Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:40:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2089547 bytes, checksum: 78256e3ce0b69f3185fa68080853f287 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this study was to evaluate the tolerance of fruits of different banana cultivars to low temperature storage. Fruits of the cultivars Nanicão (AAA), Prata (AAB), Vitória (AAAB), Maçã (AAB) and Caipira (AAA) were used. Hands were subdivided into clusters of three fruits, which were kept in cold storage for 7, 14 and 21 days, with an average temperature of 10.53  0.37 °C and relative humidity of 85%. Subsequently, the clusters were transferred to the temperature of 22  0.39 °C, to complete the ripening. The experiment was in a split plot design, having five cultivars in the plots and evaluation days in the subplots, in a completely randomized design with four replications and one cluster per experimental unit. Data were analyzed by variance analyses and regression. The Dunnett test at 5% probability was used to compare data from control (start of storage) with those of the end of storage. Each storage period was analyzed separately. The fruits of all cultivars remained green after 21 days of storage at 10.53 C  0.37 °C. Fruits of the cultivar Nanicão did not complete the ripening after they were transferred to 22 °C, when stored for 7 days at low temperature. These fruits were firmer, with green skin, low soluble solids and low titratable acidity. After 21 days of cold storage, the fruits of all cultivars completed ripening, when transferred to room temperature. The chilling injury increased with the advance of the cold storage for all cultivars. Fruits of Nanicão , Caipira and Maçã had more obvious symptoms of chilling injury. Fruits of Prata and Vitória were more tolerant to cold storage at a temperature of 10.53 °C for up to 21 days, showing normal ripening after transfer to 22 °C. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a tolerância dos frutos de diferentes cultivares de bananeira a baixa temperatura de armazenamento. Foram utilizados frutos dos cultivares Nanicão (AAA), Prata (AAB), Vitória (AAAB), Maçã (AAB) e Caipira (AAA). Utilizaram-se buquês com três frutos, mantidos em câmara fria por 7, 14 e 21 dias, com temperatura média de 10,53  0,37 °C e umidade relativa do ar de 85%. Posteriormente, os buquês foram transferidos para a temperatura de 22  0,39 °C, para completar o amadurecimento. O experimento foi em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, tendo-se nas parcelas cinco cultivares e nas subparcelas os dias de avaliação, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições e um buquê de três frutos por unidade amostral. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análises de variância e regressão. O teste de Dunnett foi utilizado para comparar os dados da testemunha (início do armazenamento) com os dos dias do fim do armazenamento, a 5% de probabilidade. Cada período de armazenamento foi analisado separadamente. Os frutos dos cultivares estudados permaneceram verdes após 21 dias de armazenamento à 10,53  0,37 °C. Frutos do cultivar Nanicão não completaram o amadurecimento após serem transferidos para a temperatura de 22 °C, quando armazenados por 7 dias à baixa temperatura, apresentando frutos mais firmes, com casca verde, baixos teores de sólidos solúveis e acidez titulável. Após 21 dias de armazenamento refrigerado, os frutos de todos os cultivares completaram o amadurecimento, depois de transferidos para temperatura ambiente. Os danos por frio aumentaram com o avanço do tempo de armazenamento refrigerado, para todos os cultivares. Nanicão , Caipira e Maçã apresentaram sintomas mais evidentes de dano por frio. As bananas Prata e Vitória mostraram-se mais tolerantes ao armazenamento refrigerado na temperatura de 10,53 °C por até 21 dias, exibindo amadurecimento normal após a transferência para a temperatura de 22 °C.

Submitted by LAUREN NOZOMI MARQUES YABUKI null (lauren.yabuki@gmail.com) on 2017-05-17T14:03:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CDteseVFLaurenNMYabuki.pdf: 1692197 bytes, checksum: 0e2de834b5de4870ca633c5aabcb9954 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-05-17T14:19:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 yabuki_lnm_dr_rcla.pdf: 1692197 bytes, checksum: 0e2de834b5de4870ca633c5aabcb9954 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T14:19:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 yabuki_lnm_dr_rcla.pdf: 1692197 bytes, checksum: 0e2de834b5de4870ca633c5aabcb9954 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-12 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A técnica de difusão em filmes finos por gradiente de concentração (DGT) tem se consolidado como uma excelente ferramenta analítica capaz de fornecer concentrações lábeis por tempo, pré-concentração dos analitos e amostragem in situ, porém a aplicação desta técnica em águas de drenagem ácida de mina (DAM) é complicada devido à redução da adsorção do amostrador tradicional (resina ligante Chelex-100) para metais em baixo pH. Este estudo, avalia a utilização da técnica DGT para determinação das concentrações lábeis de Al, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb U e Zn em águas de DAM, empregando novos agentes ligantes preparados a partir de biomassas (cascas de banana, borra de café e sementes de moringa) impregnadas em agarose. As medições DGT foram realizadas em soluções padrão em laboratório e in situ. Resultados laboratoriais mostram que os agentes ligantes podem ser empregados em águas com pH baixo (pH 3,5) para os íons Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn. Já os íons Al, Mn e U não apresentaram linearidade nas curvas de imersão para nenhuma biomassa pesquisada. Para a análise de amostras in situ de DAM, houve baixas recuperações dos íons Cd, Cu, Ni e principalmente para Zn com 5,7% da fração solúvel com o gel de agarose-moringa, podendo indicar a baixa eficiência dos agentes ligantes ou algum efeito matriz inerente durante a determinação por ICP-OES. Por outro lado, houve recuperações satisfatórias para a imersão em amostras do Rio Corumbataí e do Rio Piracicaba, ressaltando o emprego destes agentes ligantes pesquisados em matrizes aquáticas diferentes das matrizes de DAM. Este estudo mostra que o uso da técnica DGT pode ser estendido para águas com pH baixo (desde que sejam avaliados as limitações e condições de contorno avaliadas neste estudo) podendo ser uma ferramenta útil para o monitoramento em tempo integrado de concentrações lábeis em diferentes sistemas aquáticos. / The diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique has consolidated as an excellent analytical tool capable of providing labile concentrations by time, analytical preconcentration and in situ sampling, but the application of this technique in acid mine drainage waters (AMD) is limited by the reduction of adsorption of the traditional binding layer (Chelex-100 chelating resin) to metals at low pH. This study proposes the use of the DGT technique to determine the concentrations of Al, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb U and Zn in AMD using new binding agents prepared from biomass (Musa cavendishi banana peel, spent coffee grounds and shelled Moringa Oleifera seeds) impregnated with agarose. DGT measurements were performed in laboratory standard solutions and in situ. Laboratory results showed that the binding agents can be used in waters with low pH (pH 3.5) for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. Al, Mn and U ions did not present linearity in the deployment curves for any biomass studied. For the analysis of in situ AMD samples, there were low recoveries of the Cd, Cu, Ni, and mainly Zn ions with 5.7% of the soluble fraction with the agarose-moringa gel, indicating the low efficiency of the binding agents at low values pH or some inherent matrix effect during determination by ICP-OES. On the other hand, there were satisfactory recoveries for deployment in samples from the Corumbataí River and the Piracicaba River, highlighting the use of these binding layers in aquatic matrices other than AMD matrices. This study shows that the use of the DGT technique can be extended to waters with low pH (provided that the limitations and contour conditions evaluated in this study are evaluated) and can be a useful tool for the integrated time monitoring of labile concentrations in different aquatic systems. / CNPq: 142171/2014-0

