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Organic insecticides play a big role in reducing the usage of chemical insecticides and their negative impact on the environment. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) spays are the only tool that organic farmers are allowed to use for the control of pests. Genetic engineering and modification of crops have been made possible with scientific advances in cell and molecular biology. These advances are used to transfer some of the Bt Cry toxins into crops for control of target species to reduce yield loss. Bt maize were commercialised for the first time in South Africa in 1998 and the economic important stem borers, Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and Sesamia calamistis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were exposed to the Cry1Ab toxin that is found in Bt maize. Busseola fusca developed resistance to Cry1Ab under field conditions within eight years after it had been released. Eldana saccharina (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is a major pest on sugarcane in South Africa and although it has not been recorded on maize in this country, is it known as a major pest of maize in other African countries. African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) has a very wide distribution in Africa and is known to be an occasional pest on maize. The aims of this dissertation were to determine the efficacy of Bt spray applications for control of four lepidopteran pests and whether development of Cry1Ab resistance by B. fusca caused a loss in susceptibility to other Bt toxins (i.e. cross-resistance). Susceptibility bioassays with 10 day old larvae were conducted under laboratory conditions. Treatments included application of various dosage rates of Dipel® and deltamethrin as well as exposure to MON810 (maize leaves). Stemborer populations of C. partellus, E. saccharina, and B. fusca (Venda) as well as the S. exempta were effectively controlled by the Bt spray, Dipel®. Care should be taken not be interpret the percentage C. partellus, E. saccharina and S. exempta larvae that survived after exposure to MON810 and Bt spray treatments as development of resistance without verification of these experiments with earlier instars that are known to be more susceptible. Spodoptera exempta is active throughout a year in temperate zones of Africa. If S. exempta develop resistance to Cry toxins and Bt maize events would be released for commercial planting in these areas, S. exempta pose a threat added to their injuriousness. Busseola fusca larvae were sampled from Venda (susceptible population), Ventersdorp and the Vaalharts Irrigation Scheme (resistant population). The Ventersdorp B. fusca population was controlled by MON810 and MON89034 and Bt sprays, but the percentage larvae that survived showed reduced susceptibility within the population. Dipel® treatments, MON810 and MON89034 did not provide effective control of the Vaalharts B. fusca population reported to be resistant to Cry1Ab, in two experiments. The high survival rates indicate a reduction in susceptibility to Cry toxins other than Cry1Ab and therefore development of cross resistance in the Vaalharts B. fusca population. / MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Organic insecticides play a big role in reducing the usage of chemical insecticides and their negative impact on the environment. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) spays are the only tool that organic farmers are allowed to use for the control of pests. Genetic engineering and modification of crops have been made possible with scientific advances in cell and molecular biology. These advances are used to transfer some of the Bt Cry toxins into crops for control of target species to reduce yield loss. Bt maize were commercialised for the first time in South Africa in 1998 and the economic important stem borers, Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and Sesamia calamistis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were exposed to the Cry1Ab toxin that is found in Bt maize. Busseola fusca developed resistance to Cry1Ab under field conditions within eight years after it had been released. Eldana saccharina (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is a major pest on sugarcane in South Africa and although it has not been recorded on maize in this country, is it known as a major pest of maize in other African countries. African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) has a very wide distribution in Africa and is known to be an occasional pest on maize. The aims of this dissertation were to determine the efficacy of Bt spray applications for control of four lepidopteran pests and whether development of Cry1Ab resistance by B. fusca caused a loss in susceptibility to other Bt toxins (i.e. cross-resistance). Susceptibility bioassays with 10 day old larvae were conducted under laboratory conditions. Treatments included application of various dosage rates of Dipel® and deltamethrin as well as exposure to MON810 (maize leaves). Stemborer populations of C. partellus, E. saccharina, and B. fusca (Venda) as well as the S. exempta were effectively controlled by the Bt spray, Dipel®. Care should be taken not be interpret the percentage C. partellus, E. saccharina and S. exempta larvae that survived after exposure to MON810 and Bt spray treatments as development of resistance without verification of these experiments with earlier instars that are known to be more susceptible. Spodoptera exempta is active throughout a year in temperate zones of Africa. If S. exempta develop resistance to Cry toxins and Bt maize events would be released for