I Sverige finns det ca 150 000 personer som lider av demenssjukdom. Hos 90 procent av dessa förekommer beteendemässiga och psykiska symtom vid demens (BPSD). BPSD avser symtom som vanföreställningar, hallucinationer, agitation, depression, ångest, upprymdhet, apati, hämningslöshet, irritabilitet, motoriskt avvikande, sömnproblem och aptit. Syftet med studien var att kartlägga registrerade omvårdnadsåtgärder relaterade till beteendemässiga och psykiska symtom vid demens skattade i tre kommuner i sydvästra Sverige. Studien är en deskriptiv retrospektiv registerstudie som studerar historiska mätdata inmatad i BPSD-registret, gällande beteendemässiga och psykiska symtom vid demens samt dess omvårdnadsåtgärder. Studien innefattar registreringar på personer med demenssjukdom och beskrivs kvantitativt. Urvalet i studien är de registreringar där personerna erhållit omvårdnadsåtgärder för beteendemässiga och psykiska symtom vid demens i de tre kommunerna mellan åren 2011-2014. Sammanlagt inkluderades 621 registreringar. Symtomen som visade sig vara mest frekventa vid skattningarna var agitation, irritabilitet samt motoriskt avvikande. De mest registrerade omvårdnadsåtgärderna vid beteendemässiga och psykiska symtom vid demens visade sig vara, lugn ljudmiljö, massage, fysisk aktivitet och musik. Det behövs mer kunskap om omvårdnadsåtgärder och hur dessa kan underlätta symtomen och öka livskvalitén för personer med demenssjukdom. / About 150 000 people in Sweden are suffering from dementia. 90 percent of these experience behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). BPSD refers to symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, agitation, depression, anxiety, euphoria, apathy, disinhibition, irritability, aberrant motor behavior, problem sleeping and problems with appetite. The goal of this study was to identify the registered nursing measures related to behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia estimated in three municipalities in southwestern Sweden. The study is a descriptive retrospective registry study that looks at historical data in the BPSD registry with regard to behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia and its nursing measures. The study is described quantitatively and includes registrations of people with dementia. The selected records in the study are those where  people received nursing interventions for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in the three municipalities between the years 2011-2014. 621 registrations were included. The symptoms that turned out to be most frequent in the estimates were agitation, irritability, and aberrant motor behavior. Most registered nursing measures in behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia included quiet environment, massage, physical activity and music. More knowledge is needed about the nursing interventions and how these can facilitate the symptoms and increase quality of life for people with dementia.

Bakgrund: Demens är en utbredd sjukdom som påverkar kognitiva funktioner och kan ge beteendemässiga och psykiska symtom (BPSD). Omvårdnadsbehovet ökar i takt med att sjukdomen utvecklas. Tidigare forskning har visat att musik kan vara användbar vid sjukdom för att minska stress, oro och skapa lugn. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva effekten av musik på kognitiva funktioner hos personer med demens samt BPSD. Vidare var syftet att beskriva de ingående studiernas genomförande av interventionen. Metod: Litteraturstudie med beskrivande design, baserad på 15 kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar vilka söktes i databaserna Cinahl och PubMed.   Huvudresultat: En positiv effekt av musikinterventioner på kognitiva funktioner som kommunikation, relation och minnesförmåga hos personer med demens påvisades. Musikens effekt på BPSD varierade, men positiv effekt visades på depressions symtom, aggressivitet, oro samt andra beteendemässiga och psykiska symtom. Dock var inte resultaten entydiga. De positiva effekterna var mestadels omedelbara och som högst direkt efter genomförd intervention. På lång sikt påverkades kognitiva funktioner och BPSD vagt av musik. Hälften av de inkluderade studierna genomfördes med musikterapi i grupp och hälften individuellt. Majoriteten hade kontrollgrupper som mottog standard vård, men även andra aktiviteter förekom. I hälften av studierna användes deltagarnas favoritmusik och i flera fall var deltagarna aktiva genom rörelse och med hjälp av instrument.  