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Fitopatologia, 2007. / Submitted by Érika Rayanne Carvalho (carvalho.erika@ymail.com) on 2009-12-15T22:36:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_JansenRodrigoPereiraSantos.pdf: 722246 bytes, checksum: 11231a0698512f78cd12fb4667de6687 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Daniel Ribeiro(daniel@bce.unb.br) on 2009-12-15T23:18:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_JansenRodrigoPereiraSantos.pdf: 722246 bytes, checksum: 11231a0698512f78cd12fb4667de6687 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2009-12-15T23:18:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_JansenRodrigoPereiraSantos.pdf: 722246 bytes, checksum: 11231a0698512f78cd12fb4667de6687 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-16 / A bananeira é uma ótima hospedeira de vários nematóides importantes, sendo os principais, Radopholus similis e Helicotylenchus multicinctus. Um método eficiente, de baixo custo para o produtor e que tem mostrado grande potencial para o controle de fitonematóides é a resistência genética. Uma etapa importante do melhoramento genético é a avaliação da variabilidade genética da planta hospedeira. Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar e caracterizar 26 genótipos de bananeira com relação à resistência ao nematóide cavernícola, Radopholus similis e, caracterizar sete genótipos contrastantes para os fenótipos de resistência e suscetibilidade a R. similis utilizando marcadores moleculares RAPD. As plantas (uma por vaso) foram inoculadas, em de casa de vegetação, com uma suspensão contendo 100 juvenis, machos e fêmeas do nematóide. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições e os genótipos foram avaliados 120 dias após a inoculação. Foram avaliados número de nematóides por grama de raiz, em todo o sistema radicular, no solo e o número total de nematóides. Além destes, o fator de reprodução (FR = população final/população inicial) e seu índice de redução foram calculados para determinação da reação dos genótipos a R. similis. De acordo com essa variável, observou-se que os genótipos Borneo, Grande Naine e 1304-06 se comportaram como suscetíveis e os genótipos 4249-05, 0337-02, 0323-03 e 4279-06, como resistentes a R. similis. Amostras de DNA genômico de cada um destes materiais foram extraídas e amplificadas via PCR utilizando 36 primers decâmeros para a obtenção de marcadores RAPD. Um total de 521 marcadores foram obtidos e convertidos em uma matriz de dados binários, a partir da qual foram estimadas distâncias genéticas entre os genótipos. Análises de agrupamento e dispersão gráfica dos genótipos foram realizadas. Dos 521 marcadores obtidos, 420 (81%) foram polimórficos e 140 (27%) mostraram-se promissores para trabalhos de mapeamento genético da resistência a R. similis, uma vez que estiveram presentes em acessos avaliados como resistentes e ausentes em todos os suscetíveis. As distâncias genéticas entre os genótipos variaram entre 0,106 e 0,455. A maior distância genética (0,455) foi observada entre a cultivar Borneo e o genótipo 4279-06 que se apresentaram como genótipos altamente suscetível e resistente, respectivamente. Os acessos mais contrastantes para a resistência (Borneo e 4249-05) apresentaram uma distância de 0,374 e um total de 114 bandas polimórficas e úteis para o mapeamento genético. Os ¿primers¿ OPE-15, OPH-17 e OPG-09 foram os que apresentaram maior número de bandas promissoras para mapeamento (12, 8 e 8, respectivamente), destacando-se dentre os demais. ________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract / Banana is a suitable host to various important nematodes. Radopholus similis and Helicotylenchus multicinctus are considered the most destructive ones to banana root system. Genetic resistance is a potentially efficient and low cost method of nematode control on bananas. For a breeding program, an important step is the evaluation of genetic variability of the host. This work had as objectives: to evaluate and to characterize 26 banana genotypes in relation to resistance and susceptibility to the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis, and to characterize seven banana contrasting genotypes for the phenotypes of resistance and susceptibility to R. similis with molecular markers of RAPD. Plant materials were obtained from a working collection of bananas maintained by Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical. The plants (one per pot) were inoculated with a nematode suspension containing 100 juveniles, males and females. The experiment followed a completely randomized design with four replicates. The genotypes were evaluated 120 days after inoculation. Nematodes per gram of root, numbers of nematodes per root system, numbers of soil nematodes and total number o nematodes were also evaluated. Moreover, the reproduction factor (FR = final population / initial population) and its reduction index were calculated to determine the reaction of the genotypes to R. similis. According to this variable, the genotypes Borneo, Grand Naine and 1304-06 behaved as susceptible and the genotypes 4249-05, 0337-02, 0323-03 and 4279-06, as resistant to R. similis. Genomic DNA was extracted form each of these genotypes, and tested with 36 decameric primers to obtain RAPD markers. A total of 521 markers were converted into a binary data matrix, from which the genetic distances between genotypes were estimated, and further evaluated by cluster and graphic dispersion analyses. Among 521 resultant markers, 420 (81%) were polymorphic, and 140 (27%) were considered promising markers to be used in studies for genetic mapping of resistance to R. similis in banana genotypes, for they were present on the genotypes evaluated as resistant and absent in all the susceptible ones. The genetic distances between genotypes were in the range of 0.106 to 0.455. The largest genetic distance was observed between cv. Borneo and ‘4279-06’, respectively, a xii highly susceptible and a resistant genotype to R. similis. The highest contrast, as resistance is concerned, occurred between ‘Borneo’ and ‘4249-05’, comprising a genetic distance of 0.374 and a total of 114 polymorphic bands with potential for genetic mapping of the resistance. The primers OPE-15, OPH-17 and OPG-09 were the ones allowing more promising bands for genetic mapping of resistance to the nematode (12.8 and 8, respectively).

