Behovet av tillförlitliga, motståndskraftiga, och beständiga system är uppenbart i vårt samhälle, som i ökande grad blir allt mer beroende av mjukvarulösningar. För att uppnå tillfredsställande nivåer av säkerhet och robusthet måste alla system kontinuerligt genomgå tester. En av de största utmaningarna vid automatisering av programvarutestning är avsaknaden av tillförlitliga orakel kapabla att ge korrekta bedömningar av testfall. Metamorfisk testning är en metod som har visats möjlig att applicera för automatisering av testning, men som däremot kräver identifiering av metamorfiska relationer. Det har gjorts försök att identifiera metamorfiska relationer med hjälp av vissa maskininlärningsmodellers förmåga till mönsterigenkänning. Ett stort problem för sådana tillvägagångssätt är mängden tillgängliga och användbara data som dessa ML-modeller kan tränas på. Det huvudsakliga bidraget denna uppsats levererar är en automatiserad metod för att genomföra utökning av data genom källkodsmutation i syfte att skala befintliga datamängder. Specifikt behandlar denna uppsats producering av icke-ekvivalenta mutanter och deras inverkan på maskininlärningsassisterad identifiering av metamorfiska relationer. Resultaten visar att icke-ekvivalenta mutanter kan genereras effektivt, även om manuell granskning är nödvändig för att härleda korrekta etiketter för varje datapunkt. Det visas också att icke-ekvivalenta mutanter kan påverka klassificeringsprestandan positivt i vissa fall, även om resultaten varierar beroende på mutationsoperator och behandlad metamorfisk relation. Framgångsrika framsteg inom testautomatisering kan potentiellt påverka nuvarande standarder för programvaruutveckling genom att förbättra programvarutestningspraxis. Därmed bidrar denna studie till diskussionen om hur automatiserad programvarutestning kan påverka organisationens prestationsförmåga i ett bredare perspektiv. Diskussionen baseras på ramverket för balanserade styrkort, och slutsatsen visar att testautomatisering kan generera fördelaktiga resultat på flera fronter. Det är dock viktigt att samordna sådana initiativ med organisationens strategiska inriktning och långsiktiga mål. / The need for reliable, resilient, and persistent systems is evident in our society, which is becoming increasingly more dependent on software solutions. In order to achieve satisfactory levels of security and robustness, all systems continuously need to undergo testing to detect faults and unwanted functionality. One of the mayor issues in automating software testing is the lack of reliable oracles capable of deriving test case verdicts. Metamorphic testing has been identified as a testing technique which can be used for test automation, though it requires the identification of metamorphic relations. There have been attempts at identifying metamorphic relations using the pattern recognition capabilities of certain machine learning models. A significant problem for any such approach is obtaining a sufficiently large labeled dataset which the ML models can be trained on. The main contribution of this paper is an automated approach to performing data augmentation through a process of source code mutation with the aim of scaling existing datasets. Specifically, this paper considers the generation of non-equivalent mutants and their impact on machine learning assisted identification of metamorphic relations. The results show that non-equivalent mutants can be efficiently generated, although manual oversight is necessary to derive accurate labels for each sample. It is also shown that non-equivalent mutants can positively impact the classification performance in certain instances, though results vary depending mutation operator and considered metamorphic relation. Furthermore, successful advances in the area of test automation can potentially affect current software development standards by improving software testing practices. As such, this study adds to the discussion on how automated software testing might affect organizational performance. The discussion is based on the balanced scorecard framework, and the discussion concludes that test automation can generate beneficial performance outcomes. However, it is imperative to aligning such endeavours with the strategic direction and long-term objectives of the organization.

