de calcium intra-péricyte et altéré le flux sanguin capillaire, tandis que le blocage de la fonction S100Β a amélioré les niveaux de calcium des péricytes et rétabli un flux sanguin basal. La neutralisation de la S100Β a également protégé les cellules ganglionnaires de la rétine de la mort induite par l'HTO. Ces résultats mettent en évidence le rôle critique des cellules gliales et de la S100Β dans les déficits du couplage neurovasculaire au cours du glaucome, et donnent un aperçu des cibles thérapeutiques potentielles pour préserver la santé et la fonction de la rétine. Collectivement, les résultats des deux projets contribuent à notre compréhension de l'interaction complexe entre les IP-TNT, le couplage neurovasculaire et la modulation des cellules gliales dans le contexte du glaucome. En élucidant le rôle des IP-TNT dans la régulation neurovasculaire et l'impact des cellules gliales, en particulier la S100Β, sur les réponses des péricytes, cette thèse fournit des informations précieuses sur les mécanismes sous-jacents de la pathogenèse du glaucome. Ces résultats peuvent ouvrir la voie au développement de stratégies thérapeutiques innovantes ciblant les IP-TNT et la modulation médiée par les cellules gliales afin de préserver la fonction rétinienne et de prévenir la perte de vision dans le glaucome et les maladies neurodégénératives associées / This PhD thesis encompasses two major projects aimed at investigating the interplay between interpericyte tunneling nanotubes (IP-TNTs), neurovascular coupling, and glial cell modulation in the context of glaucoma. The first project focuses on the characterization and functional significance of IP-TNTs in neurovascular coupling regulation, while the second project explores the role of glial cells, particularly S100Β, in modulating pericyte responses during ocular hypertension (OHT), an important risk factor for developing glaucoma. In the first project, we investigated the presence and functional implications of IP-TNTs in the neurovascular unit. Through advanced imaging techniques and live imaging experiments in mice, we visualized and characterized these tunneling nanotubes connecting neighboring pericytes in the retina. We found that IP-TNTs play a crucial role in facilitating intercellular communication and calcium signaling between pericytes. These nanotubes contribute to the regulation of capillary blood flow and neurovascular coupling, ensuring the efficient delivery of oxygen and nutrients to active neurons. Our findings shed light on the intricate cellular interactions within the neurovascular unit and expand our understanding of the mechanisms underlying neurovascular coupling. In the second project, we focused on the role of glial cells, specifically the calcium-binding protein S100Β, in modulating pericyte responses during OHT, a key pathological feature of glaucoma. Through a combination of in vivo experiments, molecular analyses, and imaging techniques, we investigated the impact of S100Β on pericyte calcium levels and capillary blood flow. We observed that S100Β is upregulated in glial cells, including Müller cells and astrocytes, during OHT. Administration of recombinant S100Β protein exacerbated intrapericyte calcium influx and impaired capillary blood flow, while blocking S100Β function improved pericyte calcium levels and restored normal blood flow. Notably, S100Β neutralization also protected retinal ganglion cells from OHT-induced death. These findings highlight the critical role of glial cells and S100Β in neurovascular coupling deficits during glaucoma, providing insights into potential therapeutic targets for preserving retinal health and function. Collectively, the results from both projects contribute to our understanding of the complex interplay between IP-TNTs, neurovascular coupling, and glial cell modulation in the context of glaucoma. By elucidating the role of IP-TNTs in neurovascular regulation and the impact of glial cells, particularly S100Β, on pericyte responses, this thesis provides valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of glaucoma pathogenesis. These findings may pave the way for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies targeting IP-TNTs and glial cell-mediated modulation to preserve retinal function and prevent vision loss in glaucoma and related neurodegenerative diseases
813

Time Domain Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy for Depth-Resolved Cerebral Blood Flow

Poon, Chien Sing 17 December 2021 (has links)
No description available.
814

Noninvasive Blood Flow and Oxygenation Measurements in Diseased Tissue

Rinehart, Benjamin S. 17 December 2021 (has links)
No description available.
815

Impact d’un programme d’exercices des muscles du plancher pelvien sur les signes et symptômes du syndrome génito-urinaire de la ménopause chez la femme post-ménopausée

