<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Barefoot running is growing in popularity as runners seek strategies to avoid running-related injuries (RRIs). A new theoretical perspective suggests that the improved cutaneous sensation during barefoot running results in a less injurious running style characterized by increased cadence, landing on the forefoot and more knee flexion. The mechanisms by which the barefoot running style may have an effect on RRIs are not well understood.</p> <p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Explore the new theoretical perspective on RRIs that supports the barefoot running style and investigate the effects of modified cutaneous sensation on the adaptation to and retention of the barefoot running style.</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>First, a scoping review was performed to identify implicit theory underlying both traditional shod and barefoot running research and practice. Second, a feasibility study investigated altered cutaneous sensation as a proposed mechanism by which a person learns and retains the skill of barefoot running. Sixteen participants ran shod on a treadmill then were randomized to receive one of four cutaneous sensation treatments. They then ran barefoot for the first time and 48 hours later. Changes in the cadences, foot angles and knee angles means and variations across runs and treatment groups were used to quantify learning and retention.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The scoping review provided evidence that improved plantar cutaneous sensation, such as when one runs barefoot, could reduce the risk of RRIs. In the feasibility study, our findings suggest that barefoot compared to shod running increased plantar cutaneous sensory thresholds, and increased mean cadence and mean foot angle. Improved retention of the barefoot running style was shown in the treatment group with anaesthetic cream on their legs.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Plantar cutaneous sensation is proposed as an important factor when exploring the etiology of RRIs. This knowledge may influence an individual’s risk of experiencing a running-related injury.</p> / Master of Science Rehabilitation Science (MSc)

This thesis paper explores barefoot and minimalist running in Ottawa, Ontario and Boulder, Colorado. The objective has been to answer the following questions: how can we understand barefoot and minimalist style running as cultures, how are barefoot and minimalist style running being done in different ways, how do the senses play out and create nuances between barefoot and minimalist style runners. I argue barefoot and minimalist running are distinct cultural forms. I applied an Ingoldian notion of culture that contends cultures are generative, relational, temporal and improvisational. I conducted a multi-site study and I interviewed participants, as well as conducted participant observation. My findings reveal that the different sensations experienced by the two styles of running make them meaningful in different ways. These different sensations and ways of meaning create nuances between barefoot and minimalist running and differentiate them and as a result, there are found to become different cultural forms.

This thesis paper explores barefoot and minimalist running in Ottawa, Ontario and Boulder, Colorado. The objective has been to answer the following questions: how can we understand barefoot and minimalist style running as cultures, how are barefoot and minimalist style running being done in different ways, how do the senses play out and create nuances between barefoot and minimalist style runners. I argue barefoot and minimalist running are distinct cultural forms. I applied an Ingoldian notion of culture that contends cultures are generative, relational, temporal and improvisational. I conducted a multi-site study and I interviewed participants, as well as conducted participant observation. My findings reveal that the different sensations experienced by the two styles of running make them meaningful in different ways. These different sensations and ways of meaning create nuances between barefoot and minimalist running and differentiate them and as a result, there are found to become different cultural forms.