Ma pratique en art se conçoit uniquement en peinture. Elle est orientée vers l’abstraction où je travaille la forme et la couleur exclusivement liées à mes états émotionnels. Ma préoccupation première tourne autour du principe de l’équilibre pictural qui consiste à répartir les éléments visuels dans un tableau de manière à harmoniser la composition et les proportions. Afin d’arriver à ce stade, j’équilibre mes peintures selon leurs éléments plastiques. Chacune des composantes picturales interagit avec ses voisines, nécessitant ainsi une préoccupation constante du poids visuel de celles-ci. Ce poids s’établit en termes de pesanteur (légèreté/lourdeur), au niveau des formes (ovale/cubique), des couleurs (claire/foncé) et des espaces (allégé, surchargé). L’aspect de dualités entre deux notions plastiques (transparence/opacité, chaud/froid, traits/masses) est aussi présent dans mon travail pour créer ce que j’appelle des tensions spatiales. Ces rapports de dualité complètent, avec l’équilibre, le dynamisme visuel qui se construit devant mes yeux. Composées d’un amas de masses de couleurs de différentes grosseurs et de formes aléatoires, mes peintures sont créées en majorité par des traces de vitesse. Travailler avec la peinture acrylique est un avantage puisqu’elle sèche très vite et qu’elle me permet de venir camoufler, juxtaposer, altérer et foncer une ancienne tache sans que les couleurs ne se mélangent. La conception de mes toiles est donc un processus d’accumulation et de superposition de masses ou de formes colorées qui se conçoit rapidement et instinctivement, dans l’esprit postmoderne qui suppose que l’œuvre s’édifie sans plan préétabli, sur ses propres avancées.

La pulvérisation cathodique est l'une des méthodes les plus utilisées pour le dépôt de films minces. Elle présente de nombreux avantages, mais elle est délicate à mettre en ?uvre dans le cas de films minces d'alliages parce qu'il est très difficile d'en contrôler la composition chimique. C'est pour tenter de résoudre ce problème que nous avons conçu et réalisé un équipement de pulvérisation cathodique triode à courant continu ultravide multicible séquentiel assistée par ordinateur. Ce dispositif est capable de fabriquer des couches minces dont la composition chimique est définie à mieux que 0,4 %. Il permet de contrôler la composition chimique au niveau d'une monocouche atomique. Il est constitué de quatre sous-ensembles : le contrôle du plasma, le contrôle du taux de dépôt, le calcul du rendement de pulvérisation cathodique, et enfin le séquençage rapide de la polarisation des cibles. Le taux de dépôt est obtenu par une mesure de la fréquence de résonance d'un quartz de 16 MHz, grâce à une chaîne de comptage reliée à un ordinateur. En utilisant un dispositif de vernier digital, nous avons pu d'une part augmenter la vitesse de lecture du quartz, de manière à évaluer sa dérive en température et à s'en affranchir, d'autre part améliorer la résolution (10 picogrammes par seconde), ce qui nous permet de déceler le 1/1000e de couche atomique en un temps de comptage de 100 millisecondes. Il est ainsi possible de réaliser un ajustement dynamique de la composition chimique d'un film mince pendant le processus de pulvérisation. Cet objectif a pu être réalisé grâce au contrôle par un ordinateur de la durée de polarisation des cibles. Ce dispositif a été utilisé pour la fabrication de films minces bolométriques couvrant une très large gamme de température.

The topic of my study is presidential system. I have chosen this topic because I am interested in situation of Latin America countries. These countries have decided to follow establishment of The United States. Many authors affirm that presidentialism is occasion of instability in these countries. The thesis is composed of ten chapters, which are divided into subsection or other parts. At the beginning I introduce political systems in our society. And I chose one of them, presidential system, to analyze in details. Chapter Two is about history of creation Constitution of The United States. This part of history is important because this Constitution is model for countries, which have decided for presidentialism. In this stage I explain the term presidential system and its particular signs. Without knowledge about it we don't understand how this system function. And we can't confront it with other political systems. Chapter Three describes presidentialism and its different forms. In my work I describe presidentialism in Latin America and in The United States. In Europe, there are many countries, which after year 1991 have decided for presidentionalism. But there always are relics of communism. There absent elements of democracy. In some of this countries govern strong presidents and we mark them like...

