In the first chapter I investigate the change in operating performance, efficiency and value addition of US bank merger and acquisition after GLBA. I extend the previous research by combining all the previous methodology used in merger literature and added a new methodology namely Expected EVA improvement. I will test whether these performance metrics have similar results or the performance of merger vary depending on the measurements. I will also examine the factors that have significant impact on the change in the banks’ performance. My results show that industry-adjusted operating performance of merged banks increases significantly after a merger.I also find that the acquirer expected EVA improvement increase significantly after the merger. Revenue enhancement opportunity appears to be more profitable if there exist more opportunity for cost cutting such as geographic focus and diversified merger. Product diversification merger increase the industry adjusted performance more than product focused merger. The efficiency or profitability of targets has either positive or no effect change in acquirer performance. In the second chapter I examine how diversifying away from traditional lending activity into noninterest income has affected banks efficiency and value. Does this activity or product diversification affect the bank’s production efficiency and excess value? How does this efficiency translate into excess value for the firm or how excess value increase is related to diversification and efficiency? I find that diversifications significantly reduce the value of banks measured in excess value and vice versa regardless of which measures diversification or excess value I use. Both revenue and asset diversification also significantly reduce all measures of efficiency scores. But the impact of efficiency on diversification is mixed. Only efficiency scores computed based on variable return to scale have negative on revenue diversification and other efficiency scores have no impact on diversifications. I also find that increasing efficiency will increase the excess value of the banks significantly and vice versa. So increasing diversification will reduce the excess value and hence will lower the excess value or BHC with lower diversification will have lower excess value and are more efficient.

Le premier chapitre de ma thèse est une revue de la littérature générale relative aux fusions-acquisitions bancaires. Le deuxième chapitre propose une analyse empirique des activités de fusions et acquisitions dans le secteur bancaire chinois. J’analyse 14 banques commerciales chinoises entre l'année 1998 et 2007 en utilisant l’indice de Malmquist. Les résultats montrent que la productivité de ces 14 banques commerciales chinoises s’est accrue annuellement de 6,3%. Le troisième chapitre utilise un modèle théorique pour analyser l'effet complexe d'entrée des banques étrangères sur l'activité des banques domestiques. Je modélise trois modes d’entrée de banques étrangères : (1) la création d'une nouvelle filiale, (2) des fusions et acquisitions avec une banque publique et (3) des fusions et acquisitions avec des Joint Stock Banks. Nous constatons que, lorsque l'entrée de banques étrangères se fait par la création d'une nouvelle filiale, les effets positifs dominent les effets négatifs quand la banque étrangère a un assez bon accès aux marchés monétaires internationaux. Sur la base de l’utilisation de la base de données « Thomson One », le quatrième chapitre de thèse est consacré à une l'analyse empirique (une analyse de régression) pour de 6 pays asiatiques pour la période 1998-2011. Nos résultats indiquent que l'entrée des banques étrangères est associée à une augmentation de la rentabilité des banques domestiques. Nous avons constaté que les fusions-acquisitions entre des banques domestiques et étrangères ont un effet positif sur la rentabilité des banques domestiques, en particulier pour les activités nécessitant le moins d’expertise. / The first chapter of my thesis is the general literature review of mergers and acquisitions in the banking industry. The second chapter provides an empirical analysis founded on the Malmquist total factor productivity change. I analyze China's 14 commercial banks from year 1998 to year 2007 by making use of Malmquist total factor productivity index. The results show that these 14 Chinese commercial banks experienced average of 6.3% annual productivity growth rate. The third chapter of my thesis is a theoretical model about impact of the entry of foreign banks for domestic banking industry. I select three entry modes: the creation of a new subsidiary, the M&A activity with a State Owned Bank and the M\&A activity with Joint Stock Banks. The model considered the conditions under which domestic bank shareholders increase their profits after an entry mode corresponding to cases (2) and (3). The fourth chapter of my thesis is based on the theoretical model of chapter 3, I conduct an empirical analysis. This chapter is concerned mainly the foreign bank entry effect in developing Asian economies. Using a data set of 86 banks from 6 Asian countries (China, India, Indonesia, Korea, Philippines and Thailand) for the 1998-2011 period, this chapter examines the effect of foreign banks M&As activities in domestic banking industry. Our results indicate that foreign bank entry is associated with an increase in domestic banks' profitability and the level of foreign bank penetration is more important than whether foreign bank conducted M&A activities with domestic banks.