commercial planting in these areas, S. exempta pose a threat added to their injuriousness. Busseola fusca larvae were sampled from Venda (susceptible population), Ventersdorp and the Vaalharts Irrigation Scheme (resistant population). The Ventersdorp B. fusca population was controlled by MON810 and MON89034 and Bt sprays, but the percentage larvae that survived showed reduced susceptibility within the population. Dipel® treatments, MON810 and MON89034 did not provide effective control of the Vaalharts B. fusca population reported to be resistant to Cry1Ab, in two experiments. The high survival rates indicate a reduction in susceptibility to Cry toxins other than Cry1Ab and therefore development of cross resistance in the Vaalharts B. fusca population. / MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Depuis leur commercialisation en 1996, les surfaces de cultures de plantes transgéniques Bt ont considérablement augmentées, représentant en 2007 près de 42 millions d'hectares. Ces plantes produisent en continu une protéine insecticide (issue de Bacillus thuringiensis) leur permettant de lutter contre les insectes ravageurs tels que la pyrale du maïs. La toxine est introduite dans les sols par exsudation racinaire et dégradation des tissus végétaux. Les interactions de la toxine avec les particules de sol peuvent modifier sa mobilité, sa biodisponibilité, sa persistance et sa toxicité. Il est donc important d'étudier le rôle du sol dans le devenir de cette toxine. Ce travail de thèse a permis de mieux comprendre les interactions physicochimiques entre la toxine et les composantes du sol et en particulier avec les argiles, surfaces très réactives. L'adsorption de la toxine sur les argiles est une interaction de faible affinité, fortement dépendante du pH et difficilement réversible. La différence de quantité maximale de toxine adsorbée sur la montmorillonite et sur la kaolinite était fortement liée à leurs surfaces spécifiques respectives, plutôt qu'à leur charge de surface spécifique. Une analyse de la mobilité de la toxine à l'état adsorbé sur la montmorillonite par Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) a montré que cette protéine est immobilisée par son adsorption sur l'argile. Ces résultats suggèrent que le risque de transfert de la toxine dans le sol se limite aux transports facilités par les colloïdes et aux processus de bioturbation. Par ailleurs, des études de persistance de la toxine dans le sol ont montré que plus de 50 % de l'immuno-réactivité de la toxine est perdue en moins d'une semaine. Les processus biotiques (dégradations microbiennes) semblent peu impliqués dans ce phénomène. Il semblerait que la toxine ne soit pas dégradée mais plutôt inactivée par des changements de conformations suite à son interaction avec les composants du sol. Les processus abiotiques (interactions physicochimiques) sont donc fortement impliqués dans la persistance de la toxine dans le sol, avec une contribution significative des interactions hydrophobes. Dans ce travail de thèse, un effort important a été consacré à l'élaboration d'une méthode de détection in situ de la toxine dans le sol. Deux stratégies ont été envisagées, basées à la fois sur la spectroscopie de fluorescence et l'immunologie, mettant en jeu la reconnaissance soit de deux épitopes de la toxine par deux anticorps marqués (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, FRET), soit la reconnaissance d'un épitope par un anticorps marqué après présaturation des surfaces (sites protéiques). Les résultats, encore préliminaires, sont encourageants et nécessitent d'être poursuivis.

Colloidal particles suspended in a liquid or gas phase often interact with a solid-liquid or solid-gas interface. In this study, experimental data through atomic force microscopy and neutron reflectometry and theoretical results of colloidal particle-surface interactions were obtained and compared. Atmospheric and aquatic environments were considered for the interactions of microbial colloidal particles and nano-sized silica particles with planar surfaces. Spores of Bacillus thuringiensis, members of the Bacillus cereus group, were examined as the microbial particles, simulating the pathogens Bacillus cereus and Bacillus anthracis which are potentially dangerous to human health. Model planar surfaces used in this study include gold which is an electrically conductive surface, mica which is a highly charged, nonconductive surface, and silica. In atmospheric systems, the interaction forces were found to be strongly affected by the relative humidity, and the total adhesion force of a particle onto a surface was modeled as the addition of the capillary, van der Waals, and electrostatic forces. Each component is influenced by the properties of the particle and surface materials, including hydrophobicity and surface roughness, as well as the humidity of the surrounding atmosphere. In aquatic systems, the interaction forces are mainly affected by the solution chemistry, including pH and ionic strength. The main components of the interaction force between a microbial colloidal particle and a planar surface were found to be the van der Waals and electrostatic forces. The results obtained in this research provide insights into the fundamental mechanisms of colloidal particle interactions with environmental surfaces in both atmospheric and aquatic systems, contributing to the understanding of the phenomena driving such interfacial processes as deposition, aggregation, and sedimentation. Thus, the results can help us describe the behavior of contaminant colloidal particles in environmental systems and subsequently devise better means for their removal from environmental surfaces.