Slutsats: Resultatet av föreliggande studie beskriver att musik kan främja kognitiva funktioner samt förbättrar BPSD hos personer med demens. Musik som aktivitet kan därför anses lämpligt att använda som en alternativ behandlingsmetod och som en del i omvårdnaden. / Background: Dementia is a widely spread disease that affects cognitive functions and can cause behavioral and psychological symptoms (BPSD). The need of nursing increases as the disease progresses. Previous research has shown that music can be useful during illness to reduce stress, anxiety and create calm. Aim: The purpose was to describe what effect music has on cognitive functions in people with dementia and BPSD. Furthermore, the aim was to describe the included studies implementation of the intervention. Method: Literature review with descriptive design based on 15 quantitative scientific articles, available in the databases Cinahl and PubMed. Main result: Music interventions was found to have positive effect on cognitive functions for people with dementia, particularly in ability to communicate, create relationships and in the ability to remember. Music's effect on BPSD varied, but positive effect was shown on depressive symptoms, aggression, anxiety and other behavioral and psychological symptoms. However, the results were not conclusive. The positive effects were mostly immediate and highest the time immediately after the intervention. In the long term the impact of music intervention was vaguely on cognitive function and BPSD. Half of the included studies were conducted with music therapy in group and half were performed individually. The majority of the control group received standard care, but also other activities were held. In half of the studies the participants' favorite music were used and in several cases the participants were active through movement and with the help of instruments. Conclusion: The results of the present study describe that music interventions can promote cognitive functions and improves BPSD in people with dementia. Music as an activity can therefore be considered appropriate to use as an alternative therapy and as part of the care.

Bakgrund: Demenssjukdom blir allt vanligare och risken att drabbas ökar i takt med stigande ålder. Beteendemässiga och psykiska symtom vid demenssjukdom (BPSD) förekommer ibland till följd av demenssjukdomen. BPSD delas in i fyra huvudgrupper där hyperaktivitet innebär vandring, upprepat frågande, muntligt störande beteende samt agitation och aggressivitet, som är något av det svåraste och mest utmanande att bemöta för omgivningen. Syfte: Syftet var att sammanställa omvårdnadsinterventioner vid hyperaktivitet i samband med demenssjukdom. Metod: Metoden var en systematisk litteraturöversikt enligt SBUs riktlinjer. De kvantitativa studierna analyserades med stöd i processen för manifest innehållsanalys enligt Graneheim & Lundman (2003). Resultat: I resultatet framkom två övergripande typer av omvårdnadsinterventioner: Generella omvårdnadsinterventioner med tre grupper: Musik minskar agitation och aggressivitet, Närhet till hundar kan stabilisera agitation och aggressivitet, och Ljusterapi för bättre dygnsrytm minskar agitation. Individuellt anpassade omvårdnadsinterventioner med två grupper: Interventioner utifrån patientens intressen minskar beteendeproblem och Individualiserad Montessori intervention minskar agitation. Resultatet indikerade att generella omvårdnadsinterventioner hade en kortvarig effekt på patienterna medan omvårdnadsinterventioner baserade på individens behov antydde ett bättre och mer långvarigt resultat. Konklusion: Rätt metoder är en förutsättning för att kunna hjälpa människor samt att de är utformade för rätt målgrupp och sker evidensbaserat. Eftersom omvårdnadsinterventioner vid hyperaktivitet indikerade en kortvarig effekt behöver samtlig personal arbeta aktivt och kontinuerligt med individuellt anpassade omvårdnadsinterventioner med hänsyn till patientens bakgrund, vilket överensstämmer med Socialstyrelsens riktlinjer (Socialstyrelsen 2010). / Background: Dementia is increasingly common, and the risk increases with age. Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) sometimes occur as a result of dementia. BPSD is divided into four main groups where hyperactivity containing wandering, verbal behavior and agitation/aggression, is one of the most difficult and challenging symptoms that both caregivers and family members are faced with. The purpose: The purpose was to compile nursing interventions that can limit hyperactivity in dementia care. Method: The method was a systematic literature review carried out under SBUs guidelines. The quantitative studies were analyzed with the support of the process of content analysis according to Graneheim & Lundman (2003). Results: The result revealed two main types of nursing interventions: General nursing interventions with three groups: Music reduces agitation and aggression, Dogs within close proximity can stabilize both agitation and aggression and Light therapy improves circadian rhythm and thereby decreases agitation. Personalized care interventions with two groups: Patient interest based interventions decreases behavioral problems and Montessori interventions which focus on the person as an individual reduces agitation. The result indicated that the general nursing interventions had a short term effect on patients. However, the interventions based on individualized care suggested a better and longer lasting effect. Conclusion: The right methods are a prerequisite to be able to help people and that they are formed evidence based for the right purpose. As the nursing interventions for hyperactivity only provide short term effect, the staff caring for the patient need to work actively as well as continuously with individualized interventions with respect to the patients background, which is consistent with the Social board’s guidelines (The Social board 2010).