Thesis (M Sport Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The running industry has seen a lot of changes over the past years. Minimalistic footwear and barefoot training are redefining the running industry and community. These new developments have led to extensive research being conducted on the effects of barefoot running on kinetics, kinematics, energy expenditure and the prevention of injuries. Most of the shoe manufacturers have come up with an idea to mimic barefoot running. Barefoot running has shown to increase running economy and decrease impact forces. Inconclusive evidence exists as to whether barefoot training improves proprioception and muscle strength or reduces running-related injuries. The primary aim of the study was to determine the effects of barefoot training on speed, agility, power and balance in netball players. Twenty women netball players (age: 20 ± 2 years) volunteered for the study and were randomly assigned to the barefoot group (n = 10) and the shod group (n = 10). All participants had to attend at least 14 training sessions, where the barefoot group gradually increased the barefoot exercise time. Speed, agility, vertical jump height, single leg stability and lower leg circumferences were measured prior to and after completion of the intervention programme. At the completion of the intervention programme, participants had to give verbal feedback regarding their subjective experience of barefoot training. Seventy percent of the barefoot participants preferred barefoot training to shod training. The speed test showed a small improvement over 10-metres (P > 0.05), but not over 20-metres (P > 0.05).Agility had a significant improvement (0.14 seconds ± 0.10 seconds; P < 0.05) on the left and right leg (0.19 seconds ± 0.07 seconds; P < 0.05) for the barefoot group. There was also an improvement in the single leg stability with the right leg showing a significant improvement (P < 0.05) in anterior/posterior, medial/lateral and overall stability for the barefoot group. All except the left anterior/posterior index had a small practical effect post-intervention. No significant increases were found in the circumferences or the vertical jump height. The results show that barefoot training results in improved agility and single leg stability, compared to shod training. The effect it has on the prevention of injuries could not be determined, as the duration of the study was too short. In conclusion it can be deduced that barefoot training has a positive effect on agility and stability, thus possibly leading to improved performance. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar het baie veranderinge in die hardloopwêreld plaasgevind die afgelope paar jaar. Minimalistiese skoene en kaalvoetoefening is van die grootste redes daarvoor. Baie navorsing oor die effek van kaalvoet hardloop op die kinetiese en kinematiese veranderinge in die voet, sowel as die energieverbruik en die voorkoming van beserings is die laaste tyd gedoen. Die meeste van die groot skoenvervaardigers het ook nie agtergebly nie en spog elk met hul eie minimalistiese skoen. Daar is reeds bewys dat kaalvoetoefening effektiwiteit tydens hardloop verbeter en dat die kragte wat op die liggaam inwerk tydens kaalvoetaktiwiteite, minder is tydens kaalvoethardloop as wanneer daar met skoene gehardloop word. Baie navorsers beweer ook dat kaalvoetoefening propriosepsie en spierkrag verbeter en dat oefengeïnduseerde beserings verminder word as gevolg daarvan. Hierdie bewerings is egter nog nie deur die navorsing bewys nie en kan dus net as bewerings gesien word. Die hoofdoel van die studie was om die effek van kaalvoetoefening op die spoed, ratsheid, plofkrag en balans van netbalspelers te bepaal. Die steekproef het uit 20 vroulike netbalspelers bestaan (ouderdom: 20 ± 2 jaar), wat lukraak in die kaalvoet- (n = 10) en die kontrole groep (n = 10) opgedeel is. Daar is van die spelers verwag om ‘n minimum van 14 oefensessies by te woon. Tydens die oefensessies het die kaalvoet-groep die hoeveelheid tyd wat hulle kaalvoet oefeninge doen stelselmatig vermeerder. Spoed, ratsheid, vertikale sprong hoogte, eenbeen stabiliteit en omtrekke van die onderbeen is voor en na die intervensieprogram gemeet. Die spelers hetverbale terugvoering gegee oor hul ervaring van kaalvoetoefening. ‘n Meerderheid van die deelnemers (70%) het kaalvoetoefening bo oefening in skoene verkies. Daar was ‘n effense verbetering in die 10-meter spoedtoets (P > 0.05), maar oor 20-meter kon dit nie volgehou word nie. ‘n Betekenisvolle verbetering tydens die ratsheid toets is waargeneem vir die linker- (0.14 sekondes ± 0.10 sekondes; P < 0.05) en regterbeen (0.19sek ± 0.07sek; P < 0.05) van die kaalvoetgroep. Daar was ook ‘n verbetering in die stabiliteit van die regterbeen in die anterior/posterior, mediaal/lateraal en algemene stabiliteit (P < 0.05). Daar was ‘n klein praktiese effek in al die post-intervensie metings ten opsigte van stabiliteit, behalwe vir die anterior/posterior indeks van die linkerbeen. Geen betekenisvolle verskille het na die intervensie voorgekom vir die plofkrag of onderbeen omtrekke nie. Die resultate van die studie dui daarop dat kaalvoetoefening kan lei tot ‘n verbetering in ratsheid en stabiliteit. Die invloed wat kaalvoetoefening het op die voorkoming van beserings kon egter nie bepaal word nie, aangesien die duur van die studie nie lank genoeg was nie. Die gevolgtrekking van die studie is dat kaalvoetoefening ‘n positiewe effek op ratsheid en stabiliteit het, dus kan dit ook moontlik ‘n positiewe effek op prestasie hê.