Gastrointestinal nematode parasites cause great losses in the production of small ruminants through reduced productivity and the cost of preventive and curative treatments. Because of the threat of anthelmintic resistance, biological control of sheep nematodes has been identified as an alternative to anthelmintic drugs. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) (Berliner) and Clonostachys rosea (Schroers) have been widely studied as biocontrol agents. B. thuringiensis has been used for the biocontrol of insects and C. rosea has been successfully used as biocontrol agent of Botrytis cinera (De Bary) in plants. B. thuringiensis and C. rosea strains were isolated from soil collected from the Livestock Section at Ukulinga Research Farm, University of KwaZulu Natal, Pietermaritzburg. Twenty-five strains of Bt and 10 strains of C. rosea were successfully isolated. The Bt colonies were identified by their circular, white, flat and undulate character, and the gram-positive and rod-shaped endospores. C. rosea was identified by white colonies on Potato-dextose agar and the characteristic conidiophores, which were branched and showed phialides at the tips. In vitro screening of the isolates was undertaken to select the best isolates. The isolates that caused significantly greater mortality were Bt isolate B2, B10 and B12 and C. rosea isolates P1, P3 and P8. These isolates caused substantial nematode mortality in both faeces and water bioassay. Nematode counts were reduced by 28.5% to 62% and 44% to 69.9% in faecal bioassay for Bt and C. rosea, respectively. In the water bioassay, nematode counts were reduced by 62% to 85% for Bt and by 62.7% to 89.3% for C. rosea. The best inoculum level at which the best isolates were most effective, and the optimum frequency of application were determined. The trial was conducted using bioassays with faeces and water. Inoculum levels of 10(6), 10(8), 10(10), 10(12) spores ml-1 for Bt and 10(6), 10(8) and 10(10) conidia ml-1 for C. rosea was used in the faecal bioassay. The inoculum levels tested in water bioassay were 10(6), 10(8), 10(10) and 10(12) spores ml-1 for Bt and 10(9), 10(10), 10(11), 10(12) conidia ml-1 for C. rosea. In the faecal bioassay, B2 was the most effective Bt isolate at an inoculum level of 10(10) spores ml-1. Isolate P3 was the best C. rosea isolate at 10(8) conidia ml-1. In the water bioassay, Isolate P3 caused a mortality of 85% at inoculum levels of 10(9), 10(10) and 10(11) conidia ml-1. The performance of biological control agents in the field is sometimes inconsistent. Combining different biocontrol agents may be a method of improving their reliability and performance. However, the combination of most of the isolates was antagonistic, with efficacy less than that of either individual biocontrol agent. In particular, Isolate P3 was more effective when used alone than when combined with any other isolates. Therefore, the combination of biocontrol agents does not always result in synergistic interaction. There were some additive interactions between two bacterial isolates, and with one bacterial and fungal combination. The effect of feeding the best of the biocontrol agents, or diatomaceous earth (DE), was evaluated in sheep. Two doses of Bt (1g and 2g kg-1BW) and C. rosea (1g kg-1BW) reduced the numbers of L3 nematode larvae in sheep faeces. The DE product (at 15% of feed) also reduced L3 numbers but it was less effective than either the Bt or the C. rosea products. Nematode counts were reduced by 74.6%, 75.1%, 84.6%, 68.5% and 27.5% for Bt 1g kg-1BW, Bt 2g kg-1BW, C. rosea (1g kg-1 BW), DE and control, respectively. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.