Old people in general, and those affected by dementia disorders in particular, are more sensitive to drug side effects than younger people. Despite this, the use of nervous system drugs and analgesics among old people is common, and has increased in recent years. Institutional geriatric care accommodates people who need round-the-clock supervision and care, due to somatic, psychiatric, cognitive or behavioral symptomatology. A majority of those living in institutional geriatric care suffers from dementia disorders. This thesis is based on three different data collections. Two large cross-sectional studies, the AC1982 and AC2000 data collections, including all those living in institutional geriatric care in the county of Västerbotten in May 1982 and 2000 respectively (n=3195 and n=3669) and one study, the GERDA/Umeå 85+ data collection, including a sample of very old people, living at home and in institutions (n=546), in the municipalities of Umeå, Sweden and Vaasa and Mustasaari, Finland, in 2005-2006. The use of psychotropic drugs and analgesics was common among old people living in geriatric care and among very old people in general. A higher proportion of people with dementia received certain nervous system drugs, such as antipsychotic drugs. The use of antipsychotic drugs among people with cognitive impairment living in geriatric care was found to be correlated to several behaviors and symptoms that are not proper indications for antipsychotic drug use, and also factors related more to the staff and the caring situation. Over the course of eighteen years, from 1982 to 2000, there has been a manifold increase in the use of antidepressants, anxiolytics and hypnotics in geriatric care, but the use of antipsychotics had decreased slightly. During the same time, the prevalence of several depressive symptoms decreased significantly, correcting for demographical changes. One analysis of calculated numbers needed to treat, however, indicated poor remission rates, suggesting that even better results might be achievable. The prevalence of depressive symptoms among people with moderate cognitive impairment remained unchanged between 1982 and 2000, despite the fact that about 50% were receiving treatment with antidepressants in 2000. One possible explanation might be that depressive symptoms have different etiologies in different stages of a dementia disorder. Approximately a quarter of the people experiencing pain in geriatric care were not receiving any regular analgesic treatment. One possible reason might be misconceptions among the caring staff regarding whether or not the residents were receiving analgesic treatment. Such misconceptions were found to be common. In conclusion, psychotropic and analgesic drug use among old people in geriatric care, and very old people in general, was found to be common and in many cases possibly inappropriate. The use of antipsychotics among people with dementia deserves particular concern, because of the high risk of severe adverse events and the limited evidence for positive effects. The use of antidepressants, on the other hand, might have contributed to a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms among old people.