Background: There is a growing consensus that our world is facing substantial global challenges which can have devastating consequences for both planet and people. The call for change is clear and to shift the unsustainable trends, there must be an involvement by everyone, including business. However, there is a high risk of change initiative’s failure and one of the main reasons have considered to be employee resistance. One solution to change resistance is suggested to be change readiness, which has not received as much academic attention. The question that remains is how businesses, which account for major negative impacts on both planet and people, can create change readiness.    Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to explore how change readiness is created in the context of changes initiated to develop more sustainable businesses.   Method: This thesis is a qualitative study with an exploratory nature where 21 interviews, representing 13 companies were conducted in order to collect the empirical data. Further, this thesis involves a comparative study of multiple case studies. Conclusion: The findings show that businesses are creating readiness for change towards becoming more sustainable by establishing various components including discrepancy, appropriateness, efficacy, principal support, personal valence and the affective component. These components are conveyed through the accompanying strategies, persuasive communication and active participation. Furthermore, education was found to be a strong influencer of change readiness for sustainable development. Nevertheless, change readiness as a concept is not consciously used by any of the companies represented in this thesis.

A utilização de modelos de negócios tem crescido substancialmente nos últimos anos, o que promoveu um aumento significativo de pesquisas voltadas para compreender a lógica de como uma organização cria, entrega e captura valor do ponto de vista econômico, social, cultural ou outros. Presume-se que os componentes previstos pelo modelo de negócio estejam presentes na configuração de negócios já estabelecidos ou novos negócios, inclusive em empresas que buscam a atuação no mercado internacional. No entanto, dentre as abordagens teóricas a respeito da internacionalização das empresas, observa-se que as mesmas não caracterizaram os modelos de negócios empregados pelas empresas em seus processos de internacionalização, já que usualmente focam nos principais aspectos que motivam a internacionalização, os modos de entrada, a compreensão do ambiente global e a busca da excelência funcional. A partir deste contexto, a pesquisa procurou investigar os componentes do modelo de negócio que operacionalizaram as atividades internacionais de uma multinacional brasileira do setor bancário, o Itaú Unibanco. Visando alcançar este objetivo, realizou-se uma pesquisa de caráter qualitativo, por meio de estudo de caso único. Nesse sentido, para o exame dos fundamentos teóricos, foram abordados os conceitos de estrutura, estratégia, escala, escopo, as teorias de internacionalização e a definição conceitual do modelo de negócio. Dentre os principais resultados da pesquisa, foi observado que a internacionalização do Itaú Unibanco ocorreu a partir de vantagens adquiridas no mercado doméstico e que foram posteriormente exploradas no mercado internacional. Em relação ao modelo de negócio, verificou-se que não existe um modelo pré-definido para as operações internacionais e embora praticamente todos os componentes se mostrassem presentes no mercado de destino, alguns sofreram forte adaptação às operações locais, resultante basicamente da estratégia de aquisição. / The use of business models has grown substantially in recent years, which has caused a significant increase in research aiming to understand the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and captures value, in economic, social, cultural or other contexts. Business models are employed by both established and new businesses, including companies seeking to expand into international markets. Among the literature studying firm internationalization, there are few studies that describe the business models used by companies in their internationalization processes. Instead, studies have directed attention at the key aspects that motivate internationalization, the modes of entry, understanding the global environment and the pursuit of functional excellence. This study investigates the business model that was used during the internationalization of a Brazilian multinational bank, the Itaú Unibanco. A qualitative research study of a single case was completed to examine the structure, strategy, scale, scope, of the bank\'s strategy in light of internationalization theories and conceptual definitions of business models. The study finds that the internationalization of Itaú Unibanco was sparked by advantages gained in the domestic market that were subsequently exploited in the international market. Regarding the business model, it was found that there is no pre-defined model for international operations and virtually all factors showed consistency to the particularities of the target market, being highly adapted to local operations, mainly due to the acquisition strategy.

Information system is widely used in financial area all around the world today, and businessintelligence systems has draw more and more attention from both academia and businesscircles. Based on this situation, we carried out our research. The main purpose of our researchis to find out how Decision Support System (DSS) is used in China's banks. As there are morethan five hundred banks in China, we choose the four biggest commercial banks(which hascover more than 85% of financial activities in China's banking area) as examples to study. Wesent Emails and made telephone calls to different roles in these four banks, from chiefinformation officer, managers of business to normal staff. Before carried out interviews, wedid literature study to set a scientific background for our interviews. After the collection andanalysis of data from both interview and literature study, the result is presented in threechapters. The theoretical study part introduces the theory background of DSS and how it isused in banks, the framework of the DSS and the basic model of the DSS, also newtechniques in DSS. The Empirical results part introduces the results got from interviews. InAnalysis part the results from the former chapters will be combined and analyzed, in this partwe presents the application situation of DSS in China's banks, the affection of DSS on banksemployees and improvement and drawback DSS brings to China's banks. Also newtechnology of decision support system and its application. And the last part we would drawconclusions for this thesis and summarize results from the interviews and theories andevaluate the whole research process. And the introduction of our research and the methodsused to achieve the research goal will be introduced in the first two chapters.