Mercier, Joanie 03 1900 (has links)
Le syndrome génito-urinaire de la ménopause (SGUM) engendre des symptômes importants et des impacts considérables sur la qualité de vie et la fonction sexuelle des femmes post-ménopausées. Les traitements actuels sont efficaces pour soulager un grand nombre de femmes. Toutefois, dans certains cas, ils ne pas soulagent pas tous les symptômes, peuvent entraîner des effets indésirables et être contre-indiqués. Il apparaît alors nécessaire d’identifier des traitements alternatifs ou complémentaires pour le SGUM. Ce projet avait pour but d’approfondir les connaissances sur l’utilisation d’un programme d’exercices des muscles du plancher pelvien (EMPP) pour le traitement du SGUM chez des femmes post-ménopausées. Les objectifs principaux étaient: 1) évaluer les qualités psychométriques d’outils de mesure nécessaires à l’étude du SGUM, 2) étudier la faisabilité et les effets d’un programme d’EMPP auprès de femmes post-ménopausées atteintes du SGUM et 3) investiguer les mécanismes d’action potentiels des EMPP sur le SGUM. Trois projets distincts ont été élaborés dans le cadre de cette thèse. Le premier a permis d’explorer les effets des EMPP sur le SGUM au moyen de l’étude du cas d’une femme post-ménopausée. Suite à l’intervention, les signes et symptômes du SGUM du cas à l’étude se sont améliorés, en plus de leurs impacts sur la qualité de vie et la fonction sexuelle. À la lumière de ces résultats, des hypothèses sur les mécanismes d’action responsables des effets positifs ont été émises, dont une était l’amélioration de la vascularisation vulvovaginale. Le deuxième projet visait donc à évaluer la fidélité de la mesure de la vascularisation d’artères liées aux tissus vulvovaginaux, soit les artères pudendale interne et dorsale du clitoris, à l’aide de l’échographie Doppler. Les résultats recueillis auprès de 20 femmes sans condition urogynécologique ont appuyé la fidélité test-retest de ces mesures. Pour le troisième projet, 32 femmes post-ménopausées atteintes du SGUM ont participé à deux évaluations pré-intervention, un programme d’EMPP de 12 semaines et une évaluation post-intervention. Les évaluations pré-intervention ont permis de confirmer les qualités psychométriques d’outils de mesure du SGUM (Most Bothersome Symptom Approach et Atrophy Symptom questionnaire) en plus de confirmer la fidélité test-retest de la mesure de la vascularisation des artères pudendale interne et dorsale du clitoris à l’aide de l’échographie Doppler chez cette population. Suite à l’intervention, les résultats supportaient la faisabilité d’un programme d’EMPP auprès de femmes post-ménopausées atteintes du SGUM, de par des taux élevés de ii participation à l’intervention et de complétion de l’étude. Les résultats supportaient également l’effet positif de cette intervention en démontrant une diminution significative de la sévérité des symptômes du SGUM, de certains signes du SGUM et de leurs impacts sur leur qualité de vie et leur fonction sexuelle. Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent également l’augmentation de la vascularisation vulvovaginale, l’amélioration de la capacité de relâchement des MPP et l’augmentation de l’élasticité des tissus vulvovaginaux comme mécanismes d’actions potentiels d’un programme d’EMPP chez les femmes post-ménopausées atteintes du SGUM. Des études ultérieures devront confirmer nos résultats. / Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) causes significant symptoms and considerable impacts on the quality of life and sexual function of postmenopausal women. Current treatments are effective in alleviating the symptoms of many women. However, in some cases, they do not relieve all symptoms, and may cause side effects and be contraindicated. In these cases, it is necessary to identify alternative or complimentary treatments for GSM. The purpose of this project was to increase knowledge on the use of a pelvic floor muscle exercise (PFME) program for the treatment of GSM in postmenopausal women. The main objectives were to: 1) evaluate the psychometric qualities of the measurement tools needed to study GSM, 2) study the feasibility and effects of a PFME program in postmenopausal women with GSM, and 3) investigate the potential mechanisms of action of PFME on GSM. Three separate projects were developed for this thesis. The first project was a case study involving a postmenopausal woman, which provided an exploration of the effects of PPME on GSM. In this case study, the woman’s signs and symptoms of GSM improved, as well as her quality of life and sexual function. Considering these results, hypotheses were proposed on the mechanisms of action responsible for the positive effects of PPME on GMS, one of which was the improvement of vulvovaginal vascularization. The second project aimed to assess the accuracy of the measurement of the vascularization of arteries related to vulvovaginal tissues, namely the internal pudendal and dorsal arteries of the clitoris, using Doppler ultrasound. Results from 20 women without urogynecological conditions supported the test-retest reliability of these measurements. For the third project, 32 postmenopausal women with GSM participated in two pre-intervention assessments, a 12-week PFME program, and a post-intervention assessment. The pre-intervention assessments confirmed the psychometric qualities of GSM measurement tools (the Most Bothersome Symptom Approach and the Atrophy Symptom Questionnaire) and the test-retest reliability of the measurement of the vascularization of the internal pudendal and dorsal clitoral artery in this population using Doppler ultrasound. Following the intervention, the results supported the feasibility of a PFME program in postmenopausal women with GSM, due to high rates of participation in the intervention and completion of the study. The results also supported the positive effect of this intervention by demonstrating a significant reduction in the severity of GSM symptoms, certain signs of GSM, and their impact on their quality of life and sexual function. Finally, the results of this study suggest an increase in vulvovaginal vascularization, an improvement in the ability to relax the pelvic floor muscles and an increase in the elasticity of vulvovaginal tissues as potential mechanisms of action of a PFME program in postmenopausal women with GSM. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
816

Die Sauerstoffversorgung der Retina bei Knochenfischen / Entwicklung methodischer Ansätze bei der Regenbogenforelle, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