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Fitopatologia, 2007. / Submitted by Rosane Cossich Furtado (rosanecossich@gmail.com) on 2009-12-20T16:49:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_MarcellaAlvesTeixeira.PDF: 722027 bytes, checksum: 579d2f962b091432e11550275be4d4a1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Joanita Pereira(joanita) on 2010-01-05T15:51:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_MarcellaAlvesTeixeira.PDF: 722027 bytes, checksum: 579d2f962b091432e11550275be4d4a1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-01-05T15:51:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_MarcellaAlvesTeixeira.PDF: 722027 bytes, checksum: 579d2f962b091432e11550275be4d4a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Espécies do nematóide formador de galhas (Meloidogyne spp.) causam danos em raízes de banana em todos os locais de plantio. Existe uma grande necessidade de obter variedades melhoradas de banana, garantindo uma produção sustentável e ambientalmente segura. Uma exigência dos programas de pesquisa objetivando obter novas cultivares é a formação, caracterização e avaliação de coleções de germoplasma. Nos últimos anos, técnicas que possibilitam a caracterização diretamente em nível de DNA têm permitido identificar a variabilidade e avaliar a diversidade genética disponível em bancos de germoplasma. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a reação de genótipos de banana a três espécies de nematóides formadores de galhas, M. incognita, M. javanica e M. arenaria e, analisar a diversidade genética de genótipos de banana com diferentes níveis de resistência com base em marcadores moleculares RAPD. Três experimentos, um por espécie de nematóide foram conduzidos sob condições de casa de vegetação. As plantas (uma por vaso) foram inoculadas com uma suspensão de nematóides contendo 2.500 ovos e juvenis. Em cada experimento, cada genótipo teve quatro repetições em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As plantas foram retiradas 180 dias depois da inoculação. Os números totais de nematóides no solo e raiz contados em cada vaso foram utilizados para calcular o fator de reprodução do nematóide (FR = população final/população inicial). Peso de raízes, nematóides por grama de raiz, número de nematóides por raiz, número de nematóides do solo e número total de nematóides também foram avaliados. De acordo com a escala de percentagem de redução do fator de reprodução, os clones 5854-03, Birmanie, 4279-06, Pisang Nangka e Jaran se comportaram como resistentes a M. incognita. Os clones Pipit, 4223-06, Caipira, Pisang Nangka, Tjau Lagada e Jaran foram classificados como resistentes a M. javanica. Os clones 4279-06 e Birmanie, além de serem resistentes a M. incognita, também foram resistentes a M. arenaria. Os clones Pisang Nangka e Jaran foram resistentes a M. incognita e M. javanica. Estes clones são promissores para programas de melhoramento visando obter cultivares de banana com resistência múltipla ao nematóide das galhas. Para avaliação da diversidade genética dos genótipos, o DNA genômico foi extraído e testado com 13 primers decâmeros para obter marcadores RAPD. Estes foram então convertidos em uma matriz de dados binários para estimar a distância genética entre os genótipos e então avaliados com base em análises de agrupamento e de dispersão gráfica. Entre os 224 marcadores resultantes, 215 (95,98%) foram polimórficos e apenas 9 (4,02%) foram monomórficos. A distância genética entre os genótipos variou de 0,26 (entre 1319-01 e 1318-01) a 0,78 (entre Caipira e 1319-01). A distância genética entre os genótipos mostrou o alto grau de variabilidade genética nos genótipos. A análise de agrupamento separou o grupo das cultivares do grupo dos híbridos diplóides, com algumas exceções. A alta variabilidade genética observada neste trabalho confirma a importância dos diplóides de banana em programas de melhoramento. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Species of the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne ssp.) cause root damages everywhere bananas are planted. There is an urgent need to obtain improved varieties of banana, assuring a sustainable and environmentally safe production. Research programas aiming to obtain new cultivars require to build up, to characterize and to evaluate germplasm collection. In the last yeras, techniques that allow to characterize directly at DNA level have favored to identify variability and to evaluate the diversity available in germplasm banks. The aim of this work was to study host reaction of banana, genotypes to three species of the root-knot nematode, M. incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria, and to analyse the genetic variability of banana genotypes with different levels of resistance based on RApd molecular markers. Three experiments, one per nematode species were conducted under greenhouse conditions. The plants (one per pot) were inoculated with a nematode suspension containing 2.500 eggs and juveniles. For each experiment, esch genotype was replicated four times in a completely rendomized design. Plants were harvested 180 days after inoculation. Total numbers of soil and root nematodes counted in each pot was applied to calculate the factor of reproduction (FR = population final/population initial). Fresh root weigh, nematodes per gram of root, numbers of nematodes per root system, numbers of soil nematodes and total numer o nematodes were also evaluated. According to the scale of percent reduction of the factor of reproduction, the clones 5854-03, Birmanie, 4279-06, Pisang Nangka and Jaran behaved as resistant to M. incognita. The clones Pipit, 4223-06, Caipira, Pisang Nangka, Tjau Lagada and Jaran were classified as resistant to M. javanica. The clones 4279-06 and Birmane, behaved as resistant to M. incognita and to M. arenaria. The clones Pisang Nangka and Jaran were classified as resistant to M. incognita and M. javanica. These clones are promising genotypes for breeding programs aiming to obtain banana cultivars with multiple resistance to the root-knot nemetode. Genomic DNA was extracted from all the genotypes, then tested with 13 decameric primers to obtain RAPD markers, These markers were converted into a binary data matrix to estimate genetic distance between genotypes, and further evaluated by cluster and graphic dispersion analyses. Among 224 resultant marers, 215 (95,98%) werw polymorphic, and only 9 (4,02%) were monomorphic. The genetic distance between the genotypes ranged from 0,26 (between 1319-01 and 1318-01) TO 0,78 (Between Caipira and 1319-01). The genetic distance between the genotypes testify the high level of genetic variability among the genotypes. With a few exception, cluster analysis split the genotypes in two groups, one comprising the cultivars, and the other one with diploid ones. The rich genetic variability found in this work confirms the importance diploids to banana breeding programs.