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-12-21T11:26:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Beatriz Meneghel Chagas Camargo.pdf: 1131638 bytes, checksum: 901a754fca66a7e2d1aaf9c639a3132b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-21T11:26:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Beatriz Meneghel Chagas Camargo.pdf: 1131638 bytes, checksum: 901a754fca66a7e2d1aaf9c639a3132b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-11 / The present study aimed to analyze whether the checks and balances in the Federal Constitution of 1988 ensure the balance between the Executive, Legislative and Judicial Powers. The separation of powers and the mechanisms of checks and balances were conceived with the intention of, in containing the abuse of the holders of the powers, to guarantee the fundamental rights of the individuals. The question that arises in this study is whether the way in which such instruments of mutual control are distributed among the three Powers, in the Federal Constitution of 1988, responds to the current Brazilian reality, in which the Judiciary has been gaining a prominent position / O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar se os freios e contrapesos na Constituição Federal de 1988 asseguram o equilíbrio entre os Poderes Executivo, Legislativo e Judiciário. A separação dos poderes e os mecanismos de freios e contrapesos foram concebidos com o intuito de, ao conter o abuso dos titulares dos poderes, assegurar os direitos fundamentais dos indivíduos. Questão que se coloca neste estudo é se a forma como distribuídos tais instrumentos de controle recíproco entre os três Poderes, na Constituição Federal de 1988, atende à atual realidade brasileira, em que o Poder Judiciário vem ganhando posição de preeminência

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Darbo tikslas – įvertinti biodujų gamybos energetinį efektyvumą keičiant proceso temperatūrą. Šio darbo tyrimo objektas yra biodujų gamybos technologinis procesas. Darbe įvertinti svarbiausi anaerobinio proceso veiksniai ir jų įtaka gamybos procesui. Remiantis matematiniu modeliu, sukurta biodujų jėgainės energinio efektyvumo įvertinimo metodika. Teoriniuose tyrimuose nustatytos etanolio gamybos šalutinių produktų (žlaugtų) ir daugiamečių žolių siloso (paprastųjų šunažolių) mišinio perdirbimo į biodujas energijos sąnaudos prie šešių skirtingų temperatūrų. Eksperimentinių tyrimų metu nustatyta biodujų energinė vertė reaktoriui dirbant skirtingomis sąlygomis. Proceso temperatūrų režimai termofilinėje terpėje buvo nagrinėjami nuo 52 °C iki 57 °C, išlaikant kitus parametrus pastovius (sausųjų medžiagų koncentracija, organinės apkrovos ir įkrovos pH). Didžiausia biodujų išeiga iš etanolio gamybos šalutinių produktų (žlaugtų) ir daugiamečių žolių siloso (paprastųjų šunažolių) mišinio buvo gauta reaktoriuje palaikant 52 oC, su vidutine biodujų išeiga 674,4 l kg-1•SOM-1, su energetinė verte 14,19 MJ kg-1•SOM-1. Mažiausia biodujų išeiga ir energetinė vertė buvo gauta reaktoriuje palaikant 57 oC ir atitinkamai 512,3 l kg-1•SOM-1 ir 10,18 MJ kg-1•SOM-1. Bendrosios energijos sąnaudos priklausomai nuo temperatūros svyravo nuo 1562,6 MJ∙t-1 iki 1665,3 MJ∙t-1. Energetinis efektyvumas kito nuo 3,2 iki 4,9. / The energy balance of biogas production from industrial wastes and energy plants has been investigated during this research. Conversion efficiency of digestion of industrial wastes and energy plants to biogas by using different temperatures in range from 52 to 57 oC has been evaluated. Ratio, composition and pre-treatment technologies of mixtures of industrial by-products and energy plants were analyzed. The influence of temperature on the performance of anaerobic digestion of industrial wastes and energy plants has been investigated. The variation of temperatures ranges from 52 oC to 57 oC while keeping other parameters constant such as total solid concentration, organic load and pH. The highest biogas yield from industrial wastes and energy plants was found at 52 oC with average yield of 674,4 l kg-1•VS-1 and energy value of 14,19 MJ kg-1•VS-1. By rising temperature to 57oC there was a rapid initial drop in biogas yield rate averaging yield 512,32 l kg-1•VS-1 and energy value of 10,18 MJ kg-1•VS-1.In addition, the temperature fluctuations resulted variations of biogas production significantly. Total energy input ranged from 1563 MJ∙t-1 at 52 oC to 1666 MJ∙t-1 at 57 oC. Energy conversion ratio varied from 3,2 to 4,9.