A proposta deste trabalho é buscar refletir e compreender como são construídas as representações do horror, em especial de Hiroshima, enfocando o evento violento da bomba atômica a partir da narrativa de Nakazawa Keiji, Gen Pés Descalços, fazendo uma articulação com outras obras que também representam a catástrofe. Para tal, foi realizada uma discussão sobre a possibilidade da escrita da catástrofe e do horror, o discurso histórico e as representações, a questão da memória, história e escrita, das dimensões da construção de si pelo seu autor, as questões políticas e ideológicas que são parte do entorno das representações e, por fim, a questão da possibilidade da experiência com o real. / The purpose of this paper is to reflect and understand how the representations about the horror are build, especially of Hiroshima, focusing on the violent event of the atomic bomb from the narrative of Nakazawa Keiji, Barefoot Gen, making links with other works that also represent catastrophe. To this end, a discussion was held about the possibility of writing and the horror of the catastrophe, the historical discourse and representations, the question of memory, history and writing, the dimensions of the building itself by its author, the political and ideological surroundings are part of the representations and, finally, the question of the possibility of the experience with the real.

<p>Bakgrund: Friskis&Svettis (F&S) förslog olika uppsatsämnen till studenter som läser ekonomprogrammet på Högskolan i Gävle. Eftersom att jag motionerar mycket och är intresserad av marknadsföring bestämde jag mig att skriva om barfotamarknadsföring på F&S i Gävle.</p><p>Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är identifiera medel som tjänsteorganisationer kan använda för att marknadsföra sig, trots att man har mycket begränsad ekonomi (barfotamarknadsföring).</p><p>Metod: För att skaffa information om barfotamarknadsföring och på vilka sätt detta kan ske, började jag med att göra en litteraturstudie. Jag läste böcker om marknadsföring och media. Informationen som finns under rubrikerna Friskis&Svettis, lokala tidningar och begreppsdefinitioner har jag hämtat från Internetkällor. Information om F&S i Gävle fick jag av min handledare. Jag har också prövat F&S-jympa och deltagit i ett seminarium på temat Konsten att synas i media.</p><p>Resultat & slutsats: För att synas i media måste tjänsteorganisationen skapa en nyhet och meddela den till redaktioner. Plats i tidningen eller tid på TV/radio påverkas av hur väl nyheten är utformad och hur stor konsekvenserna anses vara. Friskis&Svettis använder sig av PR, t ex mun-till-mun-metoden eller utbildning för förskollärare i det som kallas Röris. En marknadsplan med aktiviteter skulle förmodligen leda till mer publicitet. Dessutom kunde F&S marknadsföra sig mer aktivt på Internet (på hemsidan www.gavle.se, skapa bloggar, skicka nyhetsbrev) och använda utomhusreklam (en cykel med affischer på Drottninggatan eller TV i fönstret på torget).</p><p>Förslag till fortsatt forskning:</p><p>- marknadsföring via mobiltelefoner,</p><p>- en undersökning om hur väl personalen på F&S bemöter sina medlemmar,</p><p>- barfotamarknadsföring på Friskis&Svettis föreningar utomlands,</p><p>- lobbyverksamhet.</p><p>Uppsatsens bidrag: Jag har skrivit om billiga marknadsaktiviteter för en tjänsteorganisation. Jag har bidragit med egna idéer på hur en förening kan marknadsföra sig med små resurser.</p> / <p>Background: Friskis&Svettis suggested the aim of the essay to students that study economy at the University of Gävle. I exercise and am interested in marketing and that’s why I decided to write about marketing with small resources for F&S in Gävle.</p><p>Aim: The aim of the essay is to identify means that a service organisation can use to promote itself in spite of limited resources.</p><p>Method: I studied literature to get information about “barefoot marketing” and I have read books about marketing and media. The information that can be found under the headlines: Friskis&Svettis, local newspapers and definitions is taken from the Internet. I met the author Ulf Ivar Nisson on March, 12th 2008, and took part in the seminary “The Art to be seen in media” that took place at Etablera in Gävle.</p><p>Result & Conclusions: A non-profit organisation must create news and inform the editorial staff. The place in newspapers and time on TV/radio depends on how well formulated the news is and what consequences it has. Friskis&Svettis uses Public Relations (f ex word-of-mouth or the education for preschool teacher in Röris), and they should make a marketing plan with activities that lead till publicity. In addition F&S could create blogs, appear on www.gavle.se or use outdoors advertisements (a bicycle with posters or a TV in the window).</p><p>Suggestions for future research: - marketing via mobile phones,</p><p>- a research about how the staff treat the members,</p><p>- marketing with small resources abroad,</p><p>- lobby activities.</p><p>Contribution of the thesis: I have written about marketing activities for a service organisation that are not too expensive. I have contributed with my own ideas about how a non-profit organization can promote itself with small resources.</p>