Waser, Wolfgang 14 December 2001 (has links)
Das Vorkommen von über den Umgebungsdruck erhöhten Sauerstoffpartialdrucken in Geweben ist im Tierreich nur von der Schwimmblase und dem Auge von Knochenfischen bekannt. Die physiologischen Mechanismen dieser Sauerstoffkonzentrierung wurden an der Schwimmblase insbesondere des Aals intensiv untersucht, entsprechende Untersuchungen zu den Vorgängen im Auge der Knochenfische fehlen jedoch. In dieser Arbeit wurde daher eine Methode etabliert, mit der die Sauerstoffkonzentrierung im Auge der Knochenfische an isolierten Augen untersucht werden kann. 1. Das Gefäßsystem der Regenbogenforelle (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1792) wurde durch Gefäßausgüsse dargestellt. Das im Auge gelegene choroidale Rete mirabile wird über die Arteria ophthalmica, die gleichzeitig die efferente Pseudobranchienarterie darstellt, versorgt. Die Pseudobranchie selber empfängt das Blut aus der efferenten Arterie des ersten Kiemenbogens. Diese Gefäßtopologie, Versorgung der Pseudobranchie mit bereits im ersten Kiemenbogen oxygeniertem Blut und auschließliche Versorgung des choroidalen Rete mirabile mit Blut aus der Pseudobranchie, weist auf die Bedeutung der Pseudobranchie für die Prozesse im Auge hin. 2. Die Retina der Regenbogenforelle wurde mikroskopisch untersucht. Die einzelnen Schichten der Retina entsprechen denen anderer Wirbeltiere. Die Forellenretina ist mit 407 µm aber wesentlich dicker als z.B. die Retina von Mammaliern. Zusätzlich fehlt der Retina der Forelle die bei vielen Mammaliern vorhandene retinale Blutgefäßversorgung. Mit den der Retina am nächsten gelegenen Gefäßen in der Choroidea bestehen bei der Forelle wesentlich größere Diffusionsstrecken von den Blutgefäßen zum Ort des Sauerstoffverbrauchs in den Zellen der Retina als bei anderen Wirbeltieren. Dies wir durch den erhöhten Sauerstoffpartialdruck in den Choriokapillaren kompensiert. 3. Für die Messung des intraretinalen Sauerstoffpartialdrucks wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit Sauerstoffmikroelektroden inklusive der zur Betreibung der Elektroden notwendigen Elektronik entwickelt. Die Elektroden waren vom Recess-Typ: die reaktive Oberfläche schloss nicht mit dem Ende der Glaskapillare ab, sondern war unter Belassung eines Hohlraumes in der Elektrodenspitze (Recess) in das innere der Glaskapillare verlagert. Dadurch waren die Elektroden unempfindlich gegenüber Rühreffekten. Die Mikroelektroden hatten eine Spitzendurchmesser von < 10 µm und eine mittlere Empfindlichkeit von 172 fA Torr-1 O2. Die Linearität der Elektroden über eine Partialdruckbereich von 0 bis 760 Torr O2 war besser als r = 0,9998. 4. Zur Überprüfung des normale Sauerstoffpartialdrucks in der Retina wurden Regenbogenforellen betäubt und künstlich ventiliert. Die systemischen Parameter wie arterieller PO2-Wert, Blutdruck und Herzschlag entsprachen dabei im Mittel mit 99 Torr (arterieller PO2), 28 Torr (Blutdruck) und 1,23 Hz (Herzschlag) den Werten unbetäubter, freischwimmender Forellen. Lediglich der arterielle pH-Wert war mit 8,02 während der künstlichen Ventilation durch eine ungenügende Kompensation einer respiratorischen Alkalose leicht gegenüber dem normalen Wert von 7,9 erhöht. 5. Die Auswirkungen der Präparation des Auges zur Messung des intraretinalen Sauerstoffpartialdrucks auf den Augeninnendruck wurde überprüft. Der Augeninnendruck betrug 4,9 Torr. Die Einbringung der Sauerstoffmikroelektrode hatte keine Auswirkung auf den Augeninnendruck. Erst das Entfernen der Elektrode nach der Messung führte zu einer deutlichen Verringerung des Augeninnendrucks. 6. Zum ersten Mal wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit die Durchblutungsrate des Auges eines Knochenfisches bestimmt. Aus präparatorischen Gründen wurde die Messung an der afferenten Pseudobranchienarterie durchgeführt. Der mittlere Blutfluss in dem Gefäß betrug 745 µl min-1 kg-1. Durch Verschluss des kontralateralen Gefäßes stieg der Fluss auf 135% des ursprünglichen Wertes, da jetzt durch das ipsilaterale Gefäß und über die zwischen den beiden Gefäßen bestehende Anastomose beide Augen durch das ipsilaterale Gefäß mit Blut versorgt wurden. 7. Die Funktion der Retina während der intraretinalen Sauerstoffmessung wurde durch Ableitung des Elektroretinogramms kontrolliert. Trotz der während der Versuche fortbestehenden Betäubung mit dem Betäubungsmittel MS222, welches sich negativ auf das Elektroretinogramm auswirken soll, konnten normale Elektroretinogramme aufgezeichnet werde. Die invasive Messung des intraretinalen PO2 wirkte sich nicht negativ auf die Funktionalität der Retina aus. 8. Der intraretinale Sauerstoffpartialdruck wurde an betäubten, künstlich ventilierten Forellen überprüft. Der mittlere maximale PO2 im Bereich der Bruch´schen Membran betrug 382 Torr. An der Innenseite der Retina wurde ein PO2 von 10 Torr gemessen. Der Bereich des O2-Partialdruckgradienten in der Retina, gemessen über den Vorschub der Sauerstoffmikroelektrode vom niedrigsten bis zum höchsten PO2, betrug 433 µm, ein Wert der gut mit der mikroskopisch bestimmten Dicke der Retina (407 µm) übereinstimmt. 