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Fitopatologia, 2011. / Submitted by Tania Milca Carvalho Malheiros (tania@bce.unb.br) on 2012-03-30T14:58:08Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Rejected by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br), reason: on 2012-03-30T15:50:43Z (GMT) / Submitted by Tania Milca Carvalho Malheiros (tania@bce.unb.br) on 2012-04-02T12:55:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_JessicaMataSantosMonteiro_Parcial.pdf: 4640261 bytes, checksum: 5d31f934882fee4d9f8a9c238b813383 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patrícia Nunes da Silva(patricia@bce.unb.br) on 2012-04-17T15:55:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_JessicaMataSantosMonteiro_Parcial.pdf: 4640261 bytes, checksum: 5d31f934882fee4d9f8a9c238b813383 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-04-17T15:55:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_JessicaMataSantosMonteiro_Parcial.pdf: 4640261 bytes, checksum: 5d31f934882fee4d9f8a9c238b813383 (MD5) / A banana é a segunda fruta mais produzida no Brasil e corresponde a 15,7% de toda a fruta produzida no país, superado apenas pela laranja em 44,1%. É uma fruta de grande importância econômica e social no mundo inteiro e o Brasil é o quarto maior produtor mundial onde esta é cultivada do Norte ao Sul do país. Entre os principais fatores bióticos que afetam a produtividade da bananeira estão os fitonematoides, Radopholus similis, Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria, Helicotylenchus multicinctus, Rotylenchulus reniformis e Pratylenchus coffeae, sendo o nematoide cavernícola (Radopholus similis) considerado o mais nocivo. O parasitismo desses nematoides causa perdas diretas (danos na planta e redução da produtividade) e indiretas (aumento de gastos com insumos, mão de obra e fertilizantes). O manejo desses nematoides através da aplicação de nematicidas tem se tornado uma prática cada vez mais prejudicial não só ao ambiente e ao homem, como ineficaz e não proporciona ao longo do tempo uma erradicação completa desses organismos. A resistência genética é entre todas as medidas de controle a mais viável de controle dos nematoides. Vários genótipos de bananeira têm sido introduzidos e/ou desenvolvidos no Brasil pelo Programa de Melhoramento da Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, em Cruz das Almas, Bahia. Avaliações em campo desses genótipos quanto à incidência e severidade das doenças fúngicas e bacterianas de importância para a cultura têm sido realizadas, entretanto, para os nematoides fitoparasitas tais informações são inexistentes, sobretudo sobre resistência a R. similis. Com base no exposto, este estudo teve por objetivos detectar e identificar a associação em campo, de fitonematoides com diferentes genótipos de Musa triploides (AAA e AAB) e tetraploides (AAAA e AAAB) melhorados e/ou recomendados, cultivados em cinco áreas experimentais do Programa de Melhoramento de Banana da Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, localizadas nas regiões geográficas do Brasil: Norte (Acre), Nordeste (Pernambuco), Centro Oeste (Distrito Federal), Sudeste (São Paulo) e Sul (Santa Catarina) e; avaliar em casa de vegetação o comportamento de 22 genótipos triploides e tetraploides introduzidos e/ou melhorados pela Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura frente a R. similis. Para detecção e identificação de fitonematoides em associação com raízes e solo de bananeiras, foram amostrados solos e raízes de cerca de 25 genótipos de cada região, sendo as amostras de raízes divididas em duas partes de 250 g, sendo uma delas trituradas e inoculadas em tomateiros „Santa Cruz„, com o objetivo de multiplicar as espécies de Meloidogyne presentes nas mesmas com base nos perfis de esterase. A outra parte, assim como o solo, foram submetidos à extração. Os nematoides foram mortos e fixados, para posterior preparo de lâminas semipermanentes e identificação do gênero e espécies presentes nas amostras. Para avaliação do comportamento dos genótipos em casa de vegetação, mudas micropropagadas de 22 genótipos aclimatadas em casa de vegetação durante dois meses foram inoculadas com uma suspensão de 300 nematoides (juvenis e adultos)/planta, distribuídas em experimento inteiramente casualizado com 4 repetições. Sessenta dias após a inoculação, foram avaliadas quanto ao número de nematoides nas raízes e no solo, sendo determinado o fator de reprodução (FR=Pf/Pi). O genótipo que permitiu a maior multiplicação dos nematoides, foi considerado padrão de suscetibilidade. Com base na percentagem de redução do fator de reprodução em relação ao padrão de suscetibilidade, foi feita a classificação da reação de resistência. Também foi realizada uma análise prévia dos perfis proteicos de quatro genótipos contrastantes. Observou-se a predominância de Meloidogyne javanica e M. incognita na maioria dos genótipos de todas as áreas amostradas, seguidos de Helicotylenchus spp., Rotylenchulus reniformis, Radopholus similis, Scutellonema sp. e Criconemoides sp. Os resultados do ensaio de resistência destacaram as cultivares Enxerto 33, Thap Maeo, Calypso, Caipira, Tropical e Maçã como moderadamente resistentes, ao contrario das cultivares Preciosa, Maravilha e Prata Anã, classificadas como altamente suscetíveis. As demais cultivares comportaram-se como suscetíveis. Análise de proteína de raízes por SDS-PAGE mostraram diferenças entre o perfil proteico de cultivares moderadamente resistentes e suscetíveis. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Banana is the second fruit most produced in Brazil, accounting for 15.7% of all fruit produced in the country, surpassed only by orange with 44.1%. It is a fruit of great economic and social importance worldwide, and Brazil is the fourth largest world producer, where it is cultivated from North through South. Among major biotic factors affecting yield of banana, are the nematodes Radopholus similis, Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria, Helicotylenchus multicinctus, Rotylenchulus reniformis and Pratylenchus coffeae, and the burrowing nematode (R. similis) is considered the most damaging to banana. Parasitism of nematodes leads to direct (plant damage and decreased yield) and indirect losses (increased spending on supplies, labor and fertilizer). The management of these nematodes through the application of nematicides has become a practice increasingly harmful not only for the environment and man, as ineffective to provide over time a complete eradication of these organisms. Genetic resistance is among all measures the most feasible to control of plant-parasitic nematodes. Several genotypes of banana have been introduced and/or developed in Brazil by The Banana Breeding Program of Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, in Cruz das Almas, Bahia. Evaluation under field conditions of these genotypes on the incidence and severity of fungal and bacterial infections of importance to the culture have been carried out, however, for plant-parasites nematodes, information are not available, especially on resistance to R. similis. Based on the foregoing, this study aimed to detect and identify field association of nematodes with different triploid (AAA and AAB) and tetraploid (AAAB and AAAA) genotypes of Musa, developed and/or recommended, for growing in five experimental areas of the Banana Breeding Program of Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, located in five geographic regions of Brazil: Northern (State of Acre), Northeast (State of Pernambuco), Central west (Distrito Federal), Southeast (State of São Paulo) and South (State of Santa Catarina); and, to assess under greenhouse conditions resistance reaction of 22 triploid and tetraploid genotypes introduced and/or developed by Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura to R. similis. For detection of nematodes associated with banana roots and rhizosphere soils of approximately 25 genotypes had been sampled in each region, and the root samples divided into two parts of 250 g each, one of them was crushed and inoculated on tomato plants „Santa Cruz‟ in order to increase the number of specimens of Meloidogyne spp. present in the same genotype to be identified by using profiles of esterase. The second part of roots, and the soil sample were submitted to extraction of nematodes, and the nematodes were gently killed and fixed for subsequent preparation of semi-permanent slides for identification at genus and species levels, of all plant parasitic nematodes detected. To evaluate the resistance reaction of banana genotypes under greenhouse, plantlets of 22 genotypes acclimated in a greenhouse during two months were inoculated with a suspension of 300 nematodes (juveniles and adults) / plant, distributed in completely randomized design with four replications. Sixty days after inoculation, the plants were removed form soil, and the experiment evaluated on the number of nematodes in roots and soil, and determined the reproduction factor (RF = Pf / Pi), and based on the percentage reduction of the factor of reproduction in relation to the most susceptible genotype, the resistance reaction was ranked. Finally, there was a preliminary analysis of protein profiles of four contrasting genotypes. We observed a dominance of Meloidogyne javanica and M. incognita in most genotypes of all areas sampled, followed by Helicotylenchus spp., Rotylenchulus reniformis, Radopholus similis, Scutellonema sp. and Criconemoides sp. The results highlight cultivars Enxerto 33, Thap Maeo, Calypso, Caipira, and Tropical as moderately resistant to R. similis, unlike the cultivars Preciosa, Maravilha and Prata Anã, classified as highly susceptible. The other cultivars proved to be susceptible. Analysis of root proteins by SDS-PAGE showed differences between the protein profile of moderately resistant and susceptible cultivars.

Nas abordagens biotecnológicas de propagação de plantas, os meios de cultura devem ter uma composição química adequada à essa finalidade permitindo a otimização da produção. Como a bananeira (Musa sp.) é exigente em potássio, a busca do nível adequado desse macronutriente envolve não somente o comprometimento com o nível dos outros nutrientes (balanço iônico), mas também a relação entre eles. Para acompanhar os efeitos fisiológicos das relações de vários teores de K com os outros macro e micronutrientes é que explantes caulinares dos cvs. Nanica e Prata Anã foram cultivados em meio MS modificado em presença de BAP, sacarose, vitaminas, agar, suplementado com 6 diferentes doses de K: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 mM, sendo que a dose 20 mM corresponde à concentração de K existente no MS básico, que foi adotado como controle.Foram feitas análises de massa de matéria seca (MMS),macro e micronutrientes na parte aérea, raiz e plântulas inteiras. Ao final do experimento foi determinado o número de plântulas e calculado o valor das relações N/K, K/P, K/Ca, K/Mg, K/Ca+Mg, K/S, K/Cu, K/Fe, K/Mn, K/Zn.Foram também dosados os teores da diamina putrescina e de poliaminas, e calculada a relação K/putrescina. Todos os parâmetros foram analisados segundo um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. As plântulas que se desenvolveram em baixas concentrações de K apresentaram sintomas visuais de deficiência, como clorose e necrose das folhas mais velhas. Os cultivares apresentaram diferenças quantitativas entre si tanto em relação aos valores de MMS como em número de plântulas, relacionados às doses de K presentes nos meios de cultura. Em ambos os cultivares foi observada uma relação direta entre o desenvolvimento das plântulas e as concentrações de K com otimização ao redor de K 15 a 20 mM. Os teores de putrescina e de poliaminas foram maiores nos níveis mais baixos de K, atingindo o máximo na dose de K 5 mM. Em K 20 mM ocorreram maiores valores de MMS e em K 15 mM maior número de plântulas regeneradas. O íon K em geral foi mais intensamente absorvido do que os outros macro e micronutrientes sendo que estes tiveram sua absorção diminuída devido provavelmente a um efeito de diluição de seus teores pelo crescimento das plântulas in vitro. Esses resultados, inclusive os obtidos nas demais relações entre K e os outros macro e micronutrientes, as quais sempre foram crescentes (de K 5 a 30 mM), corroboram a essencialidade desse nutriente para os cvs. Nanica e Prata Anã. / Potassium is required in high dosis by the banana plant (Musa sp.) and interacts with other macro and micronutrients present in the medium in which banana tissues are maintained in vitro condition,with consequent modifications in the plant cell metabolism, mainly in nitrogen compounds, such as proteins and amino acids. When K is present in concentrations lower than the required, diamines such as putrescine, and polyamines, such as spermidine and spermine are formed. In order to establish the best dosis of K and follow the physiological consequences of the relationships N/K, K/P, K/Ca, K/Mg, K/Ca+Mg, K/S, K/Cu, K/Fe, K/Mn, K/Zn and K/putrescine, shoot apex of two banana cvs. Nanica and Prata Anã were maintained in asseptic conditions in modified MS media in the presence of 6 different dosis of K: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mM, K 20 mM being the K concentration in basic MS medium, and then transferred to rooting media with the same different K dosis. Dry wt., macro and micronutrients were measured in the shoots, roots and the intire plantlet, and number of plantlets produced determined, the data being analysed estatistically. Putrescine and polyamines were also determined. Visual symptoms of K deficiency such as clorosis and necrosis in the older leaves of all plantlets under low dosis of K were observed. The levels of putrescine and polyamines increased as K decreased in the medium, reaching the maximum value at K 5 mM, both cultivars presenting similar bahavior in relation to the diamine in some K concentrations. Quantitative differences were obtained among the two cultivars pertained to dry wt. values, number of in vitro regenerated banana plantlets and K concentration with optimization around K 15 and 20 mM. In general K absorption was more intense than the other nutrients, the absorption of the later being decreased probably due to a dilution effect of their values as the banana plantlets developed in vitro. These results, including those pertained to the relationships between K and the other nutrients, which always were high (from K 5 to 30 mM), corroborate the importance of potassium ion to the banana cvs. Nanica and Prata Anã.