Bakgrund: Friskis&amp;Svettis (F&amp;S) förslog olika uppsatsämnen till studenter som läser ekonomprogrammet på Högskolan i Gävle. Eftersom att jag motionerar mycket och är intresserad av marknadsföring bestämde jag mig att skriva om barfotamarknadsföring på F&amp;S i Gävle. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är identifiera medel som tjänsteorganisationer kan använda för att marknadsföra sig, trots att man har mycket begränsad ekonomi (barfotamarknadsföring). Metod: För att skaffa information om barfotamarknadsföring och på vilka sätt detta kan ske, började jag med att göra en litteraturstudie. Jag läste böcker om marknadsföring och media. Informationen som finns under rubrikerna Friskis&amp;Svettis, lokala tidningar och begreppsdefinitioner har jag hämtat från Internetkällor. Information om F&amp;S i Gävle fick jag av min handledare. Jag har också prövat F&amp;S-jympa och deltagit i ett seminarium på temat Konsten att synas i media. Resultat &amp; slutsats: För att synas i media måste tjänsteorganisationen skapa en nyhet och meddela den till redaktioner. Plats i tidningen eller tid på TV/radio påverkas av hur väl nyheten är utformad och hur stor konsekvenserna anses vara. Friskis&amp;Svettis använder sig av PR, t ex mun-till-mun-metoden eller utbildning för förskollärare i det som kallas Röris. En marknadsplan med aktiviteter skulle förmodligen leda till mer publicitet. Dessutom kunde F&amp;S marknadsföra sig mer aktivt på Internet (på hemsidan www.gavle.se, skapa bloggar, skicka nyhetsbrev) och använda utomhusreklam (en cykel med affischer på Drottninggatan eller TV i fönstret på torget). Förslag till fortsatt forskning: - marknadsföring via mobiltelefoner, - en undersökning om hur väl personalen på F&amp;S bemöter sina medlemmar, - barfotamarknadsföring på Friskis&amp;Svettis föreningar utomlands, - lobbyverksamhet. Uppsatsens bidrag: Jag har skrivit om billiga marknadsaktiviteter för en tjänsteorganisation. Jag har bidragit med egna idéer på hur en förening kan marknadsföra sig med små resurser. / Background: Friskis&amp;Svettis suggested the aim of the essay to students that study economy at the University of Gävle. I exercise and am interested in marketing and that’s why I decided to write about marketing with small resources for F&amp;S in Gävle. Aim: The aim of the essay is to identify means that a service organisation can use to promote itself in spite of limited resources. Method: I studied literature to get information about “barefoot marketing” and I have read books about marketing and media. The information that can be found under the headlines: Friskis&amp;Svettis, local newspapers and definitions is taken from the Internet. I met the author Ulf Ivar Nisson on March, 12th 2008, and took part in the seminary “The Art to be seen in media” that took place at Etablera in Gävle. Result &amp; Conclusions: A non-profit organisation must create news and inform the editorial staff. The place in newspapers and time on TV/radio depends on how well formulated the news is and what consequences it has. Friskis&amp;Svettis uses Public Relations (f ex word-of-mouth or the education for preschool teacher in Röris), and they should make a marketing plan with activities that lead till publicity. In addition F&amp;S could create blogs, appear on www.gavle.se or use outdoors advertisements (a bicycle with posters or a TV in the window). Suggestions for future research: - marketing via mobile phones, - a research about how the staff treat the members, - marketing with small resources abroad, - lobby activities. Contribution of the thesis: I have written about marketing activities for a service organisation that are not too expensive. I have contributed with my own ideas about how a non-profit organization can promote itself with small resources.