9. Zur Untersuchung der Einflüsse von Blutparametern auf die Sauerstoffkonzentrierung im Auge der Forelle wurden isolierte Augen künstlich mit verschiedenen Erythrozytensuspensionen perfundiert. Dazu wurde zum einen eine Suspension von Forellenerythrozyten eingesetzt, bei der erst der Root-Effekt in Abhängigkeit vom pH-Wert der Suspension bestimmt wurde. Bei basischem pH-Werten war das Hämoglobin der Erythrozyten vollständig gesättigt. Bei einem pH-Wert von 7,68 war noch eine Sättigung von 90% vorhanden, die bis zu einem pH-Wert von 7,31 auf 50% abnahm. 10% Sättigung wurden bei einem pH-Wert von 6,94 erreicht. Für die Perfusion wurde die Suspension der Forellenerythrozyten mit einem pH-Wert von 7,48 eingesetzt. Bei diesem pH-Wert liegt die Sättigung bei ca. 82% und eine Änderung des pH hat in diesem Bereich eine deutliche Änderung der Sättigung zur Folge, was die Freisetzung von O2 von Hämoglobin erleichtert. Als alternative Perfusionslösung wurde eine Suspension von Humanerythrozyten eingesetzt. Humanhämoglobin weist keinen Root-Effekt auf, es kann also durch die im Auge der Knochenfische vorhandenen Mechanismen kein Sauerstoff freigesetzt werden. 10. Der mittlere intraretinale Sauerstoffpartialdruck isolierter Augen betrug bei Perfusion mit der Suspension von Forellenerythrozyten 99 Torr. Nach dem Wechsel auf die Suspension mit Humanerythrozyten fiel der intraretinale Sauerstoffpartialdruck sofort auf 30 Torr ab. Der Perfusionsdruck änderte sich bei dieser Umstellung nicht. Bei Perfusion mit Ringerlösung fiel der intraretinale PO2 auf 20 Torr, gleichzeitig fiel jetzt auch der Perfusionsdruck ab. 11. Eine Konzentrierung des Sauerstoffs konnte bei der künstlichen Perfusion isolierter Augen nicht nachgewiesen werden. Die Notwendigkeit des Root-Effekts für einen hohen Sauerstoffpartialdruck im Auge wird trotzdem deutlich, da bei Perfusion mit einer Suspension von Humanerythrozyten, die einen höheren Sauerstoffgehalt aufwies als die Suspension der Forellenerythrozyten, der intraretinale Sauerstoffpartialdruck deutlich geringer war. 12. Das Modell des isoliert perfundierten Auges ist zur physiologischen Untersuchung des choroidalen Rete mirabile und Sauerstoffkonzentrierung besser geeignet als in vivo - Experimente, da systemische Einflüsse vermieden und die Auswirkungen der Pseudobranchie auf die Blutchemie ausgeschaltet werden können. / Oxygen partial pressures (Po2) above ambient levels are found only in the swimbladder and the eye of teleost fish species. The mechanisms related to the involved oxygen concentration processes have been investigated to some detail in eel swimbladder, but little attention has been paid to analogous mechanisms of the teleost eye. This thesis has accordingly concentrated on developing a method promoting investigation of oxygen concentrating mechanisms in teleost eyes by application of an isolated perfused eye preparation. 1. The vascular supply of eye and pseudobranch in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) was depicted by corrosion casts of the vascular system. The choroid rete mirabile is supplied with blood by the ophthalmic artery as the efferent blood vessel of the pseudobranch, with a small anastomosis to the contralateral vessel. The pseudobranch in turn is fed by the efferent artery of the first gill arch. This pattern of serial vascular connection suggests a role for the pseudobranch in the process of providing high oxygen tensions required for the high metabolic demand of the visual perception in the retina. 2. Eyes of various fish species were sectioned after paraffin embedding and examined microscopically. The organisation of teleost fish retinae is characterised by the same features and organisation well known from other vertebrates. However, the total thickness of 407 µm found for the retina of the rainbow is much larger than that observed in other animals such as mammals. The conditions of diffusive oxygen supply of retinal nerve cells is further hampered by the complete lack of intraretinal blood vessels commonly found in mammals. In trout, blood is supplied to only the choroid layer, leaving large diffusion distances to the retinal nerve cells to be spanned by oxygen partial pressures, elevated as compared to the bulk arterial system in the choroid capillaries. 3. Intraretinal oxygen partial pressure was determined in long-term anaesthetised specimens of Oncorhynchus mykiss, using specially developed oxygen microelectrodes and required electronic circuitry. Characteristic features of the electrodes include insensitivity of the signal to stirring, achieved by a recess of the reactive metal surface in a glass capillary, an average tip diameter of less than 10 µm and a characteristic sensitivity to oxygen of 172 fA Torr-1. The response of the electrodes to oxygen was linear over a range of partial pressures from 0 to 760 Torr O2 (r= 0,9998). 