The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana and the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) have been widely studied for their role in biocontrol against many arthropods and extensively exploited for insect pest control. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of four B. bassiana and two Bti formulations and their respective combinations, for the biological control of the common house fly, Musca domestica L., a major pest in poultry facilities. In vitro screening was undertaken to select the best B. bassiana isolates from 34 B. bassiana isolates and two Paecilomyces isolates. All the isolates of B. bassiana were found to be effective against adult house flies, but were marginally effective in controlling fly larvae. The Paecilomyces isolates were non-pathogenic towards both adult house flies and larvae. The best four isolates R444, 7320, 7569 and 7771 caused >90% mortality within 2d and were subjected to dose-mortality bioassays. Microscopic studies using light and scanning electron microscopy indicated the different durations of the lifecycle of B. bassiana development on the house fly. High temperature was found to delay conidial germination. Spore germination and mycelial growth were also inhibited by high adjuvant concentrations. Laboratory baseline bioassay data established, a dose-time response relationship using a waterdispersible granules (WDG) Bti formulation that demonstrated that the susceptibility of M. domestica larvae to a given concentration of Bti increased as the duration of exposure increased. In the laboratory studies, the LC50 and LC90 values of Bti for the larvae ranged between 65 - 77.4 and 185.1 - 225.9?g ml-1, respectively. LT50 and LT90 values were 5.5 and 10.3d respectively. In the field, a concentration of 10g Bti kg-1 (bran formulation) of feed resulted in 90% reduction of larvae for 4wk post-treatment. A higher concentration (2g L-1) of Bti in spray (WDG) applications was not significantly more effective than the lower concentration of 1g L-1. Thus, adding Bti to chicken feed has potential for the management and control of house flies in cagedpoultry facilities. The impact of oral feed applications of a bran formulation of Bti and a commercial chemical larvicide, Larvadex®, were compared with respect to their efficacy on the control of house fly 3 larval populations in poultry manure. The sublethal effects were manifested in terms of decreasing emergence of adult house flies. Although Larvadex® reduced larval density and caused significant reductions in emergence of adult house flies, it generally exhibited weaker lethal effects than Bti. The reduction levels achieved as a result of feeding 250mg Bti kg-1 at 5wk were similar to those achieved as a result of feeding twice the amount of Larvadex® at 4wk to the layers. From both an efficiency and economic perspective, comparisons to assess the impact of combining different concentrations of the two Bti formulations were carried out to evaluate their success in controlling house fly larvae and adults in poultry houses. The percentage mortality of larvae accomplished as a result of using a combination of 250mg kg-1 Bti in feed and 2g L-1 spray applications was equivalent to that obtained as a result of combining 500mg kg-1 Bti in feed and 1g L-1 spray application. The cost-benefit analysis (expressed in terms of mortality of larvae) indicated that the most effective combination for control of house fly larvae and fly emergence was the 500mg kg-1 in feed and 2g L-1 spray application combination that resulted in 67% larval mortality and 74% inhibition of adult house fly emergence. This study presents commercial users with possible combinations of applications of the two Bti formulations. Comparisons of larval mortalities and house fly emergence resulting from the Bti - B. bassiana treatments with those from Larvadex® - B. bassiana treatments, showed better control levels compared to any of the individual agents alone. The Bti treatments were more effective at controlling larval populations and inhibiting the emergence of house flies than Larvadex®, even when Larvadex® was applied together with B. bassiana. The effects of the Bti - B. bassiana and the Larvadex® - B. bassiana interactions were additive. These trials suggest that the efficacy of Bti in the control of house fly larvae may be improved with frequent applications of B. bassiana. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-09-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:24:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 thuler_amg_dr_jabo.pdf: 1407432 bytes, checksum: d7e6ed286b2d4a2ad8e9b2120b24b7ca (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O trabalho foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Genética de Bactérias e Biotecnologia Aplicada (LGBBA) da FCAV-UNESP. Foram caracterizados geneticamente, por PCR, isolados de Bacillus thuringiensis, provenientes de três coleções brasileiras, quanto aos tipos de genes cry1, avaliando-se o efeito dos mesmos sobre uma população de Plutella xylostella caracterizando-se também os isolados de B. thuringiensis quanto à presença de enterotoxinas HBL, NHE e o regulador pleitrópico PLC, por verificação biomolecular, avaliando a variabilidade, bem como a estruturação genética de populações de B. thuringiensis, por