Cette étude a pour but d’identifier les principaux facteurs associés au fardeau des aidants de patients atteints de démence. A ce jour, les résultats de la littérature ne mettent pas clairement en évidence la spécificité du lien entre les symptômes comportementaux et psychologiques (SCP) et le fardeau de l’aidant. Cette étude a pour objectif d’étudier l’association entre les SCP et le fardeau de l’aidant, dans le cadre spécifique d’un Centre Local d’Information et de Coordination (CLIC). Celui-ci a comme particularité de toucher une population vivant majoritairement à domicile et en milieu rural, éloignée des centres experts. Les évaluations se sont effectuées au domicile du patient. Les SCP ont été mesurés en utilisant le NPI chez 100 patients présentant une démence. Le fardeau de l’aidant a été évalué en utilisant l’échelle de fardeau de Zarit. Les résultats des analyses de régression linéaire montrent une association significative entre le score global du NPI et le score de fardeau. Cette association perdure, même après l’ajustement de ce score avec d’autres variables explicatives. D’autre part, des analyses univariées ont permis de mettre en évidence une association entre quasiment tous les SCP et le fardeau de l’aidant. Enfin, une analyse hiérarchique a permis de définir plusieurs profils de binômes aidant-aidé. Cette étude renforce l’idée de la nécessité d’un accompagnement spécifique des aidants de patients atteints de démence. Dans le cadre du CLIC, une étude pilote a ainsi pu être initiée avec une intervention structurée auprès des aidants depuis le mois d’avril 2007. Elle est précisément centrée sur la prise en compte des stratégies d’ajustement face aux SCP. / The purpose of this study is to identify the principal factors associated with the burden of caregivers of patients with dementia. To date, the results of the literature do not clearly underline the specificity of the link between the Behavioral and psychological symptoms (BPS) and the burden of caregiver. This study aims then to study association between the BPS and the burden of caregiver, within the particularly framework of a Local Center of Information and Coordination (CLIC), touching a population alive mainly in residence in rural environment and far away from the expert centers. The evaluations were carried out in the residence of the patients. The BPS were evaluated by using the NPI among 100 patients with dementia. The burden of caregiver was evaluated by using the scale of burden of Zarit. The results of the linear regression analyses show a significant association between the total score obtained with the NPI and the score of burden. This association continues, even after the adjustment of this score with other known explanatory variables. In addition, the univaried analyses enabled us to highlight an association between almost all the BPS and the burden of caregiver. Distinct profiles of patient and caregiver are also defined. This study reinforces the idea of the need for a specific accompaniment of caregiver of patients with dementia. Within the framework of the CLIC, a pilot study thus could be initiated with an intervention structured near caregiver since April 2007. It is precisely centered on the taking into account of the strategies of adjustment facing BPS.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and affects an individual’s overall cognitive function, including orientation, memory, and executive function. Most AD patients in the United States reside in residential care facilities or private homes under the care of individuals with little education on the challenges of the AD patient. Among the challenges faced by caregivers are behavioral and psychological symptoms related to dementia (BPSD). Education has been shown to improve caregivers’ treatment of BPSD in AD patients and to improve caregiver retention. The purpose of this project was to develop an evidence-based education module guided by Kolcaba’s comfort theory that could be provided to home care nurses who provide care for AD patients with BPSD. A 5-point, 15-item, Likert-scale evaluation survey was developed and administered to a panel of 5 professional content experts who reviewed and scored the educational module for clarity, usability, and applicability. The mean score of 4.6 indicated that the expert panel found the education module to meet the expected standards for use with AD caregivers. Recommendations from the panel of experts were to proceed with the caregiver education module as planned. Implementation of the module may lead to positive social change through the provision of education to caregivers on care of patients with AD and caregiver self-care.

Bakgrund: I takt med att människan blir allt äldre ses en ökning av att fler drabbas av en demenssjukdom. På grund av nedsatt kommunikationsförmåga vid demenssjukdom är det många patienter som utvecklar någon form av beteendemässiga och psykiska symtom vi demenssjukdom (BPSD). Sjuksköterskor som arbetar inom demensvården upplever ofta både verbalt och icke verbalt våld, som kan leda till en svår arbetssituation för sjuksköterskor. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda patienter med demenssjukdom som utvecklat BPSD. Metod: En allmän litteraturöversikt där 11 vetenskapliga artiklar granskades. Resultat: Resultatet visar att sjuksköterskor ofta upplever någon form av BPSD i vården av patienter med demenssjukdom. De beskriver situationen som komplex och att etiska konflikter ofta uppstår. Sjuksköterskor ser BPSD som en naturlig del av demensprocessen. Personcentrerad vård, miljöanpassning samt bemötandet ses som främjande åtgärder och minskar risken att BPSD uppstår. I vissa fall kan läkemedel krävas för att minska lidande. Slutsats: Studien visar att sjuksköterskors upplevelser av BPSD i stor utsträckning påverkar sjuksköterskors välbefinnande och hälsa. Studien belyser vikten av förstående chefer, ett öppet arbetsklimat samt utbildning och kunskap som viktiga faktorer. / Background: As people get older, there is an increase in more people suffering from dementia. Due to impaired communication skills in dementia, many patients develop some form of behavioral and mental symptoms in dementia (BPSD). Nurses who work in dementia care often experience both verbal and non-verbal assault, which can lead to a difficult work situation for nurses. Aim: The aim of the study was to shed light on nurses' experiences of caring for patients with dementia who have developed BPSD. Method: A general literature review where 11 scientific articles were reviewed. Results: The results show that nurses often experience some form of BPSD in the care of patients with dementia. They describe the situation as complex and that ethical conflicts often arise. Nurses see BPSD as a natural part of the dementia process. Person-centered care, environmental adaptation and treatment are seen as preventative measures and reduce the risk of BPSD occurring. In some cases, medication may be required to reduce suffering. Conclusion: The study shows that nurses 'experiences of BPSD to a large extent affect nurses' well-being and health. The study highlights the importance of understanding managers, an open work climate and education and knowledge as important factors.