Frontline managers in the banking industry support geographically dispersed employees and face significant obstacles in communicating effectively to motivate their virtual team members. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore communication strategies frontline managers in the banking industry used to motivate virtual team members. Vroom's expectancy theory was the conceptual framework for the study. Participants consisted of 5 frontline banking managers in Michigan who had successfully implemented communication strategies to motivate virtual team members. Data were collected using face-to-face semistructured interviews, a review of company documents, and a review of company websites. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis following Yin's 5-step process of compiling, disassembling, reassembling, interpreting, and concluding the data. The 3 emergent themes were a clarification strategy, a technology strategy, and a motivation strategy. Frontline banking managers leading virtual teams might use the findings from this study to improve the clarity of their communications with team members, make effective use of technology in their communication strategy, motivate team members through consistent messaging, and offer adequate rewards and facilitating peer competition among team members. The implications of this study for positive social change include the potential for frontline banking managers to improve job satisfaction and motivation among virtual team members, resulting in higher employment rates, improved local economic stability, and enhanced rapport and volunteerism within their local communities.

The performance of financial institutions is significantly influenced by the actions of loan officers. The process by which lending decisions are made is therefore of critical interest to management, shareholders, and regulators alike. Indeed, the drain on bank capital that has often accompanied credit quality problems in the past has encouraged the search for new approaches towards the management of lending and related activities. / This thesis seeks to examine whether existing governance and incentive techniques found in banks are sufficiently comprehensive in guiding loan decision-making. In the context of lending to the corporate sector, the study investigates the endogenous and exogenous influences surrounding the lending role, and assesses the implications for how loan officers are monitored, evaluated, and motivated to act in a financial institution’s best interests. / By first developing an expanded model that conceptualizes the loan offer function, and then grounding this framework within a business cycle context, the study demonstrates the potential for governance and reward systems, that are constant through time, to have variable outcomes/effects. Support for this hypothesis is provided based on publicly available financial market information and other material gathered from private sources. A proposal is then advanced for the development of a management information system that identifies changes in credit standards being applied, thereby enabling banks to benchmark and influence loan officer performance in the context of cyclically changing attitudes to risk and the effects on negotiating power.

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本研究以策略群組為核心，針對台灣地區銀行業進行研究分析，樣本對象為53家本國銀行及39家外國銀行在台分行。藉此了解台灣地區銀行產業內是否有採取相同策略之策略群組存在，各策略群組所採取的策略有何不同及其擁有的優勢為何，最後比較各策略群組在經營績效表現上是否存在差異及差異為何。 　研究結果發現台灣地區銀行業依據公司層級變數、事業層級變數以及功能層級變數可將其分為三個策略群組：「穩健擴張」群、「專注耕耘」群、「創新經營」群。「穩健擴張」群以蠶食方式地擴張其版圖，亦即挾其雄厚資本來占滿通路之方式來經營，而在新產品發展及業務多角化上則最為保守；「創新經營」群在資金來源、新產品發展及業務多角化的值最高，顯示其一方面著重於來自貨幣性存款之資金來源，另一方面極擴展利息外的營業收入而不只是侷限於傳統的利息收入、並且多方面地擴展營業收入；「專注耕耘」群在大部份策略變數上都是居中的。 　策略群組的經營績效則可分財務績效及營運績效來衡量，結果發現在總體經營績效表現上各策略群組有顯著的差異，若就個別經營績效變數來看，「穩健擴張」群在營運績效之營收市場占有率、存款市場占有率是最高的；「創新經營」群在財務績效之資產報酬率、員工平均營業收入、存放比率、營業收入成長率表現最佳；「專注耕耘」群的績效表現則無特別突出之處。財務績效之淨值報酬率、稅前純益率、員工平均盈餘，以及營運績效之獨占力表現則無顯著的差異。

The performance of financial institutions is significantly influenced by the actions of loan officers. The process by which lending decisions are made is therefore of critical interest to management, shareholders, and regulators alike. Indeed, the drain on bank capital that has often accompanied credit quality problems in the past has encouraged the search for new approaches towards the management of lending and related activities. / This thesis seeks to examine whether existing governance and incentive techniques found in banks are sufficiently comprehensive in guiding loan decision-making. In the context of lending to the corporate sector, the study investigates the endogenous and exogenous influences surrounding the lending role, and assesses the implications for how loan officers are monitored, evaluated, and motivated to act in a financial institution’s best interests. / By first developing an expanded model that conceptualizes the loan offer function, and then grounding this framework within a business cycle context, the study demonstrates the potential for governance and reward systems, that are constant through time, to have variable outcomes/effects. Support for this hypothesis is provided based on publicly available financial market information and other material gathered from private sources. A proposal is then advanced for the development of a management information system that identifies changes in credit standards being applied, thereby enabling banks to benchmark and influence loan officer performance in the context of cyclically changing attitudes to risk and the effects on negotiating power.