PCR-RFLP. Verificou-se que existe uma distribuição homogênea das subclasses cry1 dentro do banco de isolados de B. thuringiensis, com maior porcentagem de isolados portadores dos genes cry1Ab (42,12%) e com menor porcentagem de representantes da subclasse cry1Db (0,6%). Nos bioensaios observou-se 100% de mortalidade para lagartas de P. xylostella com os isolados utilizados, indicando que combinações de tipos diferentes de genes cry1 apresentam ação tóxica para larvas de P. xylostella. Analisando a estrutura populacional de B. thuringiensis foram obtidos 78 haplótipos, definidos para as populações das diferentes coleções, e 76 haplótipos, definidos para as populações de diferentes regiões brasileiras, retratando a variabilidade genética para os loci hblA, plcR, nheBC e cry1 analisados. Segundo valores FSTs, de comparação duas a duas, diferenças significativas entre coleções e populações de B. thuringiensis provenientes das regiões brasileiras foram verificadas. Mesmo assim, alguns grupos formados são constituídos por uma população clonal de isolados da bactéria. / The work was developed in the Laboratory of Bacterias’ Genetics and Applied Biotechnology (LGBBA) at UNESP/ Jaboticabal Campus. There were genetically characterized, by PCR, isolates of B. thuringiensis, belonging to three Brazilian collections basead on cry1 gene content, evaluating their effects on Plutella xylostella. They were also characterized concerning their enterotoxins production such as HBL, NHE and the PLC virulence factor, using molecular techniques, so as to evaluate their gene diversities, as well as their population genetic, using the PCR-RFLP approach. It was observed a homogeneous distribution of the cry1 subclasses within B. thuringiensis strain collections studied, with bigger percentage of isolates showing the cry1Ab genes (42.12%) and with lower percentage of isolates for subclass cry1Db (0.6%). The bioassays have revealed 100% mortality to P. xylostella larvae meaning that the effectiveness of B. thuringiensis as a biological control agent does not depend at the cry genes content. When the B. thuringiensis population structure was considered, 78 haplotypes were defined for the strains contents of different collections and 76 haplotypes were defined for strains of different Brazilian regions, exhibiting the great genetic variability for hblA, plcR, nheBC and cry1 loci. According to the FSTs values for establish pair comparisons, significant differences among the B. thuringiensis collections and populations, were observed. Nevertheless some of the formed groups were considered as bacterial clonal population.

Orientador: Manoel Victor Franco Lemos / Banca: Janete Apparecida Desiderio Sena / Banca: Gislayne Fernandes Lemes Trindade Vilas-Bôas / Banca: Sérgio Antonio de Bortoli / Banca: Fernando Hercos Valicente / Resumo: O trabalho foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Genética de Bactérias e Biotecnologia Aplicada (LGBBA) da FCAV-UNESP. Foram caracterizados geneticamente, por PCR, isolados de Bacillus thuringiensis, provenientes de três coleções brasileiras, quanto aos tipos de genes cry1, avaliando-se o efeito dos mesmos sobre uma população de Plutella xylostella caracterizando-se também os isolados de B. thuringiensis quanto à presença de enterotoxinas HBL, NHE e o regulador pleitrópico PLC, por verificação biomolecular, avaliando a variabilidade, bem como a estruturação genética de populações de B. thuringiensis, por PCR-RFLP. Verificou-se que existe uma distribuição homogênea das subclasses cry1 dentro do banco de isolados de B. thuringiensis, com maior porcentagem de isolados portadores dos genes cry1Ab (42,12%) e com menor porcentagem de representantes da subclasse cry1Db (0,6%). Nos bioensaios observou-se 100% de mortalidade para lagartas de P. xylostella com os isolados utilizados, indicando que combinações de tipos diferentes de genes cry1 apresentam ação tóxica para larvas de P. xylostella. Analisando a estrutura populacional de B. thuringiensis foram obtidos 78 haplótipos, definidos para as populações das diferentes coleções, e 76 haplótipos, definidos para as populações de diferentes regiões brasileiras, retratando a variabilidade genética para os loci hblA, plcR, nheBC e cry1 analisados. Segundo valores FSTs, de comparação duas a duas, diferenças significativas entre coleções e populações de B. thuringiensis provenientes das regiões brasileiras foram verificadas. Mesmo assim, alguns grupos formados são constituídos por uma população clonal de isolados da bactéria. / Abstract: The work was developed in the Laboratory of Bacterias' Genetics and Applied Biotechnology (LGBBA) at UNESP/ Jaboticabal Campus. There were genetically characterized, by PCR, isolates of B. thuringiensis, belonging to three Brazilian collections basead on cry1 gene content, evaluating their effects on Plutella xylostella. They were also characterized concerning their enterotoxins production such as HBL, NHE and the PLC virulence factor, using molecular techniques, so as to evaluate their gene diversities, as well as their population genetic, using the PCR-RFLP approach. It was observed a homogeneous distribution of the cry1 subclasses within B. thuringiensis strain collections studied, with bigger percentage of isolates showing the cry1Ab genes (42.12%) and with lower percentage of isolates for subclass cry1Db (0.6%). The bioassays have revealed 100% mortality to P. xylostella larvae meaning that the effectiveness of B. thuringiensis as a biological control agent does not depend at the cry genes content. When the B. thuringiensis population structure was considered, 78 haplotypes were defined for the strains contents of different collections and 76 haplotypes were defined for strains of different Brazilian regions, exhibiting the great genetic variability for hblA, plcR, nheBC and cry1 loci. According to the FSTs values for establish pair comparisons, significant differences among the B. thuringiensis collections and populations, were observed. Nevertheless some of the formed groups were considered as bacterial clonal population. / Doutor