The increased prevalence of cognitive deterioration has increased the challenges of caring for older adults. This study's project site offers a psychiatric program for older adults with customized care for complex geriatric mental health patients. Clinical assessment and care management are often overlooked in geriatric mental health patients diagnosed with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). The purpose of this project was to deliver an education program developed from the Staff Training in Assisted Living Residences-Veterans Administration, P.I.E.C.E.S model and the Castle framework to 42 nursing and allied health staff of the project site. The project question explored whether an education program on care of patients with BPSD increased staff members' perceived knowledge and competence in providing care to these patients. This education program focused on comprehensive assessment, individualized care planning, and individualized nonpharmacological interventions to manage older adults with dementia. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze performance outcomes data before and after staff education. In addition, care plans of patients were reviewed. Results included a 100% increase in recognition of core concepts of the education program; a 48% to 86% increase in staff willingness to use interdisciplinary care plans; and a 6.6% to 95% increase in documentation of key interventions in care plans for 6 behaviors of dementia. The results of this project might bring about social change by improving the skills and competence of nursing staff in managing the patients with dementia, thus positively impacting the quality of life of patients with BPSD by benefiting from nonpharmacological interventions.

Nästan alla som har en kognitiv sjukdom utvecklar någon typ av beteendemässiga och psykiska symptom vid demens (BPSD). De olika symptomen vid BPSD kan ha många olika orsaker, däribland olika kroppsliga besvär eller otillfredsställda behov. Även biverkningar av läkemedel kan vara en orsak till att BPSD uppstår. Riktlinjerna säger att BPSD i första hand ska behandlas med icke-farmakologiska åtgärder. Trots detta behandlas BPSD ofta med läkemedel. Många av de läkemedel som används är olämpliga för personer med kognitiv sjukdom. Icke-farmakologiska åtgärder kan riktas till att tillfredsställa personens behov medan läkemedelsbehandling syftar till att minska ett symptom. Studiens syfte var att undersöka effekten av icke-farmakologiska åtgärder vid BPSD hos personer med kognitiv sjukdom som bor på vård- och omsorgsboende. Den metod som användes för att besvara studiens syfte var en integrerad analys för allmän litteraturöversikt. Data har sökts fram via CINAHL, PubMed och manuella sökningar. Femton artiklar inkluderades till resultatet i denna studie.  Resultatet är presenterat i kategorierna: Enkla interventioner och Komplexa interventioner med underkategorierna: Hundterapi, Ljusterapi och Pedagogiska föremål. Resultatet visar att ett flertal icke-farmakologiska åtgärder hade signifikant minskande effekt på BPSD men även att implementeringen av icke-farmakologiska åtgärder i vissa fall kunde leda till en ökning av somliga BPSD-symptom. Det fanns fall där olika studier kommit fram till olika effekt av liknande interventioner. Slutsatsen är att det finns underlag som motiverar prioriteringen av icke-farmakologiska åtgärder vid BPSD samt att dessa åtgärder ska utformas personcentrerat. / Almost everyone who has a cognitive disease will develop some type of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). The different symptoms of BPSD can have many different causes, including physical ailments or needs that have not been satisfied. Side effects from drugs can be another cause for BPSD. The guidelines recommend that BPSD should primarily be treated with non-pharmacological interventions. Despite this, BPSD is often treated with drugs. Many of the drugs used are inappropriate for people with cognitive disease. Non-pharmacological interventions focus on the person's needs while drug treatment is primarily focused on a symptom. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of non-pharmacological interventions on BPSD in people with cognitive disease living in nursing homes. The method used to answer the aim of this study was an integrated analysis for a review of literature. Data was sought through CINAHL, PubMed and manual searches. Fifteen articles were included in the result of this study. The result is presented in the categories: Simple interventions and Complex interventions with the subcategories: Dog therapy, Light therapy and Pedagogic objects. The result shows that several non-pharmacological interventions had significantly decreasing effect on BPSD but also that the implementation of non-pharmacological interventions in some cases could lead to an increase of some BPSD-symptoms. There were cases where different studies showed different effects from similar interventions. In conclusion it is supported to prioritate non-pharmacological interventions in BPSD and that these interventions should be designed in a person centred way.