4. Normal oxygen partial pressures in trout retina were measured in long-term anaesthetised and artificially ventilated specimens of Oncorhynchus mykiss. In order to conduct the experiments under conditions as close as possible to normal homoiostasis, several systemic valuables were monitored continuously. During experimentation arterial Po2 averaged 99 Torr, mean blood pressure was 28 Torr and heart frequency was on the average 74 bpm, respectively, data in the range of values determined in unanesthetized, freely swimming trout. As the one exception, arterial pH (8,02) was slightly elevated during artificial ventilation as compared to control values (7,89), a shift induced by an inadequately high rate of artificial ventilation. 5. The impact of insertion of electrodes required for intraretinal Po2 measurement into the eye was found to have little effect. The intraocular pressure remained unaffected by opening the eye by puncture with leading cannula and inserted micro-Po2-electrode. The intraocular pressure fell only after removing the electrode after completion of the experiment. 6. Normal function of the retina during experimentation in vivo was checked by repeatedly measuring electroretinograms provoked by light flashes under dark ambient conditions. Although extended anaesthesia with MS222 is expected to affect the electroretinogram in fish, there was no indication of abnormal or reduced electroretinograms during experimentation. Also puncture of the eye with insertion of electrodes did not affect the electroretinogram. 7. Intraretinal Po2 was measured in anaesthetised and artificially ventilated trout. Oxygen profiles were recorded during advancement of the electrode tip though the retina, from the lowest Po2 at the inner surface with about 10 Torr to the highest Po2 in the region of Bruch´s membrane with about 382 Torr, travelling a total distance of 433 µm. This distance closely corresponds to the thickness of the retina measured by microscopic sectioning. 8. Blood flow to the eye as an important parameter for the establishment of an isolated eye preparation was measured in the afferent artery of the pseudobranch. Due to the anatomical situation this represents the closest possible approximation to measurement of flow in the ophthalmic artery. The blood flow was estimated by ultrasonic Doppler techniques with in situ calibration to be 216 µl min-1. Occlusion of the contralateral vessel resulted in an increase of the blood flow in the ipsilateral vessel to 135% of the original as a result of flow through the small anastomosis between the two ophthalmic arteries. This estimate is the first performed for blood flow to the eye of a fish. 9. An isolated eye preparation was used to investigate the influence of specific blood parameters on oxygen concentrating processes in the eye of Oncorhynchus mykiss. Eyes were perfused with suspensions of trout erythrocytes, human erythrocytes and Ringer´s solution. The Root Effect of trout haemoglobin was confirmed in suspension of erythrocytes. The haemoglobin was fully saturated at pH 8.45, still 90% saturated at 7.68, 50% at 7.31 and 10% at pH 6.94. In order to provide optimal starting conditions for the release of oxygen by relatively small changes in pH, pH 7.48 (resulting in 82 % saturation) was chosen for the perfusion of isolated eyes. As a control perfusion, suspensions of human erythrocytes provided a perfusate lacking any Root effect, thus not supporting the oxygen concentrating processes in fish eyes. 10. Perfusion of isolated trout eyes with pH 7.48 trout erythrocyte suspension resulted in an average intraretinal Po2 of 99 Torr, whereas perfusion with human erythrocytes resulted in an immediate decrease of Po2 to (of) 30 Torr, with a further drop to 20 Torr during perfusion with Ringer´s solution. Changes in perfusion between erythrocyte suspensions were performed without any changes in perfusion pressure, but the switch to control perfusion with Ringer´s solution exhibited a drop in perfusion pressure due to the reduced viscosity of the medium. 11. Although perfusion of isolated eyes did not exhibit Po2 above ambient values, the effect of oxygen concentrating processes were clearly indicated by comparison with Root effect-lacking human erythrocyte perfusate (Po2´s of 99 vs. 30 Torr, respectively). 12. It is concluded that studies of oxygen concentrating mechanisms are to be performed preferably on isolated eye preparations. For closer analysis of the involved mechanisms this preparation allows for isolated control of individual parameter of the perfusate. In particular, uncontrolled effects of the pseudobranch on the perfusate can be eliminated.
817