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Orientador: Lucila Chebel Labaki / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T13:55:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrade_NixonCesarde_D.pdf: 32217441 bytes, checksum: 25e8b1672ea93f3aae90a2513264ae3e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A ventilação natural é uma das estratégias mais adequadas para o resfriamento passivo dos edifícios e para a manutenção da qualidade do ar. Uma das alternativas existentes para se alcançar tal proposição é a utilização de torres de vento situadas acima do nível da cobertura, as quais podem funcionar como captadores ou extratores de ar. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral avaliar quatro tipos de torres, atuando como captadores: a unidirecional, com uma abertura para a entrada de vento, em locais onde o vento se movimenta predominantemente em uma direção; a tetradirecional, com quatro aberturas; a octodirecional, com oito aberturas e a dodecadirecional, com doze aberturas; em locais em que o vento age em várias direções. Para alcançar o objetivo utilizaram-se ensaios em túnel de vento e simulações no software CFX®, os quais permitiram estudar as características técnicas das torres analisadas e seus efeitos sobre a ventilação interna do ambiente, bem como contribuir para a difusão desse sistema de ventilação no Brasil. O desenvolvimento do trabalho foi dividido nas seguintes etapas: definição das geometrias das torres; definição, construção e instrumentação das maquetes; definição dos ângulos de incidência do vento; ensaios no túnel de vento e simulações no software CFX®: velocidade e pressão. Os resultados obtidos a partir de uma série de experimentos e simulações computacionais permitiram a análise e comparação dos diversos projetos propostos, auxiliando, portanto, na determinação das configurações mais adequadas, além da verificação da compatibilidade entre os dois tipos de estudo, concluindo que as torres octodirecional e dodecadirecional são as mais eficientes, pois proporcionam maiores valores de velocidade do ar interno na maioria das posições consideradas. Desta forma, utilizando o túnel de vento e o CFX®, as análises possibilitaram desenvolver melhorias para os ambientes avaliados, no que se refere ao desempenho da ventilação. Isso proporcionará melhores taxas de conforto aos usuários da edificação, considerando todas as aberturas para permitir o fluxo do vento em qualquer situação. Ademais, podem-se verificar as distribuições das aberturas de entrada e saída mais adequadas para captação e distribuição do vento no interior dos ambientes, proporcionando melhores condições de conforto térmico / Abstract: Natural ventilation is one of the most appropriate strategies for passive cooling of buildings and the maintenance of air quality. One of the alternatives for achieving such proposal is the use of wind towers above the level of the roof, which can function as air catchers or extractors. This research aims to evaluate four types of towers, acting as air catchers: unidirectional, with an opening for the entrance of the wind, in locations where the wind moves predominantly in one direction, the tetradirectional, with four openings, the octodirectional, with eight openings and dodecadirectional, with twelve openings, in locations where the wind moves in various directions. To achieve the goal, tests in wind tunnel and simulations in CFX® software were performed, which allowed the study of the technical characteristics of the analyzed towers and their effects on the indoors ventilation, as well as the contribution to the spread of this ventilation system in Brazil. The methodology was divided into the following steps: the definition of the geometry of the towers; definition, construction and instrumentation of the models; definition of the angles of the incidence of the wind; wind tunnel tests and simulations in CFX® software: speed and pressure. The obtained results from a series of experimental and computational simulations allowed the analysis and comparison of the various proposed design configurations, helping, therefore, in determining the most appropriate settings, besides the verification of compatibility between the two types of study, concluding that the octodirectional and dodecadirectional towers are the most efficient ones , as they provide higher rate of indoor air speed in most considered positions. Thus, using the wind tunnel and CFX®, the analysis allowed the development of enhancements to the analyzed environments, concerning the performance of the ventilation. This will provide better comfort rates to the users of the building, considering all openings to allow the wind flow in any situation. Furthermore, the most suitable distribution of inlet and outlet openings for the catchment and distribution of the wind within the environments may be verified, providing better conditions of thermal comfort / Doutorado / Arquitetura e Construção / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

Magister Legum - LLM