Livslängden ökar och befolkningen blir äldre och därigenom blir demenssjukdomar allt vanligare. Psykologiska och motoriska besvär som orsakas av demenssjukdomar har samlingsnamnet, Beteendemässiga och Psykiska Symtom vid Demens (BPSD). En personcentrerad omvårdnad bygger på ett individualiserat förhållningssätt, något som är viktigt vid behandling av BPSD. Användning av läkemedel hos äldre personer med demenssjukdom ger en ökad risk för biverkningar som kardiovaskulära förändringar och ökad mortalitet. En ökad kunskap om icke-farmakologiska interventioner kan bidra till att minska onödigt användande av antipsykotiska läkemedel vid BPSD. Syftet var att sammanställa kunskap om icke-farmakologiska interventioner vid Beteendemässiga och Psykiska Symtom vid Demens (BPSD). För att besvara syftet genomfördes en kunskapsöversikt där data samlades in via en systematisk litteratursökning i databaserna, CINAHL, PubMed och PsycInfo och analyserades via en innehållsanalys. I analysen ingick 26 artiklar och samtliga var kvantitativa. Till frågeställningen, vilka icke-farmakologiska interventioner används vid BPSD symtom, framkom det sju kategorier; Aktivitet, Djur, Kognitiv, Musik, Riktlinjer, Sensorisk och Övrigt. Till frågeställningen, hur påverkar interventionerna symtom vid BPSD, framkom det sex kategorier; BPSD-, Affektiva-, Hyperaktivitets-, Apati-, Psykossymtom och Psykiskt/Psykosocialt mående. Resultatet visade för 97% av de 29 icke-farmakologiska interventionerna en positiv påverkan, med förbättring av något BPSD symtom. Därför är det viktigt att implementera icke-farmakologiska interventioner i omvårdnaden av personer drabbade av demenssjukdom. / The lifespan increases and the population grows older, thus are the numbers of dementia diseases increasing. Psychological and motor disorders caused by dementia have the collective name, Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD). A person-centered care is based on an individualized approach, something that is important in the treatment of BPSD. The use of drugs in elderly people with dementia presents an increased risk of side effects such as cardiovascular changes and increased mortality. Increased knowledge of non-pharmacological interventions can help reduce unnecessary use of antipsychotic drugs for BPSD. The purpose was to compile knowledge of non-pharmacological interventions for behavioral and psychological symptoms of Dementia (BPSD). To answer the purpose, a knowledge review was conducted where data was collected via a systematic literature search in the databases, CINAHL, PubMed and PsycInfo and analyzed with content analysis. The analysis included 26 articles and all were quantitative. To the question, which non-pharmacological interventions are used in BPSD symptoms, seven categories emerged; Activity, Animal, Cognitive, Music, Guidelines, Sensory and Other. To the question, how does the intervention affect symptoms of BPSD, there were six categories; BPSD, Affective, Hyperactivity, Apathy, Psychosis, and Psychological / Psychosocial Mood. The result showed a positive effect for 97% of the 29 non-pharmacological interventions, with improvement of some BPSD symptoms. Therefore, it is important to implement non-pharmacological interventions in the care of people affected by dementia.