A banana tem sido comumente indicada como uma boa fonte de frutooligossacarídeos (FOS), que são considerados componentes funcionais de alimentos. Contudo, diferenças significantes em suas quantidades têm sido referidas na literatura. Portanto, uma parte do trabalho foi destinada à identificação e quantificação de FOS durante o amadurecimento de cultivares de bananas pertencentes aos grupos genômicos mais comumente cultivados no Brasil. Considerando as diferenças de cultivar, estágio do amadurecimento e metodologia usada para análise de FOS, os conteúdos dos açúcares foram analisados por cromatografia líquida de alta performance (HPAEC-PAD) e cromatografia a gás (CG-MS). Uma pesquisa inicial entre oito cultivares no estágio maduro, mostrou acúmulo de 1-cestose, primeiro membro da série de FOS, em todas elas (quantidades entre 297 e 1600 µg/g M.S). A nistose, o segundo membro, foi detectado somente na cultivar Prata. Com bases nestes dados, foram escolhidas cinco cultivares, para que fossem analisadas durante todo o amadurecimento. Os resultados mostraram uma forte correlação entre a chegada a um nível específico de sacarose (~200 mg/g M.S) e a síntese de 1-cestose. Em uma segunda fase, os níveis de sacarose e FOS total foram quantificados em diferentes fases de amadurecimento de banana Prata, armazenada em temperatura ambiente e em baixa temperatura. As supostas enzimas envolvidas em sua síntese também foram avaliadas. Para explorar a possibilidade da invertase ser responsável pela atividade de frutosiltransferase em banana, foi medido o efeito do inibidor Piridoxal HCl, os níveis de concentração do substrato e as atividades de hidrólise e transglicosilação, e o efeito do tempo no estudo cinético da enzima. A baixa temperatura atrasou todos os eventos analisados por 15 dias e os níveis de sacarose tiveram um pequeno aumento, porém constante, enquanto a banana estava armazenada ao frio, e uma rápida elevação no final do amadurecimento. Foi detectado FOS total desde o primeiro dia pós-colheita, enquanto que a 1-cestose permaneceu indetectável até os níveis de sacarose atingirem aproximadamente 200 mg/g M.S., em ambos os grupos. Os níveis de sacarose e FOS total foram ligeiramente maiores em bananas armazenadas em baixas temperaturas do que em frutos controle. Em ambas as amostras os níveis de FOS total foram maiores que de 1-cestose. Os perfis de carboidratos por HPLC e TLC sugeriram a presença de neocestose, 6-cestose e bifurcose. A enzima supostamente responsável pela atividade de transglicosilação em banana parece ser a invertase. Contudo, os altos níveis de sacarose encontrados em banana armazenadas em baixa temperatura, poderiam ser resultado de várias mudanças de enzimas degradativas e biossíntéticas, como sacarose-sintase (SuSy), sacarose-fosfato-sintase (SPS), invertase e outras, uma vez que a sacarose possui um papel central, direta ou indiretamente, em diversas vias do metabolismo de carboidrato em banana. Assim, na última parte do trabalho foram analisados o acúmulo de sacarose e a síntese e atividade de enzimas sintéticas, hidrolíticas e fosforolíticas, importantes no metabolismo de amido-sacarose, durante o amadurecimento de banana Prata nos dois tratamentos. A baixa temperatura não danificou os frutos, aumentando a vida de prateleira deles. As amostras do frio apresentaram pequeno aumento no nível de degradação de amido e um acréscimo de 20 % na sacarose acumulada durante o amadurecimento. Foi verificado o atraso na produção de etileno, CO2, e no início de degradação de amido durante o acondicionamento ao frio, concomitante ao atraso no pico de atividade de α-amilase. O atraso no climatério também manteve alta a atividade e síntese protéica de SuSy durante o armazenamento a frio, que declinaram após a retirada do frio, como no controle. As enzimas β-amilase, fosforilase (forma citosólica e plastidial) e SPS reagiram positivamente, sofrendo uma indução positiva na síntese e atividade enzimática durante o armazenamento ao frio, que poderia ser parte do mecanismo necessário para os maiores níveis de açúcares e para o processo de tolerância do fruto à baixa temperatura. / Banana has been currently indicated as a good source of fructooligosaccharides (FOS), which are considered to be functional components of foods. However, significant differences in their amounts in bananas have been observed in the literature. So, a part of this work aims to identify and quantify FOS during ripening in different banana cultivars belonging to the most common genomic groups cultivated in Brazil. Considering that these differences can be due to cultivar, stage of ripening, and the methodologies used for FOS analyses, sugar contents were analyzed by high performance anion exchange chromatography pulsed amperiometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS). An initial screening of eight cultivars in a full-ripe stage showed that 1-Kestose, the first member of the FOS series (amounts between 297 and 1600 µg/g of D.M), was accumulated in all of them. Nystose, the second member, was detected only in Prata cultivar. Five of the cultivars were analyzed during ripening, and a strong correlation could be established with a specific sucrose level (~200 mg/g of D.M.), which seems to trigger the synthesis of 1-Kestose. In a second part of this work, the levels of sucrose and total-FOS were quantified in different phases of banana Prata ripening stored at ambient and low temperature. The supposed enzymes involved in their synthesis were also evaluated. To explore the possibility that invertase could be responsible for the fructosyltransferase activity in banana, we measured the effect of the inhibitor Pyridoxal HCl, the level of substrate concentration on both hydrolyze and transglycosylase activity in the same protein extract and the effect of time on kinetic study of the enzyme. The cold temperature delayed all the analyzed events for 15 days and sucrose levels increased low, but constantly, while banana were stored at low temperature and had a burst when it increased. Total-FOS were detected in the first days after harvest, while 1-kestose remained undetectable until the sucrose levels were around 200 mg.g (dry weight), in both groups. Total-FOS and sucrose levels were higher in banana stored at low temperature than in control. In both samples total-FOS levels were higher than 1-kestose. The carbohydrate profiles by HPLC and TLC suggest the presence of neokestose, 6-kestose and bifurcose. The enzyme supposed to be responsible for the transglycosilation activity in banana, seems to be an invertase. However, the higher sucrose levels found in banana stored at low temperature could be result of several changes in biosynthetic and degradative enzymes, such sucrose-synthase, sucrose-phosphate-synthase, invertase and others, once that sucrose plays a central role in a lot of direct and indirect carbohydrate pathways in banana fruits. So, in the last part of this work, we analyzed the sucrose accumulation and synthesis and activity of synthetic, hydrolytic and phosphorolytic enzymes that are important in the starch-sucrose metabolism during ripening of banana Prata stored at ambient and low temperature. The levels of starch degradation and sucrose accumulation (around 20% over) showed high levels in cold fruits as compared with control, during the ripening. The cold temperature delayed the ethylene and CO2 production, and the beginning of the starch degradation, concomitantly with a delay in the profile of α-amylase synthesis and activity. The late climateric also maintained the high synthesis and activity of SuSy during the cold storage that decreased just after ending the cold exposure. The β-amylase, phosphorylase (plastidial and citossolic forms) and the SPS enzymes showed a positive induction in the both activity and synthesis of protein during the cold storage. It could be important to the higher sugars levels showed at low temperature and that could contribute to the process of cold resistance in banana fruit.