Caractérisation du couplage neurovasculaire de la moelle épinière du rat

Paquette, Thierry 04 1900 (has links)
Dans le système nerveux central, l'activation d'un groupe de neurones entraine une augmentation locale du débit sanguin pour répondre à leurs besoins métaboliques accrus. Cette relation, connue sous le nom de couplage neurovasculaire (CNV), est essentielle pour utiliser l'imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf) en recherche et en clinique. En effet, grâce au CNV, il est possible d'inférer l'activité neuronale à partir des réponses hémodynamiques mesurées lors des scans d’IRMf. Comprendre précisément le CNV est essentiel pour évaluer de manière fiable les changements fonctionnels dans la moelle épinière, notamment lors de pathologies ou de traitements qui affectent cette région. De plus, une connaissance approfondie du CNV permet de développer de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques ciblant les dysfonctionnements neurovasculaires. Bien que le CNV du cortex cérébral soit bien documenté, les informations concernant le CNV de la moelle épinière restent insuffisantes, comme souligné dans notre revue de littérature (chapitre 2). Ce manque de données sur le CNV de la moelle épinière peut entrainer des suppositions incorrectes si les propriétés du CNV cérébral sont appliquées de manière inappropriée à la moelle épinière. Ainsi, dans cette thèse, nous explorons la régulation du CNV de la moelle épinière en réponse à diverses conditions associées à la douleur, qui influencent généralement le CNV cérébral. Les conditions étudiées incluent l'effet de l’anesthésie à l'isoflurane (chapitre 3), les variations de la pression artérielle systémique (chapitre 4), la dysrégulation des astrocytes (chapitre 5), et les impacts de la douleur lombaire chronique (chapitre 6). Les méthodes comprenaient l'utilisation simultanée d’une multiélectrode et d'une sonde laser Doppler pour mesurer respectivement l'activité neuronale et le débit sanguin local dans la corne dorsale de la moelle épinière chez des rats Wistar, lors de stimulations électriques graduées du nerf sciatique. Nos résultats indiquent que le CNV reste stable malgré l'exposition à l'isoflurane à 1.2%, soutenant l'utilisation de cet anesthésiant général dans les études subséquentes de cette thèse. 6 Nos expérimentations ont révélé que les réponses hémodynamiques locales de la moelle épinière ne sont pas confondues par des changements significatifs de la pression artérielle induits par des stimulations nociceptives, assurant ainsi la constance du CNV. Par ailleurs, dans notre modèle de douleur chronique lombaire, induit par l'injection de l'adjuvant de Freund, connu pour entrainer de la neuroinflammation, nous avons observé que le CNV de la moelle épinière restait stable. Cette stabilité du CNV a été maintenue malgré l'émergence d'une hypersensibilité mécanique primaire et secondaire, révélant une sensibilisation centrale. Cependant, l'inhibition pharmacologique des astrocytes a altéré le CNV en réduisant les réponses hémodynamiques aux stimulations électriques, ce qui met en évidence le rôle crucial des astrocytes dans la modulation du CNV. Toutefois, nous avons observé que le décours temporel des réponses hémodynamiques locales est modifié par l'isoflurane et par les processus reliés à la douleur chronique. Par conséquent, même si la précision des interprétations des résultats de l'IRMf spinale est généralement validée par nos études, les changements de latence que nous avons observés exigent une analyse minutieuse des signaux d'IRMf spinale dans ces contextes spécifiques. De plus, compte tenu de l'impact significatif de la dysrégulation des astrocytes sur le CNV, nous recommandons d’interpréter avec prudence les résultats d'IRMf spinale dans des conditions similaires. En conclusion, cette thèse approfondit notre compréhension du CNV dans la moelle épinière, mettant en lumière l’unicité du CNV spinal par rapport à celui du cerveau. / In the central nervous system, the activation of a group of neurons leads to a local increase in blood flow to meet their increased metabolic needs. This relationship, known as neurovascular coupling (NVC), is crucial for the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in research and clinical settings. Indeed, NVC allows for the inference of neuronal activity from measurements of hemodynamic responses. Precisely understanding NVC is essential for reliably assessing functional changes in the spinal cord, particularly in pathologies or treatments affecting this region. Moreover, a deep knowledge of NVC enables the development of new therapeutic strategies targeting neurovascular dysfunctions. Although NVC of the cerebral cortex is well-documented, information regarding spinal cord NVC remains insufficient, as highlighted in our literature review (Chapter 2). This lack of data on spinal NVC may lead to incorrect assumptions if cerebral NVC properties are inappropriately applied to the spinal cord. Thus, in this thesis, we explore the regulation of spinal NVC in response to various conditions associated with pain, which generally influence cerebral NVC. The conditions studied include the effect of isoflurane anesthesia (Chapter 3), variations in systemic blood pressure (Chapter 4), dysregulation of astrocytes (Chapter 5), and the impacts of chronic lumbar pain (Chapter 6). The methods included the simultaneous use of multi-electrodes and a laser Doppler probe to measure neuronal activity and local blood flow in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in Wistar rats during graded electrical stimulations of the sciatic nerve. Our results indicate that NVC remains stable despite exposure to 1.2% isoflurane, supporting the use of this anesthetic in subsequent studies of this thesis. Our experiments revealed that local hemodynamic responses in the spinal cord are not confounded by significant changes in blood pressure induced by nociceptive stimulations, thus ensuring the consistency of NVC. Additionally, in a model of chronic lumbar pain induced by Freund's adjuvant injection, which is known to cause neuroinflammation, NVC remained stable despite the emergence of primary and secondary hypersensitivity, a sign of central sensitization. However, the 8 pharmacological inhibition of astrocytes altered NVC by reducing hemodynamic responses to electrical stimulations, highlighting the crucial role of astrocytes in modulating NVC. However, we demonstrate that the temporal course of local hemodynamic responses is altered by isoflurane and the processes associated with chronic pain. Therefore, although the accuracy of the interpretations of spinal fMRI results is generally validated by our studies, the latency changes of vascular responses in the aforementioned conditions, as well as the impact of astrocyte dysregulation, urge us to interpret these results with caution. In summary, this thesis enhances our understanding of NVC in the spinal cord, while illustrating significant differences with cerebral NVC, except in the essential role of astrocytes.
818