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-11-23T14:07:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Andresa Cristina Batista de Oliveira.pdf: 456966 bytes, checksum: 512be8b21cb03d0d47d281c2432f28cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-23T14:07:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andresa Cristina Batista de Oliveira.pdf: 456966 bytes, checksum: 512be8b21cb03d0d47d281c2432f28cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-01 / The insects’ midgut pH has a great influence on the activity of Cry toxins. Some toxins are activated under alkaline or acidic conditions. The proteolytic processing of Cry toxins is a crucial step in their activation and information about distribution and interaction of these toxins on target and non-target insects are important to explain how proteolytic activity of digestive enzymes contributes to the tolerance of natural enemies to Cry toxins. Furthermore, studies have shown that insects can adapt to Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) toxins under field and laboratory conditions. Because Alabama argillacea (Hübner) (Lep.: Noctuidae), is a monophagous species with short life cycle, it poses a risk of developing resistance to the toxins of B. thuringiensis . The knowledge about the different mechanisms of resistance to these toxins is important to extend the usefulness of commercial products based on Bt. The proteinase activity of the digestive tract of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Hem.: Pentatomidae), proteolytic capacity of these on Cry1Ac and cellular and humoral immune response of larvae of A. argillacea towards commercial formulations based on B. thuringiensis, were tested. The results indicated that the major enzymes of the digestive tract of P. nigrispinus are serine-proteases and cysteine proteases that work in a neutral to mildly acidic pH and apparently digestive enzymes were not able to process the Cry1Ac toxin within 12 hours of incubation. 4th instar larvae of A. argillacea do not have potential to develop tolerance to Bt formulated based on immunological responses. Dipel® led to quantitative variation in all cell types while XenTari® changed prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes and oenocytoids. In insects treated with Dipel® was no increase in the level of nitric oxide. Differences in responses to treatments can be attributed to different composition of the insecticides, Dipel ® had a more effective and faster to control A. argillacea. / O pH do intestino médio dos insetos tem grande influência na atividade das toxinas Cry que podem ser ativadas em condições alcalinas ou ácidas. O processamento proteolítico das toxinas Cry é uma etapa crucial na sua ativação e informações sobre a distribuição e interação dessas toxinas sobre insetos alvo e não-alvo, são de valor para explicar como a ação proteolítica de enzimas digestivas contribui para a tolerância de inimigos naturais às toxinas Cry. Estudos têm mostrado que insetos podem adaptar-se às toxinas de Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) sob condições de campo e laboratório. Alabama argillacea (Hübner) (Lep.: Noctuidae), por ser uma espécie monófaga com ciclo de vida curto, apresenta risco de desenvolver resistência às toxinas de B. thuringiensis. O conhecimento dos diferentes mecanismos de resistência a essas toxinas é importante para prolongar a utilidade de produtos comerciais à base de Bt. A atividade de proteinases do tubo digestivo de Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Hem.: Pentatomidae), capacidade proteolítica dessas sobre Cry1Ac e a resposta imunológica celular e humoral de lagartas de A. argillacea frente às formulações comerciais à base de B. thuringiensis, foram testadas. Os resultados indicaram que as principais enzimas do tubo digestivo de P. nigrispinus são serinoproteases e proteases cisteínicas que atuam em pH levemente ácido até neutro e que as enzimas do tubo digestivo não são capazes de degradar Cry1Ac. Lagartas do 4º ínstar de A. argillacea não apresentam potencial para desenvolverem tolerância de natureza imunológica a formulados Bt. Dipel® ocasionou variação quantitativa em todos os tipos celulares enquanto XenTari® alterou prohemócitos, plasmatócitos, granulócitos e oenocitóides. Nos insetos tratados com Dipel® houve aumento no nível de óxido nítrico. As diferenças nas respostas aos tratamentos podem ser atribuídas à diferente composição dos inseticidas testados, onde Dipel® tem uma ação mais efetiva e mais rápida no controle de A. argillacea.