Orientador: Fernanda Elizabeth Xidieh Murr / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T15:01:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio_GraziellaColato_M.pdf: 20605718 bytes, checksum: 362980c93a42ebc82ff465693650061b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi estudada a transferência de massa na Banana Nanica (Musa cavendishi) e no Mamão Formosa (Carica papaya 1.) no processo de desidratação osmótica. Foi analisada a influência da geometria e estruturas celulares, para a verificação do mellior desempenho na transferência de massa. A etapa de desidratação osmótica foi conduzida com agitação constante de 80rpm e analisada através de um planejamento experimental fatorial 24-1com 3 repetições no ponto central para cada geometria estudada. As variáveis analisadas foram temperatura (30, 45 e 60°C), concentração da solução de sacarose (45, 55 e 65°Brix), concentração de ácido láctico (O, 0,05, 0,1M), e geometria da amostra (placa plana e cubo). As respostas analisadas foram perda de água, ganho de sólidos e atividade de água. A temperatura foi a variável que mais influenciou na perda de água e ganho de sólidos, seguida da concentração de sacarose da solução. A geometria de placa foi a que mais facilitou a perda de água no processo de desidratação osmótica tanto para a banana quanto para o mamão. O Modelo de Peleg e Azuara ajustaram-se bem os dados experimentais, sendo que os dados de equilibrio de perda de água que mais se aproximaram dos dados experimentais foram os calculado pelo Modelo de Azuara. Pela análise de imagens obtidas através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura foi possível verificar que as células da banana apresentam-se de forma alongada com presença de grânulos de amido e tanino, enquanto que as células do mamão apresentam-se forma oval. A geometria da amostra mostrou ser a variável que mais influenciou nas modificações ocorridas durante o processo de desidratação osmótica de ambas frutas, seguida da temperatura. / Abstract: In this work was studied mass transfer in banana (Musa cavendish) and papaya (Carica papaya L.) in osmotic dehydration process. It was analyzed the influence of geometry and cells structures to verify the best performance in mass transfer. Osmotic dehydration was carried on with constant agitation of 80 rpm and analyzed through a factorial experimental design 24-1with 3 repetitions of central point for each geometry. Analized variables were temperature (30, 45 and 60°C), sucrose concentration (3,5; 4,5 and 5,5 M), lactic acid concentration (O; 0,05 and O,lM) and sample geometry (fIat plate and cube). Analyzed responses were water 1055,solid gain and water activity. Water loss and solid gain were influenced more by temperature and after by sucrose concentration. In osmotic dehydration process, fIat plate geometry facilitated water loss in both banana and papaya. Peleg and Azuara's models fitted well to experimental data, but equilibrium data were better approached when they were calculated by Azuara's model. Analyzing obtained images through electronic microscopy scanning it was possible to verify that banana cells presented elongated shape with starch granules and tanine, while papaya cells presented egg-shaped. The variable that caused more influence in occurred changes during osmotic dehydration was sample geometry and after the temperature. / Mestrado / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

The banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus, is an economical pest of Musa, distributed to most areas where the crop is grown. The beetle larvae produce feeding tunnels in the pseudostem and rhizome, reducing bunch weight and causing toppling or snapping of plants. In developing an integrated pest management system for South Africa, specific aims of the study were to quantify the genetic diversity of the species around the world, investigate the population dynamics of the insect, determine the potential of semiochemical mass trapping, elucidate the efficacy of cultural and chemical control methods and establish economic thresholds for the banana weevil on Cavendish bananas in South Africa. Pest status of the insect is variable around the world, and may be influenced by genetically distinct populations of the weevil. Six populations from four countries were sampled: Australia, Costa Rica, South Africa (South Coast, North Coast and Tzaneen) and Uganda. DNA was isolated from 12 individuals per population and subjected to amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. The AFLP analysis involved DNA restriction with EcoRI and PstI enzymes, ligation of adapters, and a pre-selective and five selective PCR amplifications. Empirical analysis of the AFLP fingerprints showed that, within populations, genetic diversity varied from 16-53%, with the South Coast and Tzaneen/Australian populations the least and most variable, respectively. The coefficient of gene differentiation showed that the Tzaneen population were the most differentiated from the South Coast population, while the South and North Coast populations were the most similar. All the populations showed statistically distinct marker frequencies, except for the Costa Rican and South and North Coast populations, which were similar. Based on the simple mismatch coefficient, a neighbour-joining tree showed the Australian, Ugandan and South African coastal populations produced monophyletic groups, while the South African Tzaneen population were removed from the other populations and presented an ancestral state. The population dynamics of the insect was investigated over two seasons and at three locations in the South Coast of KwaZulu-Natal. Adult activity was monitored with semiochemical (Cosmolure®) baited pitfall traps. Traps were moved monthly to a random independent location, or left in situ for the duration of the experiment. The ontogeny was determined by dissecting felled plants and toppled plants (up to 2-week-old fresh residues), and harvested plants visually classified as an early and a late rotting stage (decayed residues). Replicated, randomised block designs were used in the experiments. The adult beetles were sexed and the percentage females with eggs and the number of eggs per female were recorded. Larval head capsule widths were measured with an electronic caliper. Ambient temperature and precipitation (rainfall + irrigation) were measured on site. Weevils were active throughout the year and mainly collected in stationary traps, with a collection peak in May and high numbers in early spring and late autumn/early winter. The activity was usually a negative and a positive function of ambient temperature and corrected rainfall, respectively. Eggs per female and percentage females with eggs were reduced during winter and a positive function of ambient temperature. The beetles sampled from plant material represented an equal sex