Dynamische Autoregulation der Nierengefässe von wachen Ratten

Schönfeld, Stefan Georg 26 April 2004 (has links)
An 23 wachen Ratten wurde die dynamische Regulation der Nierengefäße als Antwort auf schwingungsförmige Änderung des renalen Perfusionsdruckes (RPP) gemessen. Es wurden der Renale Perfusionsdruck (RPP), der Nierenarterienfluss (RBF) sowie lokale Gefäßflüsse der Nierenrinde und des äußeren Nierenmark (Laser-Doppler) aufgezeichnet und daraus die entsprechende Conductance (Leitwert) der Gefäße errechnet. Der mittlere RPP wurde rampenförmig mit einer langsamen Änderungsrate gesenkt (dp/dt), wobei nach jeder absteigenden Flanke eine aufsteigende Rampe gleicher Geschwindigkeit gemessen wurde. Eine Überlagerung des RPP mit Schwingungen unterschiedlicher Frequenz (f=0,005, f=0,01 und f=0,02 Hz) bei einer Amplitude von 20 mmHg führte zu einem Anstieg von dp/dt und einem erhöhten Shearstress an der Gefäßwand (WSS). Der Einfluss der Schwingungen auf RCV war signifikant abhängig vom mittleren RPP. So war die Conductance in tieferen Druckbereichen des RPP mehrfach höher als in den Ausgangsdruckwerten. Innerhalb der absteigenden Rampen führte ein Erhöhung der Frequenz zu einem Anstieg der maximalen Amplitude des RVC des Nierengesamtflusses. Die größten Amplituden wurden bei RPP Werten zwischen 58 und 46 mmHg gemessen. Diese Abhängigkeit war bei den ansteigenden Flanken nicht gegeben. Außerdem zeigte sich in den abfallenden Versuchsteilen ein plötzlicher Phasenwechsel zwischen der RPP- und der RVC-Schwingung bei mittleren RPP-Werten zwischen 95 und 80 mmHg. Dies lässt schließen, dass oberhalb dieses Druckwertes aktive myogenen Vasokonstriktion die passiven Gefäßdilatation vollständig ausgleicht, während unterhalb dieses RPP-Wertes die Vasokonstriktion insuffizient reagiert, bis bei ca. 50 mmHg die RCV ausschließlich der passiven Vasodilatation folgt. Höhere Schwingungsfrequenzen führen durch einen Anstieg des WSS zu einer Erhöhung der Amplitude des RVC. Dies bewirkt eine Änderung der charakteristischen renalen Autoregulation des RPP. Auf diese Weise ändert sich die Effizienz der Autoregulation. / In 23 conscious rats, the dynamic features of renal vascular conductance (RVC) in response to oscillatory changes in renal perfusion pressure (RPP) were studied at different mean RPPs. RPP, renal blood flow, and regional cortical and outer-medullary fluxes (laser-Doppler) were continuously recorded and the respective RVCs calculated. Mean RPP was changed ramp-wise with a low rate of change (dp/dt), whereby a decremental ramp was immediately followed by an incremental ramp. Superimposing RPP oscillations (amplitude 20 mmHg) of different frequencies (f=0.005, f=0.01, and f=0.02 Hz) increased maximum dp/dt, and thus increased vascular wall shear stress (WSS). The impact of RPP oscillations on RVC critically depended on mean RPP. RVC oscillations were several times higher at lower mean RPPs than at control RPP During the decremental ramps, increasing the frequency led to an increase in the maximum amplitude of total RVC, and decreased mean RPP where maximum amplitude occurred from 58 to 46 mmHg. This frequency dependence was abolished during incremental ramps. Lowering mean RPP resulted in a sudden reversal of phase between RPP and RVC oscillations at mean RPP between 95 and 80 mmHg. It is concluded that, above this RPP, myogenic vasoconstriction fully counterbalances passive vasodilatation, whereas, below that RPP, myogenic constriction gradually tapers off until, at about 50 mmHg, RVC is exclusively determined by passive dilation. Higher oscillatory frequencies, assumed to be due to increased WSS, elicit a greater response in RVC amplitude as an expression of vessel compliance, and, thus change the RPP characteristics of renal autoregulation. However, the efficiency of autoregulation is thereby barely changed.
819

Peripheral Venous Retroperfusion: Implications for Critical Limb Ischemia and Salvage

Kemp, Arika D. 12 1900 (has links)
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Peripheral arterial disease is caused by plaque buildup in the peripheral arteries. Standard treatments are available when the blockage is proximal and focal, however when distal and diffuse the same type of the treatment options are not beneficial due to the diseased locations. Restoration of blood flow and further salvaging of the limb in these patients can occur in a retrograde manner through the venous system, called retroperfusion or arteriovenous reversal. Retroperfusion has been explored over the last century, where early side to side artery to venous connections had issues with valve competency prohibiting distal flows, edema buildup, and heart failure. However, more recent clinical studies create a bypass to a foot vein to ensure distal flows, and though the results have been promising, it requires a lengthy invasive procedure. It is our belief that the concerns of both retroperfusion approaches can be overcome in a minimally invasive/catheter based approach in which the catheter is engineered to a specific resistance that avoids edema and the perfusion location allows for valves to be passable and flow to reach distally. In this approach, the pressure flow relations were characterized in the retroperfused venous system in ex-vivo canine legs to locate the optimal perfusion location followed by in-vivo validation of canines. Six canines were acutely injured for 1-3 hours by surgical ligation of the terminal aorta and both external iliac arteries. Retroperfusion was successfully performed on five of the dogs at the venous popliteal bifurcation for approximately one hour, where flow rates at peak pressures reached near half of forward flow (37±3 vs. 84±27ml/min) and from which the slope of the P/F curves displayed a retro venous vasculature resistance that was used to calculate the optimal catheter resistance. To assess differences in regional perfusion, microspheres were passed during retroperfusion and compared to baseline microspheres passed arterially prior to occlusion in which the ratio of retroperfusion and forward perfusion levels were near the ratio of reversed and forward venous flow (0.44) throughout the limb. Decreases in critical metabolites during injury trended towards normal levels post-retroperfusion. By identifying the popliteal bifurication as a perfusion site to restore blood flow in the entirety of the distal ischemic limb, showing reversal of injury, and knowing what catheter resistances to target for further chronic studies, steps towards controlled retroperfusion and thus more efficient treatment options can be made for severe PAD patients.
820

Assessment of cerebral venous return by a novel plethysmography method

Zamboni, P., Menegatti, E., Conforti, P., Shepherd, Simon J., Tessari, M., Beggs, Clive B. January 2012 (has links)
No / BACKGROUND: Magnetic resonance imaging and echo color Doppler (ECD) scan techniques do not accurately assess the cerebral venous return. This generated considerable scientific controversy linked with the diagnosis of a vascular syndrome known as chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) characterized by restricted venous outflow from the brain. The purpose of this study was to assess the cerebral venous return in relation to the change in position by means of a novel cervical plethysmography method. METHODS: This was a single-center, cross-sectional, blinded case-control study conducted at the Vascular Diseases Center, University of Ferrara, Italy. The study involved 40 healthy controls (HCs; 18 women and 22 men) with a mean age of 41.5 +/- 14.4 years, and 44 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS; 25 women and 19 men) with a mean age of 41.0 +/- 12.1 years. All participants were previously scanned using ECD sonography, and further subset in HC (CCSVI negative at ECD) and CCSVI groups. Subjects blindly underwent cervical plethysmography, tipping them from the upright (90 degrees ) to supine position (0 degrees ) in a chair. Once the blood volume stabilized, they were returned to the upright position, allowing blood to drain from the neck. We measured venous volume (VV), filling time (FT), filling gradient (FG) required to achieve 90% of VV, residual volume (RV), emptying time (ET), and emptying gradient (EG) required to achieve 90% of emptying volume (EV) where EV = VV - RV, also analyzing the considered parameters by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and principal component mathematical analysis. RESULTS: The rate at which venous blood discharged in the vertical position (EG) was significantly faster in the controls (2.73 mL/second +/- 1.63) compared with the patients with CCSVI (1.73 mL/second +/- 0.94; P = .001). In addition, respectively, in controls and in patients with CCSVI, the following parameters were highly significantly different: FT 5.81 +/- 1.99 seconds vs 4.45 +/- 2.16 seconds (P = .003); FG 0.92 +/- 0.45 mL/second vs 1.50 +/- 0.85 mL/second (P < .001); RV 0.54 +/- 1.31 mL vs 1.37 +/- 1.34 mL (P = .005); ET 1.84 +/- 0.54 seconds vs 2.66 +/- 0.95 seconds (P < .001). Mathematical analysis demonstrated a higher variability of the dynamic process of cerebral venous return in CCSVI. Finally, ROC analysis demonstrated a good sensitivity of the proposed test with a percent concordant 83.8, discordant 16.0, tied 0.2 (C = 0.839). CONCLUSIONS: Cerebral venous return characteristics of the patients with CCSVI were markedly different from those of the controls. In addition, our results suggest that cervical plethysmography has great potential as an inexpensive screening device and as a postoperative monitoring tool.

Page generated in 0.0488 seconds