Ce travail de thèse étudie l'effet des caractéristiques spécifiques des semelles de chaussures de course à pied minimalistes sur le patron de course. La première partie de ce travail tente de déterminer les condition expérimentales idéales et préconise l'utilisation de la course sur piste plutôt que sur tapis ainsi qu'un temps de 5 à 7 minutes de course nécessaires à la stabilisation du patron de course lors d'une session de course en chaussures minimalistes. Contrairement à l'épaisseur globale de la semelle, l'augmentation du drop a une influence sur le patron de pose du pied augmentant la flexion dorsale et diminuant la force de réaction du sol à l'impact. Le port de chaussures minimalistes ne présenterait pas d'avantage d'un point de vue de la prévention des blessures. Les études futures devront se concentrer sur les évolutions à long terme du patron de course lors de l'utilisation de chaussures minimalistes. / This thesis work study the specific features of the minimalist shoe sole on running pattern. The first part of this work tried to determine ideal experimental conditions and preconize utilisation of overgound running rather than treadmill running. An adaptation duration of 5 to 7 minutes is also required to the running pattern stabilisation when running in minimalist shoes. Opposite to the sole thickness, increasing the drop affect de foot strike pattern increasing dorsiflexion and decreasing ground reaction force at impact. Running in minimalist shoe would not be advantageous concerning injury risk. Future studies should focus on the long-term evolution of the running pattern when using minimalist shoes.

A proposta deste trabalho é buscar refletir e compreender como são construídas as representações do horror, em especial de Hiroshima, enfocando o evento violento da bomba atômica a partir da narrativa de Nakazawa Keiji, Gen Pés Descalços, fazendo uma articulação com outras obras que também representam a catástrofe. Para tal, foi realizada uma discussão sobre a possibilidade da escrita da catástrofe e do horror, o discurso histórico e as representações, a questão da memória, história e escrita, das dimensões da construção de si pelo seu autor, as questões políticas e ideológicas que são parte do entorno das representações e, por fim, a questão da possibilidade da experiência com o real. / The purpose of this paper is to reflect and understand how the representations about the horror are build, especially of Hiroshima, focusing on the violent event of the atomic bomb from the narrative of Nakazawa Keiji, Barefoot Gen, making links with other works that also represent catastrophe. To this end, a discussion was held about the possibility of writing and the horror of the catastrophe, the historical discourse and representations, the question of memory, history and writing, the dimensions of the building itself by its author, the political and ideological surroundings are part of the representations and, finally, the question of the possibility of the experience with the real.

No description available.