ratio, while the pheromone traps collected a female biased sex ratio during spring and autumn/early winter. The beetle had overlapping generations with a peak of adults and larvae in autumn and late summer, respectively. Adults were mainly associated with decayed residues while larvae were mostly found in freshly toppled plants. Adults were the main over-wintering stage. The earliest larval instars were usually sampled during autumn. The data suggested that the beetle is multivoltine in the study areas and provided valuable information for the optimal management of the insect pest. Semiochemical adult trapping methods were compared in field trials using a randomised block design. Pseudostem traps, pitfall traps containing a pheromone (either Cosmolure® (Pheromone A) or Cosmolure+® (Pheromone B)), and unbaited pitfall traps (control), were compared over 5 weeks during all seasons along the Southeast coast of South Africa. Pseudostem traps treated with an insecticide, and rhizome traps were included as additional treatments in autumn. In summer two treatments were also added: individual suspension of both pheromones above a pitfall trap either in combination with or without a pseudostem trap. The adult beetles were sexed, and the number of internal eggs noted. Pheromone A proved to be the most effective of the different traps. Grouping of the pheromones resulted in a synergistic response, while combining the pseudostem did not enhance trap efficacy. The different plant material traps and the control were usually equally effective in catching weevils. Plant material traps caught greater numbers of fecund females, but pheromone traps captured a higher proportion of females. Treatment effects were much less pronounced in summer, and compared to a pseudostem trap, pitfall traps were the most efficacious during spring. Compared to conventional pseudostem trapping, Pheromone A pitfall traps should be optimally applied during spring in South Africa. Cultural control methods were investigated over 2 years at an ongoing trial in the Southern KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. Harvesting at ground level and dissection of remnants, and covering of the mat with soil and moving debris to the inter-row, were compared to a positive control that involved treatment of plants with a registered pesticide, and a negative control that involved harvesting at approximately 150 cm with no soil or sanitation amendments. Yield, weevil damage and pseudostem girth of plants were measured from August to November annually, while adult beetle densities were assessed over 4 weeks in October/November and April. Nematode samples were analysed in October/November every year. Damage parameters included the Coefficient of Infestation, the Percentage Coefficient of Infestation (PCI) at two intervals, the summed PCI value, the percentage cross sectional damage of the central cylinder (XI) and cortex, and the mean cross sectional damage percentage (X mean). A replicated block design was used in the experiment. The parameters were similar before the onset of the trial. Fruit yield and plant girth, corrected by nematode densities, were not significantly different in any treatment, nor were the nematodes controlled. Soil cover and recession of remnants was the only effective treatment, significantly reducing the Coefficient of Infestation, but not the adult density or any other damage parameter. The former showed promise as a cultural control method because it only needs to be applied seasonally and reduced the XI, the damage parameter most closely related to yield, by 14.18%. The weevil is difficult to control, and chemical control arguably provides the best opportunity to manage the pest. The efficacy of injecting bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, fipronil, imidacloprid, oxamyl and water (control) into residual banana plants was determined. The chemicals were administered every even numbered month over 2 years at two locations in Southern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Yield, weevil damage and pseudostem girth of plants felled from August to October were measured, while adult beetle densities were assessed over 4 weeks in October and April. Nematode samples were analysed in October every year. Damage parameters included were similar to that of the cultural control trial. Replicated block designs were used in the experiments. The parameters were similar before the onset of the trial. Fruit yield and plant girth, corrected by nematode densities, were not significantly increased after chemical applications, nor were the nematodes controlled. Fipronil and imidacloprid were highly effective against C. sordidus, minimising damage to the periphery, cortex and central cylinder of the rhizome and significantly reduced adult density. Fipronil caused a 95% and imidacloprid a 100% reduction in the XI. Injection of fipronil and imidacloprid provides an optimal chemical strategy in an integrated pest management programme for the banana weevil. Economic thresholds of the insect were investigated on bananas at four locations in the South Coast of KwaZulu-Natal. Yield (bunch weights) and larval damage to felled plants were measured from August to October in 2003, while adult densities were assessed over 4 weeks in October 2003. Nematode samples were collected and analysed in October 2003. Damage parameters included were similar to that of the cultural control trial. Replicated block designs were used in the experiments. The economic-injury level (EIL) for chemical and cultural control was calculated. Nematode densities did not influence the yield of plants. The XI was the best predictor of yield, but under certain conditions X mean was the most important. Chemical control showed the lowest EIL, with more than 1 and 7% damage to the central cylinder when applying fipronil and imidacloprid, respectively. The EIL for cultural control was more than 11% damage to the central cylinder. A recommendation algorithm, considering all the findings of the individual studies, is provided for IPM of the banana weevil in the South Africa. The potential use of microbial and invertebrate (especially parasitoids) biological control and semiochemical mass trapping of the weevil requires further research. Long-term research should focus on host resistance, and weevil damage to the central cylinder can serve as indicator of susceptibility of Cavendish bananas. / Thesis (PhD (Entomology))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Zoology and Entomology / unrestricted

Orientador : Celso Costa Lopes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T01:04:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Toledo_PauloFerrazde_M.pdf: 585206 bytes, checksum: f06cb5534a00056c02bc799a2d9a8188 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Mestrado / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos